用MOCVD法在玻璃和Si(100)基片上制备TiO2薄膜

采用大气开放式金属有机化合物化学气相沉积方法(AP-MOCVD),以四异丙醇钛(TTIP)为原料,在不同的实验条件下分别在Si(100)和玻璃基片上制备TiO2薄膜.当气化室温度为140℃,基片温度为350℃时,玻璃基片上生长的薄膜XRD谱中只出现了锐钛矿相(200)晶面的衍射峰,表明此时薄膜高度取向,在Si(100)基片上生长的TiO2薄膜也有取向性.通过SEM观察高度取向的TiO2薄膜表面出现四边形的微结构.     

沉积温度对LaNiO3薄膜结构和性能的影响

采用磁控溅射法在(001)SrTiO3 基片上制备了LaNiO3氧化物薄膜,应用X射线衍射(XRD)、反射式高能电子衍射(RHEED)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、四探针测试仪等技术系统研究了沉积温度对LaNiO3薄膜结构和性能的影响.结果表明在较低的生长温度和较宽的温度范围内(250～400℃)都能得到外延LaNiO3薄膜.输运性质的测量结果表明在其它条件不变的情况下,250℃温度下生长的LaNiO3薄膜具有最高的电导率.     

退火温度对La3Ga5SiO14薄膜结构及表面形貌的影响

采用脉冲激光沉积技术在Si(100)衬底上制备了La3Ga5SiO14薄膜,并研究了不同的退火温度对薄膜结构和表面形貌的影响.衬底温度为室温时生长的薄膜经过800 ℃以上的高温退火后,由最初的无定形态转变为无规则取向的多晶结构.衬底温度为400 ℃时生长的薄膜经过800 ℃退火处理后呈现无序的多晶形态.当退火温度进一步升高至1000 ℃时,XRD图谱显示薄膜由最初的(220)和(300)两个结晶方向转变为以(200)和(400)为主要取向的多晶结构.表面形貌分析表明:衬底温度为400 ℃时,随着退火温度的升高,薄膜颗粒尺寸逐渐增大,表面无裂纹,而衬底温度为室温时生长的薄膜退火后则出现大量的裂缝、孔洞等缺陷.     

生长和退火温度对磁控溅射法制备的ZnO薄膜性能的影响

利用磁控溅射法于500 ℃、550 ℃、600 ℃和650 ℃下在Al2O3(001)衬底上生长ZnO薄.对生长的ZnO薄膜后分别进行了800 ℃退火和1000 ℃退火处理.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、霍尔测试仪和透射谱仪对薄膜的结构、电学和光学性质进行了研究,结果表明合适的生长温度和退火温度能够提高ZnO薄膜的结晶质量和性能.     

单晶硅衬底上Ge填埋层低温应力诱导重结晶制备多晶硅薄膜

本文采用电子束蒸发法,室温下在Si(400)的基片上生长含锗(Ge)填埋层的非晶硅薄膜,其结构为a-Si/Ge/Sisubstrate,并在真空中进行后续退火.采用Raman散射(Raman Scattering)、X射线衍射(X-ray Diffraction)、高分辨电子扫描显微镜(HRSEM)、光学显微镜和热重差热分析(DSC)等手段,研究退火后样品晶化特性和晶化机理.结果表明,室温下生长的含有250 nm Ge填埋层的生长态样品在400℃退火5h,薄膜基本全部实现晶化,并表现出明显的Si (111)择优取向.样品分别在400℃、500℃、600℃和700℃退火后薄膜的横向光学波的波峰均在519cm-1附近,半高宽大约为6.1 cm-1,且均在Si(111)方向高度择优生长.退火温度为600℃的样品对应的晶粒尺寸约为20 μm.然而,在相同的薄膜结构(a-Si/Ge/Si substrate)的前提下,当把生长温度提高到300℃时,温度高达到700℃退火时间5h后,薄膜依然是非晶硅状态.差热分析表明,室温生长的样品,在后续退火过程中伴随界面应力的释放,从而诱导非晶硅薄膜重结晶成多晶硅薄膜.     

金属有机物气相外延生长InAlGaN薄膜及其性能表征

在不同的生长温度和载气的条件下,采用低压金属有机物气相外延方法生长了系列的InAlGaN薄膜,通过能量色散谱(EDS),高分辨X射线衍射(HRXRD)和光致发光谱(PL)对样品进行表征与分析,研究了生长工艺对InAlGaN外延层结构和光学性能的影响.发现当以氮气做载气时,样品的发光很弱并且在550nm附近存在一个很宽的深能级发光峰;当采用氮气和氢气的混合气做载气时,样品中的深能级发光峰消失且发光强度明显提高.以混合气做载气,InAlGaN薄膜中铟的组分随生长温度的升高而降低,而薄膜的结构和光学性能却提高.结合PL和HRXRD的测试结果得到了较佳的生长参数:即载气为氢气和氮气的混合气以及生长温度在850℃到870℃.     

PECVD沉积硅薄膜退火性质的分析

利用等离子体增强化学气相沉积(PECVD)制备硅薄膜,对硅薄膜进行退火处理.通过X射线衍射谱,拉曼光谱以及傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱,研究了退火温度在550～ 700℃范围内,硅薄膜退火过程中的生长特性.实验表明:多晶硅的晶粒尺寸并不随着退火温度的提高而持续增大,当退火温度在550～650℃范围内,硅薄膜始终表现出(111)方向的择优生长取向.当退火温度高于650℃时,氧原子活性增强,硅-氧键增加.对于存在应变、已结晶的薄膜,由于内部应力的累积,薄膜更容易随着退火温度的升高而脱落.     

LiAlO2衬底上ZnO薄膜的溶胶-凝胶法制备和表征

采用溶胶凝胶法在LiAlO2(302)衬底上制备了ZnO薄膜.用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对样品的结构和形貌进行了表征.XRD结果表明,随着热处理温度的升高(350℃、450℃、550℃、600℃、800℃),所得到的薄膜分别为单相ZnAl2O4(350℃),ZnAl2O4和ZnO的混合相(450℃)以及单相的ZnO(550℃、600℃、800℃),并且ZnO薄膜c轴择优取向的生长趋势随温度升高相应明显.SEM图像显示,随着热处理温度的升高,ZnO薄膜的粒径相应变大.     

SiC衬底上β-Ga2O3薄膜生长及p-SiC/n-β-Ga2O3异质结光伏特性

本文采用脉冲激光沉积(PLD)技术在p型4H-SiC衬底上,制备出沿(403)择优生长的β-Ga₂O₃薄膜。结果表明,衬底生长温度对β-Ga₂O₃薄膜的形貌、结构、组分,以及生长机理都有重要影响。当生长温度由300 ℃升高至500 ℃时,薄膜结晶质量随生长温度升高而提高,当温度进一步升高到600 ℃时,薄膜结晶质量变差,这是由于在相对低温(500 ℃以下)阶段,生长温度越高,沉积在衬底上原子的动能越大,越容易迁移,使得β-Ga₂O₃薄膜主要按照二维生长模式进行生长,薄膜结晶质量提高,表现为随着生长温度升高,粗糙度降低。但当温度上升到600 ℃时,由于4H-SiC衬底和β-Ga₂O₃薄膜之间的热膨胀系数存在差异,导致薄膜生长由主要以二维生长模式向三维岛状演变。基于p-4H-SiC/n-β-Ga₂O₃构筑的异质结太阳电池,其标准测试条件下光电转换效率达到3.43%。     

直流磁控溅射工艺对ZnO薄膜结构影响的研究

ZnO是一种新型的Ⅱ-Ⅵ族直接带隙化合物材料,是一种很有潜力的短波长光电器件材料.当ZnO薄膜具有良好的c轴取向和晶格结构时,可得到优良的光电性能比如紫外光受激发射.本实验用XRD和SEM研究了工艺条件如基片温度、氩氧比及退火工艺对ZnO薄膜结构特性的影响.结果表明在基片温度250℃、氩氧比为1∶4的条件下,可得到结晶质量良好的ZnO薄膜;通过退火可以使薄膜应力得到驰豫,降低缺陷浓度,改善薄膜的结构特性.本实验采用直流磁控溅射的方法,最终在(100)硅衬底基片上制备出了高c轴取向、晶粒尺寸约70nm的ZnO薄膜.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

电子显微分析在表征纳米晶体化学组分中的应用

纳米材料的化学组分及含量影响其光、电、声、热、磁等物理性能,电子显微分析是表征纳米晶体化学组分的重要方法之一.本文综述了X-射线能谱(EDS)、X-射线波谱(WDS)、电子能量损失谱(EELS)和选区电子衍射(SAED)等现代电子显微分析技术在表征纳米晶体化学组分、形貌、尺寸和结构等方面的应用及其研究进展,并比较了这些分析方法存在的差异,提出了其应用中存在的不足及今后的研发方向.     

Mesomorphism Dependence on the Position of Substitution of a Pair of Esters

A novel homologous series of ethylene derivatives of thermotropic liquid crystals has been synthesized. The methoxy to octyloxy derivatives are nematogenic, the decyloxy to tetradecyloxy derivatives are smectogenic, in addition to nematogenic, and the hexadecyloxy homologue is smectogenic only. All the members of the series are enantiotropically mesogenic. Thermotropic behavior was determined by an optical polarizing microscope equipped with a heating stage and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) study. Analytical and spectral data confirm the molecular structures of homologues (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectra, X-ray, and DSC data). Textures of the nematic phase are threaded or Schlieren and that of smectic phase are focal conic fan-shaped of smectic A or C. Transition curves of the phase diagram behave in a normal manner except one or two deviations from the normal trend. The mesophase range (Sm+N) varies from 3°C to 44°C. The average thermal stability for smectic is 93°C and that for nematic 117.4°C. The LC behavior of the novel series is compared with a structurally similar known series.     

原位氮化法制备TiN纳米粉体

用溶胶凝胶法合成的纳米TiO2粉体作为原料,将该粉体在氨气中进行原位氮化制备了TiN纳米粉体.用XRD,TEM,化学分析等手段对合成的TiN纳米粉体的物相组成、形貌、成分进行了分析.实验分析表明:在1000℃和1100℃下分别氮化5h,可以制备粒径大约为40nm和80nm的TiN粉体,其TiN的含量分别为95.40;和98.37;;而在1000℃条件下氮化时间减少到2h时,TiN的含量仅为58.36;.氮化温度和氮化时间是合成纳米TiN的重要因素,提高合成温度和延长氮化时间均可形成纯度较高的TiN纳米粉体,但延长氮化时间更有利于获得粒径小的氮化钛粉体.     

On the influence of structural features of DNA on the possibility of metabolic transfer of electrons

Abstract

A fragment of a DNA molecule is considered as one of the channels of metabolic electron transfer. The heterogeneity of the complementary chains is effectively taken into account. This made it possible to find the speed of the electron injected into the DNA conduction band and the current density that it creates. Estimates of electron mobility in nucleic acid chains are made. They were an order of magnitude smaller than that of typical semiconductors. For the specific conductivity of nucleic acid chains, estimates provide a conductivity of one to two orders of magnitude lower than in graphite.     

PEG聚合度对氧化铝造粒粉的性能影响

为制备适用于干压成型的氧化铝造粒粉,研究了PEG聚合度对氧化铝造粒粉微观形貌、流动性和松装密度的影响.结果表明PEG的聚合度对氧化铝浆料粘度影响显著,PEG2000-6000是较为理想的粘结剂选择,造粒粉的流动性与环境温度及湿度相关.采用正交实验设计,以造粒粉的流动性和松装密度为评价指标,对PEG聚合度、粘结剂添加量和固含量进行了优选,其影响顺序为PEG聚合度＞固含量＞粘结剂添加量.以优选参数PEG6000、添加量为4wt;、固含量为80wt;,制备了性能优良的氧化铝喷雾造粒粉.     

近化学计量比铌酸锂晶体组分测定与缺陷观察

采用助熔剂提拉法生长得到近化学计量比LiNbO3晶体.用多种方法测定了晶体组分,结果表明生长得到的晶体中[Li2O]含量为49.80;摩尔分数;对晶体缺陷的研究表明晶体质量有待提高,并分析了晶体中出现包裹物的原因.     

Statistical characterization of the pore space of random systems of hard spheres

An improved statistical characterization of disordered structures such as metallic glasses, random porous media, or granular matter is presented. Suitable structure models follow the idea of dense random packed spheres, where the spheres represent atoms and particles in the case of metallic glasses and porous or granular matter, respectively. The geometry of the empty space between the atoms or particles is described by means of the already otherwise successful concept of so-called contact distributions. Their exact mathematical forms are unknown for hard sphere systems. Knowledge on these is obtained by means of Monte Carlo simulations of the structure models. The numerical results are approximated by simple and general mathematical expressions, with parameters that can be easily determined. These may serve as additional tools for the structural characterization of disordered matter, including systems of partly penetrable spheres.     

前驱物合成条件对锰锌铁氧体结构和性能的影响

采用共沉淀-热处理工艺合成了尖晶石型锰锌铁氧体粉末,利用正交试验优化了制备工艺。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和振动样品磁强计(VSM)对粉体的显微结构和静磁性能进行了研究。结果表明:热处理温度为1350℃、保温时间为3.5 h、进料比为1.5时,若前驱物的pH值为6,制备的样品的主晶相为锰锌铁氧体;若前驱物的pH值为7 9,则形成单相尖晶石型锰锌铁氧体,样品的饱和磁化强度先增大后减小,矫顽力逐渐增大。pH值为7时,配方为Fe∶Mn∶Zn=68.4816∶17.1368∶14.381,进料比为1.5,滴加时间为40 min,反应温度为50℃,不加表面活性剂时得到的样品具有较高的饱和磁化强度。     

Effect of alumina on enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali silicate glasses

The enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali (Na₂O and K₂O) silicate glasses containing various concentrations of alumina was determined using an ion-exchange equilibrium method. For glasses with a constant alkali concentration, the enthalpy of mixing was found to become less negative with alumina addition. Consistent with our previous results on the enthalpy of mixing of alumina-free mixed alkali silicate glasses, the magnitude of enthalpy of mixing exhibited a good correlation with the molar volume mismatch of the corresponding two single alkali glasses as well as with the extent of conductivity mixed alkali effect, e.g. excess activation energy of conductivity, ΔE. The reduction of the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing with alumina addition can be attributed to the reduction of non-bridging oxygen and ionic field strength. Combining the present results with results obtained earlier, the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing for all mixed alkali (Na₂O and K₂O) silicate glasses with and without alumina was expressed by a simple function of a modified Tobolsky parameter, which takes into account the alkali concentration and the difference in cation-to-effective anion distances. The enthalpy of mixing data of the mixed alkali glasses was then compared with reported experimental data on the conductivity of mixed alkali aluminosilicate glasses. What appears to be conflicting experimental data can be understood in terms of the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing and we can conclude that the mixed alkali effect is closely correlated with the negative enthalpy of mixing.