细观力学和细观损伤力学

本文扼要地阐述细观力学的定义和范畴;探索其主要研究课题和应用领域,展示细观损伤力学的新进展;并对细观力学的未来发展趋势加以展望。      

层间剪切带粒度分形几何特征及工程地质意义

本文对分形几何方法表征土的粒度组成加以了补充, 并用它来描述和表征层间剪切带的粒度组成, 据此将其划分为五个类型。在此基础上较为深入地阐述了其工程地质意义, 并着重讨论了用它来识别层间剪切带所遭受的构造变形破坏程度、演化阶段问题等。     

民用船舶数据库管理系统

对民用船舶信息的管理是一项重要的工作,实现船舶信息管理的电子化,既减轻了管理人员的负担,又可以避免由于误操作而引起的错误。因此,对民用船舶数据库管理系统的开发和功能加以介绍,有助于其推广应用。     

三峡库区康家嘴滑坡破坏过程及演绎研究

三峡库区康家嘴滑坡是在其老滑坡泥石流的前缘堆积扇体中形成的新滑动变形体。滑体表面为第四纪风化土层,滑带为灰绿色粉质粘土或粘土,在降雨与库区蓄水的周期性浸泡作用下,饱和后蠕滑变形,处于欠稳定-极限稳定状态,亟需整治。本文针对其破坏过程及形态加以详细描述,并对滑坡的阶段性演绎过程加以追溯。在查清滑坡地质条件与发展趋势的基础上,通过经济对比分析,对康家嘴滑坡不同变形阶段提出了具有针对性的防治方案:在新滑坡体(强变形区)采用抗滑桩+排水沟+局部回填压脚、后部变形体采用抗滑桩+排水沟。经对滑体计算,该滑坡体处于稳定状态,达到了防灾减灾的目的。     

一种利用静力试验数据修正有限元模型的方法

基于代数特征值逆问题理论，提出了一种利用静力试验数据修正有限元模型方法。由于修正后的模型为满阵，根据有限元模型的力学特征对修正后的模型加以约束，使其不仅是对称的，而且还保持稀疏、带状特性，其计算过程简洁，计算结果表明该方法可靠，效果令人满意。     

有限元模型修正研究进展:从线性到非线性

有限元分析在实际工程中得到了广泛应用.然而有限元模型由于受到网格划分、边界条件和材料物理参数不确定性等的影响,与真实结构有差异. 因此须通过试验数据加以修正,使其尽可能接近实际结构,以保证之后的结构动力模拟分析和监测等具有实际意义. 经过多年发展,有限元模型修正技术已经能够成功应用于一些实际工程,但现代工程技术的进步对有限元模型修正提出了更高要求,修正后的有限元模型不仅要有较高的精确度,还需要为后续应用给出具有指导意义的置信度.而现有的有限元模型修正、确认方法多基于结构线性的假设,而未能考虑实际结构中广泛存在的非线性.因此本文以土木工程结构模型修正的一些研究成果为例,通过对传统有限元模型修正的发展历程进行全面回顾;总结评述传统有限元修正技术的主要方法,以及包括有限元模型确认在内的最新研究进展;重点探讨有限元模型修正技术向非线性发展的技术路线和目前主要研究成果,展望其未来发展方向, 并提出值得研究的问题.      

固体力学中的无网格方法

简要地介绍了目前在无网格方法中主要使用的近似方案:移动最小二乘法、核函数法和单位分解法,并对这些方案的联系及各自的一致性条件进行了讨论;此外,对于无网格方法在数值计算中的离散方案、积分方案、边界条件的引入以及如何处理场函数或其导数的不连续性加以论述．      

关于实位移、虚位移和能量积分——理论力学札记之五

 实位移是否虚位移之一, 以及与其相关的存在能量 积分的问题, 是理论力学中的一个重要问题, 有必要加以澄清并给出正确的叙述.     

植物细胞力学模型研究进展

植物细胞在结构上具有特殊性, 即细胞壁和胞内物质在力学性质上差异很大. 因此其力学模型的研究具有特殊意义. 植物细胞力学模型是植物组织力学行为的研究基础, 是连接宏观与微观生物力学发展的桥梁, 在农业和食品加工等领域中有重要的潜在应用价值. 本文就目前国际上在细胞力学模型研究中所采用的模型形式和理论分析与数值模拟等方法做较全面而简要的介绍, 并对本领域中存在的现实问题加以论述, 希望能够对我国在细胞力学领域的研究有所帮助.      

有限元模型修正研究进展:从线性到非线性

有限元分析在实际工程中得到了广泛应用.然而有限元模型由于受到网格划分、边界条件和材料物理参数不确定性等的影响,与真实结构有差异.因此须通过试验数据加以修正,使其尽可能接近实际结构,以保证之后的结构动力模拟分析和监测等具有实际意义.经过多年发展,有限元模型修正技术已经能够成功应用于一些实际工程,但现代工程技术的进步对有限元模型修正提出了更高要求,修正后的有限元模型不仅要有较高的精确度,还需要为后续应用给出具有指导意义的置信度.而现有的有限元模型修正、确认方法多基于结构线性的假设,而未能考虑实际结构中广泛存在的非线性.因此本文以土木工程结构模型修正的一些研究成果为例,通过对传统有限元模型修正的发展历程进行全面回顾;总结评述传统有限元修正技术的主要方法,以及包括有限元模型确认在内的最新研究进展;重点探讨有限元模型修正技术向非线性发展的技术路线和目前主要研究成果,展望其未来发展方向,并提出值得研究的问题.     

Complexity and cognition: a meta-theoretical analysis of the mind and brain as a topological dynamical system

The application of theories of complexity to the study of cognition has only recently started but it has already caused high expectations and controversies. Currently an extensive evaluation of the theoretical status of these theories does not exist. In an attempt to fill in that gap, this text develops a meta-theoretical analysis that presents a reconstruction of the theories of complexity applied to cognition, establishing their theoretical status, conceptual cores, basic assumptions and explanation strategies. Freeman's theory of cerebral chaos will be analyzed first. Then a meta-theory generalization to neuro-cognitive theories will be presented. It will be sustained that the central theoretical core of cognitive complexity theories are based on the metaphor of the mind, the brain or cognition as a dynamic system, founded a time-space topology. The framework of this study is based on ontology of processes and an ontological pluralism. The explicative strategies are supported by emergentistic approaches and nomological derivation based on mathematical laws. The prototypes of the theory are strongly backed up by computer simulations. This paper concludes by suggesting the existence of two antagonical perspectives (universalistic and pluralistic) in the core of these theories.     

An evaluation of higher-order plasticity theories for predicting size effects and localisation

Conventional plasticity theories are unable to capture the observed increase in strength of metallic structures with diminishing size. They also give rise to ill-posed boundary value problems at the onset of material softening. In order to overcome both deficiencies, a range of higher-order plasticity theories have been formulated in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to compare existing higher-order theories for the prediction of a size effect and the handling of localisation effects. To this end, size effect predictions for foils in bending are compared with existing experimental data. Furthermore, a study of one-dimensional harmonic incremental solutions from a uniform reference state allows one to assess the nature of material localisation as predicted by these competing higher-order theories. These analyses show that only one of the theories considered—the Fleck–Hutchinson strain gradient plasticity theory based upon the Toupin–Mindlin strain gradient framework [Fleck, N.A., Hutchinson, J.W., 1997. Strain gradient plasticity. Adv. Appl. Mech. 33, 295–361]—allows one to describe both phenomena. The other theories show either nonphysical size effects or a pathologically localised post-peak response.     

广义热弹性问题研究进展

本文总结了广义热弹性问题最近10年的研究进展, 包括不同类型广义热弹耦合问题的研究、考虑磁\!--\!电多场耦合的广义电磁热弹耦合问题研究以及计及扩散效应和黏弹性效应的广义热弹性理论的发展、广义热弹性问题基本求解方法等, 通过总结, 使读者对广义热弹性问题的研究现状及发展趋势有较全面的认识, 帮助研究人员进一步开展广义热弹性问题更高层次的研究.      

Dynamical theory of hyperelastic rods

A rod is regarded as a one-dimensional mathematical model of a three-dimensional body. The exact field equations governing the motion of a hyperelastic rod are derived from the general three-dimensional theory. Then, by a suitable restriction on the number of displacement variables, a hierarchy of approximating theories is established. Because such theories are generated by a kinematic hypothesis, a precise, quantitative idea of the nature of the simplifying assumptions is furnished. An analysis of the structure of these approximating theories yields three distinct approaches by which they may be interpreted. Finally, constraints and their connection with other approximate theories are investigated. In particular, classical nonlinear theories and theories for planar motion are developed in this context of constrained theories.     

非线性模态理论的研究进展

对非线性模态理论的研究进展做了较全面的综述,指出了该领域研究中存在的一些问题和今后的研究方向      

Vibroacoustic comparisons of composite laminated cylindrical shells according to three shear deformation shell theories

Whether the first-order and Reddy third-order shear deformation shell theories are able to evaluate the vibroacoustic responses of laminated cylindrical shells with normal deformation in the high frequency range or not is examined by comparison with a 3D higher-order shear deformation shell theory. The implicit governing equations of arbitrary angle-ply laminated cylindrical shells are derived from the 3D higher-order and Reddy third-order shell theories, and solved on the basis of the Fourier transform. The Reddy third-order shell theory can be obtained as a special case from the 3D higher-order shell theory. The first-order and Reddy third-order shell theories almost give rise to the same vibrational and acoustic results. These two simple shear deformation shell theories can be used to study far-field acoustic radiation from laminated cylindrical shells from the low to high frequency range, but they show some differences from the 3D higher-order shell theory in high frequency vibration of shells. Nevertheless, the differences of vibrational responses seem not to be distinct. The helical wave spectra of the higher-order radial displacements are nearly separate from those of the low-order radial displacement and play a minor role in far-field acoustic radiation, which makes the two simple shell theories applicable in prediction of acoustic power of the cylindrical shells in the much higher frequency range. Moreover, it also results in the fact that far-field sound is least sensitive in comparison with near-field sound and vibration of shells.     

Efficient higher-order shear deformation theories for bending and free vibration analyses of functionally graded plates

In this paper, various efficient higher-order shear deformation theories are presented for bending and free vibration analyses of functionally graded plates. The displacement fields of the present theories are chosen based on cubic, sinusoidal, hyperbolic, and exponential variations in the in-plane displacements through the thickness of the plate. By dividing the transverse displacement into the bending and shear parts and making further assumptions, the number of unknowns and equations of motion of the present theories is reduced and hence makes them simple to use. Equations of motion are derived from Hamilton’s principle. Analytical solutions for deflections, stresses, and frequencies are obtained for simply supported rectangular plates. The accuracy of the present theories is verified by comparing the obtained results with the exact three-dimensional (3D) and quasi-3D solutions and those predicted by higher-order shear deformation theories. Numerical results show that all present theories can archive accuracy comparable to the existing higher-order shear deformation theories that contain more number of unknowns.     

柔性多体系统动力学实验研究综述

介绍了国内外柔性多体系统动力学实验研究现状,分为三个方面,即理论模型验证实验、动力学特性的实验研究和其它实验.柔性多体系统动力学建模理论的发展经历了3个阶段:运动-弹性动力学(KED)方法、传统混合坐标方法和计及了动力刚化效应的各种非线性理论.关于这些理论的模型验证实验均在本文中作了重点介绍.文中还对柔性多体系统动力学性态的研究实验也作了介绍,包括系统模态特性和共振等非线性力学行为.关于机械臂控制和碰撞研究实验虽有提及,但不作为重点.随后,着重介绍了柔性体弹性振动位移的测量和阻尼因素的处理这两个在实验不可避免但又难以解决的问题,尤其是结构阻尼和大范围运动引起的空气阻力.最后指出了今后的研究方向.文中对一些较为重要的实验装置也着重予以介绍,并给出了部分实验图片及数据曲线,以给读者一个更好的理解和参考.      

Trends in complexity theories and computation in the social sciences

A modified bibliometric study and citation analysis of the use of complexity theories, encompassing chaos and complexity theory, and computational simulation in published literature was conducted. Articles published during 1971-1999 in four disciplines were examined: business, education, psychology and sociology. Overall, there was a marked pattern of increased use in the terms within the social sciences. There was a differentiated use of the terms between disciplines. A qualitative study on a subset from each discipline was generated to create a disciplinary profile of the quantitative and qualitative use of the terms in research activities, called a problem topology. Three research implications that arise from the differential adaptation of the theories and methods into the four social sciences are discussed.     

Ogden-type energies for nematic elastomers

Ogden-type extensions of the free-energy densities currently used to model the mechanical behavior of nematic elastomers are proposed and analyzed. Based on a multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into an elastic and a spontaneous or remanent part, they provide a suitable framework to study the stiffening response at high imposed stretches. Geometrically linear versions of the models (Taylor expansions at order two) are provided and discussed. These small strain theories provide a clear illustration of the geometric structure of the underlying energy landscape (the energy grows quadratically with the distance from a non-convex set of spontaneous strains or energy wells). The comparison between small strain and finite deformation theories may also be useful in the opposite direction, inspiring finite deformation generalizations of small strain theories currently used in the mechanics of active and phase-transforming materials. The energy well structure makes the free-energy densities non-convex. Explicit quasi-convex envelopes are provided, and applied to compute the stiffening response of a specimen tested in plane strain extension experiments (pure shear).