喷丸强化对Cr-Ni-Mo系高强钢的摩擦磨损性能影响

采用喷丸强化对Cr-Ni-Mo系高强钢进行强化处理，利用销盘式摩擦磨损试验机考察了喷丸前后试样的摩擦磨损性能，研究了喷丸强化对Cr-Ni-Mo系高强钢试样的表面形貌、微观结构、显微硬度、残余应力和摩擦磨损特性的影响，进一步揭示了销盘接触摩擦过程中喷丸处理的强化机理.结果表明：喷丸强化在材料表层形成了塑性变形层并产生了位错区域，但提高了表面粗糙度；随着喷丸气压和覆盖率的增加，试样的表层显微硬度和表面残余压应力值显著提高；同时，喷丸试样表面形成的冲击弹坑改善了接触界面润滑效果，喷丸试样的摩擦系数由未处理试样的0.073最大降至0.023，其磨损率由1.25×10^-5 mm³/(N·m)最大降至0.81×10^-5 mm³/(N·m)，平均摩擦系数最大降低68.49%，磨损率最大降低了35.20%；此外，原始试样的磨损机理为犁沟，喷丸试样主要为犁沟、氧化磨损和黏结磨损.     

轴对称热载作用厚板的热弹性运动效应分析

对板的上下表面存在一般温度边界条件的情况，解出了板表面受轴对称热辐射作用时，板内轴对称二维瞬态温度场的一般表达式；导出了厚板的热弯曲运动和热平面运动的位移型动力学方程，得出了板的挠度、转角和平面径向位移的无穷积分型公式；提出了一个求解弯曲波传播速度的方法；然后完成了一个代表性算例分析，给出了弯曲波传播规律的直观图象，得出了热加载和热卸载过程中，板内热弯曲波的时空变化特点；找出了剪切变形和旋转惯性对弯曲波传播速度的影响规律；最后，将理论结果与相应的实验结果进行了比较，两者吻合良好。     

加弧辉光离子渗NiCr与喷丸强化复合处理对钛合金微动疲劳性能的影响研究

研究了钛合金表面加弧辉光离子渗NiCr层的相组合和分布,对NiCr渗 层进行喷丸形变强化后处理,以协同提高钛合金耐微动疲劳性能。研究结果表明：利用加弧辉光离子渗技术可以获得由Ni3Ti金属间化合物等组成的渗镀复合层,从而提高钛合金的表面硬度和耐磨性能;NiCr渗层的耐磨性能与喷丸强化引入的表面残余压应力协同作用,使钛合金经加弧辉光离子渗NiCr和喷丸形变强化复合处理后的耐微动疲劳性能较单一喷丸强化处理更好。     

考虑表面效应的形状记忆合金纳米梁弯曲特性研究

形状记忆合金(Shape Memory Alloys, SMAs)因其具有形状记忆效应和超弹性,在航空航天、生物医疗、微机电系统领域中得到了广泛的应用．当微结构尺度达到微纳米，表面效应对微结构力学性能的影响是十分显著的．本文基于梁弯曲变形理论以及Gurtin-Murdoch表面弹性理论，考虑拉压不对称、温度对于SMA纳米梁的影响，建立了考虑表面效应的SMA纳米梁相变力学模型．分析了弯曲载荷、温度、表面残余应力以及表面弹性模量对SMA纳米梁力学性能的影响规律．研究表明在SMA纳米梁相变阶段，忽略和考虑表面效应所得的截面应力及应变相对误差较为明显；在相同弯矩下，随温度的增加SMA纳米梁的截面应力随之增加，并且表面效应对其影响有减小趋势；表面残余应力对SMA纳米梁的影响显著．该文研究结果为SMA纳米梁在微机电领域的设计以及应用提供了一定基础与依据．     

不同材料参数和内压的轮胎对单腹板轮毂变形的影响

将轮胎材料简化为各向同性超弹性材料特性，考虑轮胎与轮毂和地面之间的三维接触以及轮胎中钢丝圈的影响，建立飞机单腹板机轮整体结构有限元模型。主要分析不同轮胎材料参数和内压下，单腹板轮毂轮缘处的径向变形，结果表明；轮毂剖面上测点的应变值与实验结果基本一致。轮胎下沉量与轮毂测点的径向变形和轮毂所受的载荷基本呈线性关系；凸出一侧的轮缘变形最大；轮胎下沉量较大时。轮胎材料参数对轮毂的径向变形影响明显；轮毂测点径向变形在1-2.5mm时，相同的径向变形，轮毂受到的总载荷受轮胎材料参数变化而变化，而在变形较大或较小时，影响不明显。对于同一种轮胎材料，不同的内压，轮毂的变形减轻比较大，气压越高，对于相同的轮胎下沉量，轮毂受到总体荷载也越高。     

弧形折纸模式薄壁结构的压缩变形与能量吸收

选用PolyMaxTM PLA为试样材料，利用3D打印技术制备了弧形折纸薄壁管件。基于准静态轴向压缩实验，运用ABAQUS软件对弧形折纸薄壁管件轴向准静态压缩和冲击行为进行了有限元计算，探讨了其变形模式和能量吸收特性，分析了预折角和薄壁单胞管件阵列数量对其压溃模式及能量吸收的影响。有限元计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。薄壁管件的变形过程可分为4个阶段:初始压溃阶段、预折角塑性旋转阶段、腹板塑性屈曲阶段和完全压溃密实化阶段。弧形折痕的引入能够有效地降低薄壁管件在压缩过程中的初始压溃载荷峰值，减小冲击载荷的振荡幅值。对比了高度相等、质量近似相等的方管与弧形折纸薄壁管在不同冲击速度下的压缩变形与能量吸收。在准静态压缩作用下，对于单胞模型，仅有折痕倾角为70°的模型的比吸能优于方管；对于多胞管件阵列模型，方管的比吸能均优于折纸管。折纸管的压缩力效率和比总体效率均优于方管，其中折痕倾角为50°的模型的压缩力效率和比总体效率最高。在动态冲击压缩下，阵列方管的比吸能均优于阵列折纸管。当冲击速度为10 m/s时，折纸管的压缩力效率和比总体效率均优于方管，其中折痕倾角为50°的模型的压缩力效率和比总体效率最高。当冲击速度为20 m/s时，仅有折痕倾角为50°的模型的压缩力效率和比总体效率优于方管。     

杆状弯曲行波型超声电机运动机理研究

为了深入研究杆状弯曲行波型超声电机的运动机理，本文分析了定子表面质点椭圆运动轨迹的形成，并将椭圆运动分解为产生驱动力的有效椭圆运动与使定、转子产生径向滑动的径向直线运动；然后基于有效椭圆运动变化情况，分析了在两相振幅不平衡和任意相位差情况下对转子运动平稳性的影响，为这类电机的设计和性能控制提供理论依据。     

微粒子喷丸对等温淬火球墨铸铁超高周疲劳性能的影响

为分析微粒子喷丸工艺对等温淬火球墨铸铁(ADI)超高周疲劳性能的改善情况,利用旋转弯曲疲劳试验机开展了ADI 109循环周次疲劳试验。对比分析了经微粒子喷丸处理前后试样的疲劳性能,并利用扫描电镜对断口表面进行观察,分析了其超高周疲劳破坏行为。结果表明:未喷丸和喷丸处理后ADI的S-N曲线均表现为典型的阶梯下降型,且在超高周区域没有传统疲劳极限。微粒子喷丸可显著提高原始材料高周阶段的疲劳强度,超高周阶段的疲劳强度也有一定程度的提升。断口观察显示,超高周阶段两种试样均起裂于内部的缩孔或石墨球,并且部分断口表面可观察到粒状亮面GBF(granular bright face)区域。微粒子喷丸所引入的硬化层及残余压应力迫使疲劳裂纹萌生位置向内部转移。通过降低裂纹萌生位置的应力可改善旋转弯曲条件下超高周阶段的疲劳强度。     

具有压电材料薄板弯曲控制的有限元法

考虑一均匀各向同性薄板结构,在其上下表面离散分布状压电执行元件,在横向外载和电压共同作用下,分析板的弯曲变形,并通过变化作用于执行元件上的电压对板的变形进行控制,根据逆压电效应将电压转换成作用于板上的等效作用量,用Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ原理导出压电结构板弯曲变形的有限元公式,并对环形板情况进行数值计算。     

基于内时大变形弹塑性本构模型的回弹和二次屈服分析

采用了一个由简单机构建立的材料热力学一致性弹塑性大变形本构模型，该模型满足热力学基本的不可逆约束条件，并考虑到了储存在残余微应力场中的能量，用相应的算法，编制了一个用户子程序UMAT，并将其嵌入到商用软件ABAQUS中，对圆柱形工件在弹性工具中镦粗和闭合模镦粗时的回弹和二次屈服进行了分析。比较模拟和实验所测得的载荷一位移关系，可以看出在镦粗的第一阶段发生塑性变形，工件在轴向加载过程中产生的横向变形受到了由于模具的弹性变形引起的径向约束，载荷迅速增加；第二阶段轴向压力减少，模具回弹使得工件的径向变形得以恢复，但随着塑性应变的增加，发生工作强化；第三阶段模具约束解除，工作的径向尺寸增加。用该本构模型对闭合模镦粗过程的计算，表明计算结果与实验结果是一致的。     

激光冲击喷丸与激光辐照LY12铝合金材料拉伸力学行为的实验研究

为了研究激光冲击喷丸与激光辐照处理后LY12铝合金材料的微尺度变形特点和失效机理,对经过不同激光功率密度处理后的LY12铝合金材料,在扫描电镜下进行了原位拉伸力学行为和失效机理研究。在扫描电子显微镜（SEM）下,得到各组试件的拉伸载荷曲线和不同载荷下的微观区域图像,并利用数字图像相关技术进行不同载荷下的微观区域全场变形分析,并对拉伸断口形貌也进行了分析。研究表明：激光处理的功率大小对LY12铝合金拉伸最大载荷有明显的影响,激光处理的交界处有较强的应变集中。     

Application of a kinematic hardening viscoplasticity model with thresholds to the residual stress relaxation

The life analysis of engine components needs to take into account the residual stress relaxation induced by cyclic service loads. The paper recalls a new class of constitutive equations for cyclic viscoplasticity, using a series of kinematic hardening models with thresholds. The equations are introduced within a recently enlarged thermodynamic framework. Some attention is focused to the relations with multisurface approaches and to a specific determination procedure of the model parameters. The new model is applied to the calculation of the near surface residual stress relaxation after shot peening, when the structure is submitted to cyclic service loads. The simulated stabilized residual stresses are in good accordance with experimental results obtained on an N18 disk alloy at 650°C. In comparison, the classical model without threshold predicts the complete vanishing of the residual stresses, which is not satisfactory.     

Parametric study on single shot peening by dimensional analysis method incorporated with finite element method

Shot peening is a widely used surface treatment method by generating compressive residual stress near the surface of metallic materials to increase fatigue life and resistance to corrosion fatigue,cracking,etc.Compressive residual stress and dent profile are important factors to evaluate the effectiveness of shot peening process.In this paper,the influence of dimensionless parameters on maximum compressive residual stress and maximum depth of the dent were investigated.Firstly,dimensionless relations of processing parameters that affect the maximum compressive residual stress and the maximum depth of the dent were deduced by dimensional analysis method.Secondly,the influence of each dimensionless parameter on dimensionless variables was investigated by the finite element method.Furthermore,related empirical formulas were given for each dimensionless parameter based on the simulation results.Finally,comparison was made and good agreement was found between the simulation results and the empirical formula,which shows that a useful approach is provided in this paper for analyzing the influence of each individual parameter.     

Study of residual stresses in linearly varying biaxial-stress fields

A theory has been developed for the calculation of relaxation strains effected by drilling a hole in a plate with a linearly varying stress field. With this theory, a technique was developed for the measurement of residual stress at the toe of tee-fillet welds. The above technique was employed for the measurement of residual stresses at the toe of tee-fillet welds in 11/2-in. HY-80 steel with the fillet in the as-welded, ground, shot peened, ground and shot peened, and mechanically peened condition. It was found that experimental data conform to the assumed theory, and that residual stresses in aswelded tee-fillet welds in both the transverse and longitudinal directions approach the yield strength of the steel. It was also found that residual stresses are reduced approximately 25 percent by grinding, 50 percent by shot peening and 50 percent by grinding and shot peening. Mechanical peening drastically affected residual stresses by converting high tension at the toe of the fillet weld to high compression of approximately the same magnitude.     

X-ray diffraction study of residual macrostresses in shot-peened and fatiqued 4130 steel

A study has been made of the effects of shot peening and fatigue cycling on the residual macrostresses determined by X-ray methods in an austenitized and tempered AISI 4130 steel (150–170 ksi). The results show that the effect of shot peening is to produce a residual compressive macrostress layer 0.014-in. deep. The residual-stress profile (stress vs. depth) exhibits a small negative stress gradient at and near the surface and a large positive stress gradient in the interior. Stress relaxation (due to fatique cycling) which occurred early in the fatigue history of the specimen was found greater at the surface than in the subsurface layers. Stress gradients of the stress profile increased with continued cycling and varied with depth. A correlation appears to exist between stress relaxation and stress gradients at the surface.     

金属成型过程接触分析的有限元法

以往通常将加工好的成型构件实物进行疲劳试验，以检验构件设计的合理性。这种实物试验方法在构件设计阶段，显得费时费力，成本很高，并且带有一定的盲目性。本文用大变形条件下的弹塑性有限元接触法模拟了某钢管构件的挤压成型过程，在算得残余应力的基础上，进一步分析了构件服役时在交变载荷作用下的应力，研究构件的最危险点及其应力谱。在算得危险点残余应力以及应力谱的基础上，再结合材料Goodman疲劳极限线图，对成型加工构件服役后的疲劳强度进行校核，有效提高产品的安全可靠度。该方法为成型加工构件的抗疲劳断裂设计提供了方便快捷的手段，降低了成型加工构件设计阶段及产品研发阶段的成本。     

Residual stress distribution on surface-treated Ti-6Al-4V by X-ray diffraction

The x-ray diffraction technique has been used to measure surface residual stress in Ti-6Al-4V samples subjected to shot peening (SP), laser shock peening (LSP) and low plasticity burnishing (LPB). The magnitude, spatial and directional dependence and uniformity of the surface residual stresses have been investigated. The results show that residual stresses due to SP are uniform and independent of direction. LSP has been observed to produce non-uniform residual stress varying from one region to another, and also within a single laser shock. In the case of LPB, residual stresses have uniform spatial distribution but have been observed to be direction-dependent. Various components of the residual stress tensor in the LPB sample have been determined following the Dolle-Hauk method. The results of the residual stress due to three surface treatments are compared, and possible reasons for spatial and directional dependence are discussed.     

复杂加载下混凝土的弹塑性本构模型

混凝土材料在不同应力路径下或复杂加载条件下会表现出差异性显著的应力应变关系,在小幅循环加载条件下,其应力应变关系会表现出类似于弹性变形的滞回曲线.在不同应力水平下,混凝土的应力应变关系以及破坏特性都具有静水压力相关特点,即随着静水压力增大,各向异性强度特性弱化.此外,混凝土受压及受拉破坏机理不同,因而对应于混凝土硬化损伤亦有不同,即可分为受压硬化损伤,受拉硬化损伤及两者的混合硬化损伤类型.基于Hsieh模型,对该模型进行了三点改进.（1）针对小幅循环加载下混凝土无塑性变形的试验规律,而模型中在应力水平较低的循环加载条件下始终存在塑性变形的预测问题,采用在边界面模型框架下,设置了应力空间的弹性域,初始屈服面与后续临界状态屈服面几何相似的假定.（2）基于广义非线性强度准则将原模型采用变换应力方法将其推广为三维弹塑性本构模型,采用变换后模型可合理的考虑不同应力路径对于子午面以及偏平面上静水压力效应形成的影响,并避免了边界面应力点奇异问题.（3）分别对拉压两种加载损伤模式建议了相应的硬化参数表达式,可分别用于描述上述加载中产生的应变软化及强度退化行为.基于多种加载路径模拟表明:所建立的三维弹塑性本构模型可合理地用于描述混凝土的一般应力应变关系特性.      

血管内支架扩张行为的有限元分析

用非线性有限元技术模拟了球囊胀开式血管内支架在内表面压力作用下的自由扩张过程.计算了不锈钢支架扩张过程的径向位移、轴向位移和非线性回复量,结果表明支架变形后的径向位移量随载荷压力增大而增加,最大应力值随之升高.本文的模拟方法为血管内支架的优化设计及性能评估提供了科学的依据.