不同润滑状态下表面润湿性的摩擦学特性研究

本文中以锡青铜为基底,采用纳秒紫外激光制备了具有微观粗糙结构的超疏水表面和亲水表面,利用扫描电子显微镜和接触角测量仪对所制备的微观结构和表面润湿性进行了表征,并通过XPS测试对所制备的样片表面润湿性转变的机理进行了分析,通过UMT-2型摩擦磨损试验机测试了在边界润滑及流体动压润滑状态下的摩擦系数,研究表面润湿性对摩擦学特性的影响.研究结果表明:材料表面润湿性在不同润滑状态下对摩擦学特性有显著的影响;在边界润滑状态下,亲水表面的摩擦学特性优于疏水表面,平均摩擦系数相对减少6.79%;在流体动压润滑状态下,疏水表面的摩擦学特性优于亲水表面,摩擦系数相对减少了10%.     

炭纤维增强铜锡锌基复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用粉末冶金法制备了炭纤维增强铜锡锌基复合材料(Cf/Cu-Sn-Zn)和ZQSn663锡青铜, 并对其力学性能和摩擦磨损性能进行了对比研究. 结果表明: 当炭纤维的体积分数φf≤12%时,Cf/Cu-Sn-Zn复合材料的力学性能高于ZQSn663锡青铜;Cf/Cu-Sn-Zn复合材料的比磨损率小于ZQSn663锡青铜,当炭纤维体积分数φf=12%时,复合材料的摩擦磨损性能最佳;在摩擦磨损过程中,Cf/Cu-Sn-Zn复合材料的磨损机制主要为粘着磨损,而锡青铜呈现出粘着磨损和磨粒磨损特征.     

锡青铜梯度自润滑复合材料的摩擦学性能

利用粉末冶金工艺设计和制备了新型润滑材料——锡青铜梯度自润滑复合材料;在MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机上考察了其摩擦学性能,利用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了磨损表面形貌,进而探讨了其摩擦磨损机理.结果表明:锡青铜梯度自润滑复合材料摩擦学性能优异,且偶件损伤轻微;所研制的锡青铜梯度自润滑复合材料的摩擦学性能优于目前国内常用的金属润滑材料555铅青铜、6501锡青铜以及进口多层金属润滑材料;锡青铜梯度自润滑复合材料的优异减摩抗磨性能取决于其特殊的梯度结构.     

蛇纹石矿物作为润滑油添加剂对锡青铜摩擦学行为的影响

采用SRV滑动磨损试验机考察了蛇纹石天然矿物粉体作为添加剂对油润滑条件下与钢对磨时锡青铜摩擦磨损的影响. 借助扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线光电子能谱仪、纳米压痕仪等对磨损表面形貌、元素组成与化学状态，以及纳米力学性能进行了分析，探讨了蛇纹石添加剂改善锡青铜摩擦学性能的作用机制. 结果表明:蛇纹石矿物在锡青铜表面形成了1层由金属氧化物、氧化物陶瓷、石墨和有机物构成的复合摩擦反应膜，其纳米硬度和弹性模量呈表面低、内部高的梯度变化，从而显著改善了油润滑条件下锡青铜的摩擦学性能.      

润湿性梯度对仿生织构表面摩擦学行为的影响

润湿性调控和仿生织构设计是实现表面减摩耐磨的重要方法.利用飞秒激光在AISI 440C不锈钢表面制备了仿生微凹坑,在微凹坑中沉积润湿性可调的超疏水涂层,通过紫外线辐照构筑了4种梯度润湿性仿生织构表面.采用往复滑动摩擦磨损试验,以水为润滑剂,对比研究了不同载荷和速度下润湿性梯度对仿生织构表面摩擦学行为的影响.结果表明,在低载高速条件下,当表面形成低黏附性超疏水-弱疏水的润湿性梯度时,耐磨性最佳,相较于AISI 440C不锈钢抛光表面,磨损率降低47.9%,说明润湿性梯度耦合仿生织构能够有效减小磨损.     

锡青铜镶嵌固体润滑剂轴承的摩擦学特性

在栓－盘式端面摩擦磨损试验机上于常温干摩擦条件下，对锡青铜轴承和镶嵌固体润滑剂（ＰＴＦＥ和石墨等复合物）的锡青铜轴承进行了摩擦学性能的对比试验研究．结果表明，几种固体润滑剂嵌入量不同的镶嵌轴承的摩擦系数都明显降低，耐磨性均比对照轴承的高２个数量级，其中以固体润滑剂嵌入面积分数为３０％的轴承的摩擦磨损性能最好．利用Ｘ射线微区分析仪、扫描电子显微镜和能量色散谱仪等，对磨损表面和磨屑的形貌、表面转移膜和元素的面分布等作了观察与分析，指出摩擦界面，尤其轴承金属摩擦表面固体润滑剂转移膜的形成是提高轴承性能的关键，锡青铜镶嵌固体润滑剂轴承以粘着磨损和疲劳磨损为主要磨损机理     

二甲基—γ—全氟辛酰氧丙基硅烷自组装膜的制备及其摩擦学性能研究

利用分子自组装技术 ,用含有全氟烷基的氯硅烷作为前驱体 ,在活化玻璃表面制备了二甲基 -γ-全氟辛酰氧丙基硅烷单分子膜 ;用 X射线光电子能谱仪对组装膜表面的几种特征元素及其化学环境进行了表征 ;采用接触角测定仪测定了蒸馏水在自组装薄膜表面的接触角 ,在动静摩擦磨损试验机上评价了薄膜同 GCr1 5钢球对摩时的摩擦磨损性能 .结果表明 :所制备的自组装膜的表面自由能很低 ,具有很好的疏水 -疏油性 ,其对水的接触角高达 1 1 0°;二甲基 -γ-全氟辛酰氧丙基硅烷组装膜可以降低基片的摩擦系数 ,而且在较低负荷下具有很好的耐磨性     

PDMS表面织构润滑特性的研究

利用光刻-复模技术在PDMS表面制作凹坑阵列型表面织构,并采用球-盘式摩擦试验机对具有不同尺寸凹坑阵列的试样进行摩擦试验,研究了软质材料表面织构在混合至流体动压润滑区域的润滑特性.结果表明:对于PDMS材料,凹坑直径是影响摩擦特性的主要因素之一.与无织构试样相比,在低速条件下(0.005m/s)的混合润滑区域较小直径(d=50μm)的织构能够减小摩擦,而较大直径(d=200μm)的织构表现出增大摩擦的效果.在试验范围内凹坑的面积率越大,表面织构的作用越显著.     

钢-铜摩擦副自修复锡基半流体脂的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用微米级锡粉与Li基脂、VG32号油混合制备出锡基半流体脂,在改进后的MS-800型四球式摩擦磨损试验机上,对锡基半流体脂润滑下的钢-铜摩擦副进行摩擦试验.采用俄歇电子能谱仪分析了铜试样表面的化学组成及其表面元素分布,用扫描电子显微镜分析了锡脂在铜表面形成修复涂层的厚度及其表面形貌,并与传统润滑抗磨剂ZDTP(T-202)、氯化石蜡(T-301)进行对比.结果表明,所研制的活性锡基半流体脂能够在铜试样表面摩擦形成富含单质锡的较厚涂层(约20μm),且减摩抗磨特性良好,比传统的润滑抗磨剂具有更优异的摩擦学性能.     

表面织构对重载线接触条件下40Cr钢摩擦性能的影响

利用激光微造型技术在环形试样表面加工出直径在20μm到80μm之间,且具有相同深度和面积占有率的圆凹坑,通过Talysurf CCI Lite非接触式三维光学轮廓仪测量试样表面,并采用ISO 25178参数对各试样表面进行三维表征,最后利用JPM-1双盘磨损试验机,在重载条件下(赫兹接触压力≥1 GPa)研究各组试样在不同工况下的摩擦特性及表面三维形貌参数对摩擦学性能的影响.试验结果说明:直径为80μm和20μm的织构表面润滑效果优于光滑表面.载荷、转速、滑滚比对摩擦系数的影响具有一定的规律性,且不同的工况下呈现的规律有所差别,在高速低载大滑滚比条件下,织构表面对提高摩擦副润滑效果最为显著,还进一步探索了表面三维表征参数Sa、Vv、Spc、Vmp、Vxp与重载条件下40Cr钢摩擦特性的关系.     

一种基于直接计算高阶奇异积分的断裂力学双边界积分方程分析法

相对于有限元法,边界单元法在求解断裂问题上有着独特的优势,现有的边界单元法中主要有子区域法和双边界积分方程法.采用一种改进的双边界积分方程法求解二维、三维断裂问题的应力强度因子,对非裂纹边界采用传统的位移边界积分方程,只需对裂纹面中的一面采用面力边界积分方程,并以裂纹间断位移为未知量直接用于计算应力强度因子.采用一种高阶奇异积分的直接法计算面力边界积分方程中的超强奇异积分;对于裂纹尖端单元,提供了三种不同形式的间断位移插值函数,采用两点公式计算应力强度因子.给出了多个具体的算例,与现存的精确解或参考解对比,可得到高精度的计算结果.      

汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡 碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析

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2008年5月12日,汶川M80地震在四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟内诱发一巨型滑坡。通过现场调查得知,滑坡前后缘高差455m,厚度20～30m,滑面为基岩层面,初始方量2750×107m3。滑体在运动中转化为碎屑流。滑坡-碎屑流总的水平运动距离为4022m,垂直运动距离为1443m,遗留的堆积物体积达5×107m3。滑坡距映秀—北川断裂仅36km,位于其下盘,地震烈度达XI度。滑坡导致文家沟中48人遇害,并形成一条完整的地震次生地质灾害链。初步分析表明滑坡启动速度快,滑坡向碎屑流转化过程明显、地点明确。碎屑流运动过程复杂,伴有强烈的“气垫效应”和“前缘气浪冲击效应”。作者认为,文家沟滑坡的高启动速度是长持时强烈地震动作用的结果,与山体的猛烈碰撞是导致滑体解体并转化为碎屑流的原因。     

Preface: Orbits around asteroid

One of the core issues in modern celestial mechanics is the orbital dynamics in the near-regime gravitational field of as- teroids, which provides deep insights into the mathematical nature of a class of nonlinear systems, and plays as a critical basis for in situ explorations of different science goals. Lots of efforts have been made to reveal the characteristics of orbital motion in the vicinity of asteroids, and to improve the skills of asteroid research in methodology.     

Effet de l'anisotropie élastique cristalline sur la distribution des facteurs de Schmid à la surface des polycristauxInfluence of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals

Experimental studies of the plasticity mechanisms of polycrystals are usually based on the Schmid factor distribution supposing crystalline elasticity isotropy. A numerical evaluation of the effect of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on the apparent Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals is presented. Cubic elasticity is considered. Order II stresses (averaged on all grains with the same crystallographic orientation) as well as variations between averages computed on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are computed. The Finite Element Method is used. Commonly studied metals presenting an increasing anisotropy degree are considered (aluminium, nickel, austenite, copper). Concerning order II stresses in strongly anisotropic metals, the apparent Schmid factor distribution is drifted towards small Schmid factor values (the maximum Schmid factor is equal to 0.43 instead of 0.5) and the slip activation order between characteristic orientations of the crystallographic standard triangle is modified. The computed square deviations of the stresses averaged on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are a bit higher than the second order ones (inter-orientation scatter). Our numerical evaluations agree quantitatively with several observations and measures of the literature concerning stress and strain distribution in copper and austenite polycrystals submitted to low amplitude loadings. Hopefully, the given apparent Schmid factor distributions could help to better understand the observations of the plasticity mechanisms taking place at the free surface of polycrystals. To cite this article: M. Sauzay, C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Nonlinear behavior of matrix-inclusion composites under high confining pressure: application to concrete and mortar

This paper is devoted to a micromechanics-based simulation of the response of concrete to hydrostatic and oedometric compressions. Concrete is described as a composite made up of a cement matrix in which rigid inclusions are embedded. The focus is put on the role of the interface between matrix and inclusion which represent the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). A plastic behavior is considered for both the matrix and the interfaces. The effective response of the composite is derived from the modified secant method adapted to the situation of imperfect interfaces. To cite this article: T.H. Le et al., C. R. Mecanique 336 (2008).     

Dynamics and Breakup of Viscoelastic Liquids (A Review)

The phenomena of hydrodynamic breakup of liquid jets, drops, films, bridges, and filaments are reviewed for liquids with viscoelastic properties. The reasons for breakup are capillary instabilities, collisions with rigid obstacles, and other forms of dynamic action. The relationship between the properties of the liquids and the features of the breakup process is discussed.     

Flow stability analysis and excitation using pulsating jets

Classical flow stability applied to transition from laminar to turbulent flow may also describe the behavior of vorticity fluctuations created by a pulsating jet placed along a solid boundary. A numerical laminar flow experiment involving a pulsating jet placed along the surface of a duct with flow separation downstream, resulted in eliminating most part of the separated flow region. Applying the same approach to a turbulent flow, it was possible to develop a turbulent stability flow formulation and apply successfully turbulent pulsating jet flow separation control. To cite this article: D. Skamnakis, K. Papailiou, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).