钙长石对刚玉-莫来石质陶粒支撑剂结构及性能的影响

以二级铝矾土为主要原料,通过添加不同含量的长石在1350 ℃烧结温度下制备了高强度的刚玉-莫来石质陶粒支撑剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微分析(SEM)对陶粒的物相组成及显微形貌进行表征.结果表明,所制备陶粒支撑剂的物相成组为刚玉和莫来石,而且发现随着长石添加量的逐步增加,可以明显促进莫来石的形核过程,并抑制其进一步长大.当长石添加量为8wt;时,所制备的陶粒支撑剂体积密度为1.72 g/cm3,在52 MPa闭合压力下的破碎率为3.2;,酸溶度为5.0;,满足油气开采行业的要求.     

保温时间对添加废陶粒砂制备支撑剂结构和性能的影响

为了缓解高品位铝矾土资源日益匮乏的现状,同时降低支撑剂的生产成本,本研究以二级铝矾土和固废陶粒砂为主要原料,通过添加锰矿粉和白云石作为烧结助剂,最终经1260℃烧结制备得到刚玉-莫来石基陶粒支撑剂.在烧结过程中,讨论了保温时间对支撑剂物相结构和性能的影响.结果表明:随着保温时间的延长,支撑剂物相开始析出针状莫来石,而且晶粒尺寸逐渐变大,随之转变为棒状莫来石并与颗粒状的刚玉相互交叉分布于支撑剂内部,从而形成致密的交联结构.当保温时间为2 h时,支撑剂的性能最佳:体积密度为1.65 g/cm3,52 MPa闭合压力下的破碎率达到8.5;,符合石油天然气行业标准要求,说明固废陶粒砂可以被循环利用制备支撑剂.     

烧结温度对添加复合助剂制备莫来石-刚玉基陶粒支撑剂性能的影响

为了降低陶粒支撑剂的烧结温度,本文以低品位铝矾土和粘土为主要原料,通过添加复合助剂锰矿粉及白云石制备陶粒支撑剂,并研究烧结温度对陶粒支撑剂结构、性能的影响.在烧结过程中发现,引入一定量的锰矿粉和白云石后,在陶粒内部会形成适量液相,可以填充孔隙,包覆于莫来石和刚玉晶粒间促进晶体的生长发育,从而形成致密结构.当烧成温度为1310℃时,制备得到的支撑剂体积密度与视密度分别为1.65 g/cm3和2.99 g/cm3,52 MPa闭合压力下破碎率为8.97;,符合石油天然气行业标准对低密、高强陶粒支撑剂的要求,说明复合助剂在降低烧结温度的前提下还能够提高支撑剂抗破碎能力.     

锰矿粉掺量对莫来石-刚玉质陶粒支撑剂结构及性能的影响

以阳泉产三级铝矾土与粘土为原料,锰矿粉为烧结助剂,于1420℃下制备了莫来石-刚玉质陶粒支撑剂,讨论了锰矿粉含量对支撑剂样品结构及性能的影响.结果表明:随锰矿粉掺量的增加,支撑剂样品的主晶相莫来石颗粒形状由针状变为柱状,晶粒尺寸逐渐变大,并且刚玉相衍射峰强度增加;当锰矿粉掺量为4wt;时,试样的性能最佳:视密度2.998 g/cm3,体积密度1.62 g/cm3以及52 MPa闭合压力下的破碎率8.13;.     

利用焦宝石和钾长石制备低密高强陶粒支撑剂的研究

以焦宝石和钾长石为原料,在1380 ～1480℃下烧结制备了低密高强陶粒支撑剂,研究了烧结温度对支撑剂性能的影响.结果表明:1420℃烧结制备的20/40陶粒支撑剂性能最佳,其体积密度为1.56 g/cm3,视密度为2.72g/cm3,在52 MPa闭合压力下的破碎率为6.32;.在烧结过程中,钾长石软化分解生成的长石玻璃相降低了支撑剂的烧结温度,同时玻璃相的生成有利于Al2O3和SiO2的相互扩散,促进了莫来石相的形成与生长.另外,长石玻璃相填充于坯体的莫来石相之间,使得支撑剂较致密,从而提高了支撑剂的力学性能和化学稳定性.     

铝矾土空心陶粒支撑剂的制备及性能研究

以尿素为成孔模板,MnO2为烧结助剂,铝矾土粉为球壳包覆材料,采用模板法制备了空心内半径可控的铝矾土空心陶粒支撑剂.运用X射线荧光分析,热分析、XRD和SEM等技术对铝矾土原料粉预处理前后矿物相组成和化学成分及支撑剂产品微观形貌的变化进行了比较分析,探究了原料预处理对支撑剂结构和性能的影响,并对其影响机理进行了分析.结果表明:原料粉体经预处理后可提高支撑剂的强度.在1440 ℃烧结后的主要物相为莫来石相和刚玉相.利用预处理后的铝矾土粉体制备出的空心支撑剂的体积密度为1.35 g·cm-3,视密度2.47 g·cm-3,25 MPa闭合压力破碎率为5.21;,单粒抗压平均值为58 N,试样质量稳定,制备过程较易控制.     

超细碳酸钙微球的制备

采用乳状液膜与共沉淀结合法制备超细碳酸钙微球,考察了不同反应条件对碳酸钙形貌的影响。获得的试样使用X-射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)以及激光粒度仪等手段予以表征。结果表明,吐温-80和PVP的添加量分别为4 mL和0.5 g时,制备出了颗粒大小约为5μm的碳酸钙微球;碳酸钙材料的物相组成和形貌与溶液中吐温-80体积含量以及PVP含量密切相关。     

烧结助剂及β-Si3N4添加量对多孔氮化硅陶瓷性能的影响

通过添加不同烧结助剂(Lu2O3、Y2O3和Al2O3)及β-Si3N4粉末含量,采用常压烧结工艺制备出性能优异的多孔氮化硅陶瓷.研究了烧结助剂种类及β-Si3N4添加量对多孔氮化硅陶瓷物相、微观组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明:当Lu2O3添加量为5 wt;、β-Si3N4为3 wt;时,制备了由长柱状β-Si3N4晶粒组成、平均长径比为6.87、直径为0.6μm长度为4.4～10.4 μm的多孔氮化硅陶瓷,其抗弯强度可达330.7 MPa.β-Si3N4添加量至5 wt;时,柱状晶粒发育良好,长径比增加至7以上,气孔率高达48;,但抗弯强度下降.     

超声辅助的荔枝状球霰石的制备与表征

碳酸钙材料的制备过程中的形貌和物相控制对其进一步的工业应用至关重要.本文通过超声空化辅助技术在乙二醇/水溶液中合成了荔枝状的纯相球霰石微球.采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)以及场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)等对合成的试样进行了表征.结果表明,碳酸钙材料的物相组成和形貌与溶液中乙二醇的体积含量以及超声时间密切相关.     

c-BN含量对(Ti,W)C/WC/Co金属陶瓷刀具材料力学性能的影响

采用真空热压烧结工艺制备了(Ti,W)C/WC/c-BN/Co金属陶瓷刀具材料,分析了(Ti,W)C/WC/c-BN/Co金属陶瓷刀具材料的微观结构、元素成分和物相组成,研究了不同含量c-BN对(Ti,W)C/WC/c-BN/Co金属陶瓷刀具材料微观结构和力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:适量添加c-BN 能有效细化颗粒,减少气孔等缺陷,提高材料的相对密度,(Ti,W)C/WC/c-BN/Co金属陶瓷刀具材料的断裂模式为穿/沿晶混合断裂模式;当c-BN含量为1wt;时,(Ti,W)C/WC/c-BN/Co金属陶瓷刀具的综合力学性能最优,其抗弯强度、断裂韧性和维氏硬度分别为769.32±10.21 MPa、6.69±0.18 MPa·m1/2和22.83±0.46 GPa.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...