钙长石对刚玉-莫来石质陶粒支撑剂结构及性能的影响

以二级铝矾土为主要原料,通过添加不同含量的长石在1350 ℃烧结温度下制备了高强度的刚玉-莫来石质陶粒支撑剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微分析(SEM)对陶粒的物相组成及显微形貌进行表征.结果表明,所制备陶粒支撑剂的物相成组为刚玉和莫来石,而且发现随着长石添加量的逐步增加,可以明显促进莫来石的形核过程,并抑制其进一步长大.当长石添加量为8wt;时,所制备的陶粒支撑剂体积密度为1.72 g/cm3,在52 MPa闭合压力下的破碎率为3.2;,酸溶度为5.0;,满足油气开采行业的要求.     

铝矾土空心陶粒支撑剂的制备及性能研究

以尿素为成孔模板,MnO2为烧结助剂,铝矾土粉为球壳包覆材料,采用模板法制备了空心内半径可控的铝矾土空心陶粒支撑剂.运用X射线荧光分析,热分析、XRD和SEM等技术对铝矾土原料粉预处理前后矿物相组成和化学成分及支撑剂产品微观形貌的变化进行了比较分析,探究了原料预处理对支撑剂结构和性能的影响,并对其影响机理进行了分析.结果表明:原料粉体经预处理后可提高支撑剂的强度.在1440 ℃烧结后的主要物相为莫来石相和刚玉相.利用预处理后的铝矾土粉体制备出的空心支撑剂的体积密度为1.35 g·cm-3,视密度2.47 g·cm-3,25 MPa闭合压力破碎率为5.21;,单粒抗压平均值为58 N,试样质量稳定,制备过程较易控制.     

锰矿粉掺量对莫来石-刚玉质陶粒支撑剂结构及性能的影响

以阳泉产三级铝矾土与粘土为原料,锰矿粉为烧结助剂,于1420℃下制备了莫来石-刚玉质陶粒支撑剂,讨论了锰矿粉含量对支撑剂样品结构及性能的影响.结果表明:随锰矿粉掺量的增加,支撑剂样品的主晶相莫来石颗粒形状由针状变为柱状,晶粒尺寸逐渐变大,并且刚玉相衍射峰强度增加;当锰矿粉掺量为4wt;时,试样的性能最佳:视密度2.998 g/cm3,体积密度1.62 g/cm3以及52 MPa闭合压力下的破碎率8.13;.     

烧结温度对添加复合助剂制备莫来石-刚玉基陶粒支撑剂性能的影响

为了降低陶粒支撑剂的烧结温度,本文以低品位铝矾土和粘土为主要原料,通过添加复合助剂锰矿粉及白云石制备陶粒支撑剂,并研究烧结温度对陶粒支撑剂结构、性能的影响.在烧结过程中发现,引入一定量的锰矿粉和白云石后,在陶粒内部会形成适量液相,可以填充孔隙,包覆于莫来石和刚玉晶粒间促进晶体的生长发育,从而形成致密结构.当烧成温度为1310℃时,制备得到的支撑剂体积密度与视密度分别为1.65 g/cm3和2.99 g/cm3,52 MPa闭合压力下破碎率为8.97;,符合石油天然气行业标准对低密、高强陶粒支撑剂的要求,说明复合助剂在降低烧结温度的前提下还能够提高支撑剂抗破碎能力.     

利用焦宝石和钾长石制备低密高强陶粒支撑剂的研究

以焦宝石和钾长石为原料,在1380 ～1480℃下烧结制备了低密高强陶粒支撑剂,研究了烧结温度对支撑剂性能的影响.结果表明:1420℃烧结制备的20/40陶粒支撑剂性能最佳,其体积密度为1.56 g/cm3,视密度为2.72g/cm3,在52 MPa闭合压力下的破碎率为6.32;.在烧结过程中,钾长石软化分解生成的长石玻璃相降低了支撑剂的烧结温度,同时玻璃相的生成有利于Al2O3和SiO2的相互扩散,促进了莫来石相的形成与生长.另外,长石玻璃相填充于坯体的莫来石相之间,使得支撑剂较致密,从而提高了支撑剂的力学性能和化学稳定性.     

氧化钙对陶粒支撑剂结构和破碎率的影响

以铝矾土和煤矸石为主要原料,添加不同含量的碳酸钙,在1350℃制备了低成本的陶粒支撑剂,通过X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对陶粒支撑剂的物相组成和微观形貌进行表征.结果表明,添加了碳酸钙的陶粒支撑剂形成新的物相钙长石,随着氧化钙含量的增加,莫来石的晶粒逐渐细化,细化的晶粒提高了陶粒的强度和抗破碎能力.添加量为5wt;碳酸钙的陶粒支撑剂在35 MPa、52 MPa闭合压力下的破碎率均最低,符合石油天然气行业标准SY/T5108-2014.     

不同品级铝矾土均化烧结性能及微观结构的研究

利用TG-DSC-DTG对不同品级铝矾土进行热分析,研究不同品级铝矾土在不同温度下的均化烧结情况,利用XRD、SEM对均化矾土熟料的物相组成和微观结构进行研究.结果表明:Al2O3含量为89;(S级)、84;(Ⅰ级)和74;(ⅡA级)的铝矾土,其最佳均化烧结温度分别为1580℃、1600℃和1650℃,各级均化矾土熟料在最佳烧结状态下的晶体结构和生长形态为:S级、Ⅰ级均化矾土熟料主要为发育良好的刚玉晶粒,大部分呈长柱状,少量呈等轴状,晶粒间结合紧密,杂质均匀分布在晶界的玻璃相中;ⅢA级均化矾土熟料中刚玉相与莫来石相共存,晶粒发育良好,莫来石晶体为长柱状.     

TiO2对固相反应制备莫来石陶瓷性能影响

以天然红柱石和活性氧化铝为原料,固相反应烧结制备莫来石陶瓷,研究了TiO2对莫来石陶瓷的烧结性能和热震稳定性的影响,利用XRD、SEM及相关软件对莫来石陶瓷的晶相组成、晶胞参数和显微结构进行分析和讨论.研究结果表明:通过高温固相反应可以制备出以Al4.52Si1.48O9.74莫来石固溶体为主晶相的反应烧结莫来石陶瓷.引入2wt;的TiO2对于提高干压成型的反应烧结莫来石陶瓷热震稳定性有利.TiO2对于反应烧结莫来石陶瓷起到促烧结作用,掺杂Ti4+改变了主晶相莫来石固溶体晶胞参数,但未影响莫来石固溶体类型.     

二氧化锰添加剂对莫来石相发育及性能影响

以氧化铝和二氧化硅作为原料,二氧化锰作为添加剂,在烧结温度1300℃时,研究了不同二氧化锰添加量制备所得试样的结构和性能,通过对试样物相组成、显微结构、体积密度、显气孔率和抗折强度五方面的分析,研究了二氧化锰作为添加剂对莫来石相的形成、发育和性能的影响,并分析了莫来石相形成和发育过程中二氧化锰的作用机理.结果表明:MnO2的添加能促进固相烧结反应,降低烧结温度,抑制石英相的生长,促进莫来石相的形核和发育.同时在烧结过程中Mn4+能够加快晶粒生长.     

莫来石纤维增强堇青石质陶瓷材料性能研究

以堇青石粉为原料,碳粉为造孔剂,甲基纤维素(MC)为粘结剂,甘油、乙醇为润滑剂,通过挤压成型和固态粒子烧成法制备具有高开孔率,高强度的陶瓷.通过烧结温度和保温时间的正交实验确定堇青石基体材料的烧结制度.通过考察烧结温度和莫来石纤维(PMF)添加量对纤维陶瓷性能的影响,确定使纤维与基体材料结合程度最佳的烧结制度和莫来石添加量.采用SEM、XRD表征样品的断面形貌和晶相种类,以分析基体材料和莫来石纤维的相互作用对陶瓷性能的影响.结果表明:1300℃下保温2 h的堇青石陶瓷综合性能较佳;含纤维陶瓷的烧结温度越高,莫来石纤维与堇青石基体的结合越紧密,莫来石纤维的增强作用越明显,但高于1300℃时,复合陶瓷的抗压强度会由于堇青石基体材料强度下降而下降;莫来石纤维添加量为20;时,陶瓷开孔率为49.25;,抗压强度为15.69 MPa,比无纤维的陶瓷增加了153;.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.