人体手部皮肤的摩擦特性实验研究

采用微观摩擦磨损试验机对20名男女志愿者双手不同部位的摩擦系数进行测试.结果表明:男性手背皮肤的摩擦系数比女性偏低(女性为0.48～0.49,男性为0.38～0.39);男、女手掌的摩擦系数相差不大(女性为0.60～0.67,男性为0.62～0.70);男、女指纹的摩擦系数比较接近(女性为0.78～0.65,男性为0.77～0.68);男、女指甲的摩擦系数分别为女性0.25～0.21,男性0.23～0.21.在人体手部的手背、手掌、指纹和指甲4个部位中,摩擦系数的高低依次为指纹＞手掌＞手背＞指甲.     

聚乙烯醇水凝胶/钛合金摩擦磨损特性的正交试验研究

利用冷冻-解冻法制备聚乙烯醇(PVA)水凝胶,运用正交试验法在球-盘摩擦磨损试验机上研究滑动速度、载荷和润滑状态对PVA水凝胶/钛合金摩擦副摩擦系数的影响及在不同载荷下的磨损性能.结果表明:滑动速度、载荷和润滑状态3种因素对PVA水凝胶/钛合金球摩擦副的摩擦系数影响显著程度由高到低依次为载荷＞滑动速度＞润滑状态;在干摩擦和水润滑状态下,摩擦系数变化甚微,平均摩擦系数随滑动速度的增加而下降,随着载荷增加而升高;当转速从110 r/min升至220 r/min时,平均摩擦系数从0.038降至0.031,降幅达19.4%;当载荷从5 N增至10 N时,平均摩擦系数从0.027增至0.042,增幅达51.8%;PVA水凝胶的磨损率随载荷增加而降低且载荷对磨损率影响的显著程度逐渐降低;当载荷从5 N增至10 N时,磨损率降幅高达2.6倍,当载荷从10 N增至15 N时,仅下降35%.     

载荷对MoS2/C复合薄膜摩擦学行为的影响

采用直流磁控溅射与高功率磁脉冲磁控溅射制备了以Ti为过渡层的MoS_2/C复合薄膜,并对其结构、组分、力学性能以及摩擦学行为进行了研究.摩擦测试结果表明:载荷增加时,摩擦系数与磨损率呈规律性降低趋势;通过赫兹接触模型对平均摩擦系数进行分析拟合,发现载荷的变化带来赫兹接触面积与接触压强的不同,导致了摩擦系数的变化;通过对摩擦产物的拉曼光谱分析发现不同载荷对非晶碳石墨化程度影响不明显;借助透射电子显微镜对转移膜的微结构进行分析,发现转移膜主要是排列有序且基面平行于滑移界面的MoS_2层,使其在较高载荷下仍具有低的剪切强度,因而获得低的摩擦系数.进一步采用同一磨球、磨痕体系从高载荷到低载荷变化的连续摩擦验证式试验,可以得出,MoS_2/C复合薄膜在所有高载荷条件下获得低摩擦系数,赫兹接触起着主导作用.     

微载荷含油轴承摩擦性能研究Ⅱ.摩擦试验分析

采用自行研制的径向轴承微载荷摩擦试验机研究了微载荷下径向含油轴承的摩擦性能,采用小波方法对试验数据进行滤波降噪.结果表明,含油轴承在稳定微载荷状态下的瞬态摩擦系数不固定,且随着润滑剂、轴承转速、径向载荷与混合润滑状态等因素而变化.在微载荷状态下,当600 r/min、采用液晶添加剂(5CB)与46号机械油以体积比1%～2%配制的润滑剂润滑时,平均摩擦系数达到最小值;当转速从600 r/min增至3 000 r/min时,平均摩擦系数由小变大、再变小;瞬态摩擦系数随着载荷从0.5 N增至10.0 N呈现高-低-稳定的变化趋势.与混合润滑状态相比,充分润滑下的摩擦系数较大;当混合润滑时,在主轴转速为1 500～2 400 r/min下的摩擦系数出现不稳定.     

碳质双层纸基摩擦材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用抄纸工艺制备碳质双层纸基摩擦材料,采用惯量摩擦试验方法研究双层纸基摩擦材料的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:碳质层的摩擦力矩在制动初期上升较快,中间过渡区平稳,尾部翘起较小;在制动压力小于0.28 MPa时静摩擦系数小于动摩擦系数,且动、静摩擦系数均随制动压力增加而减小;相对纤维层而言,采用碳质层摩擦时摩擦力矩曲线形态更好,连续制动时摩擦系数波动较小,磨损率低且能够有效保护偶件,是1种静/动摩擦系数比较低且适用于高载荷工况条件下使用的摩擦材料.     

钛硅多元掺杂类金刚石薄膜在不同气氛环境下的摩擦学性能研究

采用中频磁控溅射技术在单晶硅表面制备了钛硅多元掺杂的含氢类金刚石薄膜. 在球-盘摩擦试验机上考察了不同气氛环境对薄膜摩擦学性能的影响. 利用扫描电子显微电镜和拉曼光谱分析了磨损表面形貌和转移层结构, 探讨了薄膜的摩擦磨损机理. 结果表明:薄膜在真空和氮气环境下摩擦系数较小、磨损率低,表现为磨粒磨损;在氧气和高湿度大气环境下摩擦系数较大、磨损率高,表现为黏着磨损;在低湿度空气环境下薄膜摩擦系数最低,表现为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损混合磨损机理;转移层发生摩擦诱导石墨化和聚乙炔链C=C键双氢化两种摩擦化学过程.     

不同润湿性锡青铜表面摩擦特性实验研究

运用微细掩膜脉冲电解加工在锡青铜表面制备了不同直径和面积率的微结构,并辅以低表面能处理得到了不同润湿性表面;采用接触角测量仪表征了润滑油的润湿性能;使用球-盘式摩擦磨损试验机研究了油润滑时不同润湿性锡青铜表面的摩擦学特性,并采用扫描电镜观察表面磨损形貌.研究结果表明:低表面能处理后的结构化试样具备疏油性,且其疏油性随着微结构密度增加而增加;与未经润湿性处理表面相比,低润湿性光滑表面和结构化表面摩擦系数最大降幅分别为21.2%、33.6%,磨损率降幅分别为17.3%、4.9%;在3 N载荷、球-面接触副条件下,所制备的4种不同直径微结构中,微结构直径小于30μm时,面积率为4.9%或当直径大于等于30μm时,面积率为8.7%的低润湿性表面减摩效果最好.     

纸基摩擦材料绿色制备工艺与摩擦磨损性能研究

以炭纤维作为增强纤维,开发出了一种原材料可回收、无石棉污染和工业垃圾的纸基摩擦材料绿色制备工艺,用所开发的新工艺制备了含50%回收原材料的纸基摩擦材料,用QM1000-Ⅱ型摩擦材料性能试验机考察了其摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:新工艺的原材料利用率为80%～95%;用新工艺制备的含50%回收原材料的纸基摩擦材料的动摩擦系数为0.129,且摩擦系数稳定;静摩擦系数、静/动摩擦系数比和磨损率分别为0.149,1.16和6.47×10-8 cm3/J;其摩擦磨损性能同不含回收原材料的同类纸基摩擦材料相比无显著差异,是一种比较理想的新型纸基摩擦材料.     

孔隙率对纸基摩擦材料的压缩回弹和摩擦磨损性能影响的研究

研究了孔隙率对1种混杂纤维增强纸基摩擦材料压缩回弹性以及摩擦磨损性能的影响.结果表明:在相同载荷下,随着孔隙率增大,材料的压缩率增加而回弹率降低,随着载荷增加,高孔隙率材料的回弹率先明显增大,而后趋于稳定;在相同比压和转速下,孔隙率越高,材料的摩擦系数越大,随着比压增加,孔隙率高的材料摩擦系数逐渐降低,且不同孔隙率材料的摩擦系数逐渐趋于一致;在连续循环制动时,高孔隙率材料的摩擦系数逐渐降低并趋于稳定.这是由于在较高压力下,高孔隙率材料的孔隙会引起塌陷,使其孔隙率降低,从而影响材料的压缩回弹性和摩擦磨损性能.     

高速运动条件下玄武岩摩擦系数的实验研究

在MM－1000型摩擦磨损试验机上采用不同试验条件对玄武岩试件进行了高速摩擦试验研究,结果表明：摩擦表面载荷、运动速度以及摩擦速度以及摩擦表面特性等因素均对摩擦系数产生影响;摩擦系数随载荷的增大呈现减小趋势;对于饱和吸水试件,摩擦系数随运动速度增大持续降低;在其它试验条件下,饱和吸水试件的动摩擦系数比干燥试件明显要低。     

一种基于直接计算高阶奇异积分的断裂力学双边界积分方程分析法

相对于有限元法,边界单元法在求解断裂问题上有着独特的优势,现有的边界单元法中主要有子区域法和双边界积分方程法.采用一种改进的双边界积分方程法求解二维、三维断裂问题的应力强度因子,对非裂纹边界采用传统的位移边界积分方程,只需对裂纹面中的一面采用面力边界积分方程,并以裂纹间断位移为未知量直接用于计算应力强度因子.采用一种高阶奇异积分的直接法计算面力边界积分方程中的超强奇异积分;对于裂纹尖端单元,提供了三种不同形式的间断位移插值函数,采用两点公式计算应力强度因子.给出了多个具体的算例,与现存的精确解或参考解对比,可得到高精度的计算结果.      

汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡 碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析

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2008年5月12日,汶川M80地震在四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟内诱发一巨型滑坡。通过现场调查得知,滑坡前后缘高差455m,厚度20～30m,滑面为基岩层面,初始方量2750×107m3。滑体在运动中转化为碎屑流。滑坡-碎屑流总的水平运动距离为4022m,垂直运动距离为1443m,遗留的堆积物体积达5×107m3。滑坡距映秀—北川断裂仅36km,位于其下盘,地震烈度达XI度。滑坡导致文家沟中48人遇害,并形成一条完整的地震次生地质灾害链。初步分析表明滑坡启动速度快,滑坡向碎屑流转化过程明显、地点明确。碎屑流运动过程复杂,伴有强烈的“气垫效应”和“前缘气浪冲击效应”。作者认为,文家沟滑坡的高启动速度是长持时强烈地震动作用的结果,与山体的猛烈碰撞是导致滑体解体并转化为碎屑流的原因。     

Preface: Orbits around asteroid

One of the core issues in modern celestial mechanics is the orbital dynamics in the near-regime gravitational field of as- teroids, which provides deep insights into the mathematical nature of a class of nonlinear systems, and plays as a critical basis for in situ explorations of different science goals. Lots of efforts have been made to reveal the characteristics of orbital motion in the vicinity of asteroids, and to improve the skills of asteroid research in methodology.     

Effet de l'anisotropie élastique cristalline sur la distribution des facteurs de Schmid à la surface des polycristauxInfluence of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals

Experimental studies of the plasticity mechanisms of polycrystals are usually based on the Schmid factor distribution supposing crystalline elasticity isotropy. A numerical evaluation of the effect of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on the apparent Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals is presented. Cubic elasticity is considered. Order II stresses (averaged on all grains with the same crystallographic orientation) as well as variations between averages computed on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are computed. The Finite Element Method is used. Commonly studied metals presenting an increasing anisotropy degree are considered (aluminium, nickel, austenite, copper). Concerning order II stresses in strongly anisotropic metals, the apparent Schmid factor distribution is drifted towards small Schmid factor values (the maximum Schmid factor is equal to 0.43 instead of 0.5) and the slip activation order between characteristic orientations of the crystallographic standard triangle is modified. The computed square deviations of the stresses averaged on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are a bit higher than the second order ones (inter-orientation scatter). Our numerical evaluations agree quantitatively with several observations and measures of the literature concerning stress and strain distribution in copper and austenite polycrystals submitted to low amplitude loadings. Hopefully, the given apparent Schmid factor distributions could help to better understand the observations of the plasticity mechanisms taking place at the free surface of polycrystals. To cite this article: M. Sauzay, C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Nonlinear behavior of matrix-inclusion composites under high confining pressure: application to concrete and mortar

This paper is devoted to a micromechanics-based simulation of the response of concrete to hydrostatic and oedometric compressions. Concrete is described as a composite made up of a cement matrix in which rigid inclusions are embedded. The focus is put on the role of the interface between matrix and inclusion which represent the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). A plastic behavior is considered for both the matrix and the interfaces. The effective response of the composite is derived from the modified secant method adapted to the situation of imperfect interfaces. To cite this article: T.H. Le et al., C. R. Mecanique 336 (2008).     

Dynamics and Breakup of Viscoelastic Liquids (A Review)

The phenomena of hydrodynamic breakup of liquid jets, drops, films, bridges, and filaments are reviewed for liquids with viscoelastic properties. The reasons for breakup are capillary instabilities, collisions with rigid obstacles, and other forms of dynamic action. The relationship between the properties of the liquids and the features of the breakup process is discussed.     

Flow stability analysis and excitation using pulsating jets

Classical flow stability applied to transition from laminar to turbulent flow may also describe the behavior of vorticity fluctuations created by a pulsating jet placed along a solid boundary. A numerical laminar flow experiment involving a pulsating jet placed along the surface of a duct with flow separation downstream, resulted in eliminating most part of the separated flow region. Applying the same approach to a turbulent flow, it was possible to develop a turbulent stability flow formulation and apply successfully turbulent pulsating jet flow separation control. To cite this article: D. Skamnakis, K. Papailiou, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).