Functionalized TiO2@ZrO2@Y2O3 ：Eu3＋ core-multishell microspheres and their photoluminescence properties

TiO2@ZrO2@Y2O3 ：Eu3＋ composite particles with a core-multishell structure were synthesized through the combination of a layer-by-layer （LBL） self-assembly method and a sol-gel process. The obtained sam- ples were characterized with scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and fluorescence spectropho- tometry. The results showed that the composite particles had a core-multishell structure, spherical morphology, and a narrow size distribution. The presence of a ZrO2 layer on the TiO2 core can effec- tively prevent the reaction between the TiO2 core and a Y203 shell; the temperature for the reaction between the TiO2 core and the Y203 shell in the TiO2@ZrO2@Y2O3 ：Eu core-multishell phosphor can be elevated by 300 ℃ compared to that for TiO2@ZrO2：Eu. Upon excitation of the core-multishell particles in the ultraviolet （254 nm）, the Eu3＋ ion in the Y2O3 ：Eu3＋ shell shows its characteristic red emission （611 nm, 5D0→7F2）, and the photoluminescence （PL） intensity of the phosphor with the core-multishell structure was obviously greater than that of the core-shell TiO2@Y2O3 ：Eu phosphor.     

Seasonal variations and sources of mass and chemical composition for PM10 aerosol in Hangzhou,China

Aerosol observation was conducted for four seasons from September 2001 to August 2002 at five sampling sites in Hangzhou, South China, on PM10 mass, 22 elements （Na, Mg, AI, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As. Se, Br, Cd, Ba, and Pb）, 5 major ions （F^-, Cl^ , NO3^-, SO4^2- , and NH4^＋）, and organic and elemental carbon （OC and EC）, showing that PM10 mass ranged from 46.7 to 270.8 μg/m^3, with an annual average of 119.2 μg/m^3. Na, AI, Si, S, K, Ca, and Fe were the most abundant elements in PM10, most of S being in the form of SO4^2- . SO4^2-, NO3^-, and NH4^＋ were the major ions, which contributed to about 20% of the PM10 mass. The mean seasonal concentrations for SO4^2- , averaged over all sites, were found to be 18.0, 18.5, 24,Z and 21.4 μg/m^3, for spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively, while the corresponding loadings for NO3^- were 7.2, 4.7, 7.1, and 11.2 μg/m^3, and for NH4^＋ were 6.0, 5.9, 8.2, and 9.3 μg/m^3, in the form mostly of NH4NO3 in spring, autumn, and winter, and mostly of （NH4）2SO4 in summer. The low NO3^-/SO4^2- ratio found indicates coal combustion as the major source throughout the year. The mean annual concentrations of OC and EC in PM10 were found to be 21.4, and 4.1 μg/m^3, respectively. Material balance calculation indicated that fugitive dust, the secondary aerosol, and carbonaceous matter were the most abundant species in PM10 for the four seasons, as is characteristic for cities in South China.     

Controlled growth of silver nanoparticles in a hydrothermal process

A two-step synthesis was used to control the shape of silver nanoparticles prepared via reduction of Ag^＋ ions in aqueous Ag（NH3）2NO3 by poly（N-vinyl-2 First, a few spherical silver nanoparticles,-10 nm in size, were pyrrolidone） （PVP）. Then, in a subsequent hydrothermal treatment, the remaining Ag^＋ ions were reduced by PVP into polyhedral nanoparticles, or larger spherical nanoparticles formed from the small spherical seed silver nanoparticles in the first step. The morphology and size of the resultant particles depend on the hydrothermal temperature, PVP/Ag molar ratio and concentration of Ag^＋ ions. By using UV-visible spectroscopy （UV-vis）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and powder X-ray diffraction （XRD）, the possible growth mechanism of the silver nanoparticles was discussed. 2007 Chinese Society of Particuology and Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V.     

球形弹丸作用下钢/铝爆炸复合靶的抗侵彻性能

采用14.5 mm滑膛枪发射直径6 mm的钢质球形弹丸对双层钢/铝、3层钢/铝/钢爆炸复合靶进行侵彻实验,借助LS-DYNA3D非线性有限元程序进行数值模拟,应用固连-失效模型反映层间结合,分析了不同组合形式对靶板抗侵彻性能的影响,并对毁伤机理进行初步分析.结果表明:靶板总厚度一定时,3层靶的抗侵彻性能优于双层靶;双层...     

环氧改性的单晶硅表面聚合物薄膜的摩擦学特性研究

以3-（2,3-环氧丙氧）丙基三甲氧基硅烷（GPMS）作为连接层,在单晶硅基底表面制备2,5-呋喃二酮与1-十八烯的共聚物（PMAO）聚合物薄膜.采用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪及原子力显微镜表征薄膜的结构,分别从微观和宏观摩擦学角度考察薄膜的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明：PMAO聚合物通过环氧硅烷分子与基底之间形成化学吸附,GPMS增强了聚合物/无机界面间的粘附性和稳定性;与空白基底相比,聚合物薄膜具有低摩擦系数和优异的抗磨性能,可以作为低载荷下硅基材料的抗磨减摩防护层.     

Cr/Ag纳米多层薄膜膜-基结合强度及摩擦学性能研究

采用中频磁控溅射技术在AISI 440C钢表面制备了不同调制周期的Cr/Ag纳米多层薄膜.通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）及高分辨透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）分析表征了纳米多层薄膜的微观组织结构,通过划痕试验机与真空球-盘摩擦试验机分别测试了纳米多层薄膜膜-基结合强度及真空摩擦学性能,并与纯Ag薄膜及Cr/Ag双层薄膜进行了对比.结果表明：纳米多层结构可以显著提高Ag基固体润滑薄膜膜-基结合强度,Cr/Ag纳米多层薄膜在较高转速及载荷条件下表现出明显优于纯Ag及Cr/Ag双层薄膜的摩擦学性能.Cr薄膜层与钢基体表面良好结合以及纳米多层薄膜内良好的层间结合性能是纳米多层薄膜膜-基结合强度提高的主要原因.     

Phase evolution of （K,Na）NbO3 powder prepared by high temperature mixing under hydrothermal conditions

（Na, K）NbO3 （KNN） powders were successfully prepared by high temperature mixing method （HTMM） under hydrothermal conditions to study the effect of reaction time on the formation of KNN for three K＋/（K＋ ＋Na＋） ratios of 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscope （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and selected area electron diffraction （SAED）, to show the change of phase and morphology of the as-prepared particles with the K＋/（K＋ ＋ Na＋） molar ratio in the solution. Pure Na-rich KNN monoclinic phase and pure K-rich KNN orthorhombic phase could be obtained quickly after mixing the solutions at high temperature when the K＋/（K＋ ＋Na＋） molar ratio was either 0.6 or 0.8. When the K＋/（K＋ ＋Na＋） molar ratio was 0.7, however, the K-rich KNN orthorhombic phase grain formed first, followed by the Na-rich KNN monoclinic phase grain, with the two phases coexisting in the final product.     

WRF/CHEM modeling of impacts of weather conditions modified by urban expansion on secondary organic aerosol formation over Pearl River Delta

In this paper, the online Weather Research and Forecasting and Chemistry （WRF/CHEM） model, coupled with urban canopy （UCM） and biogenic-emission models, is used to explore impacts of urban expansion on secondary organic aerosols （SOA） formation. Two scenarios of urban maps are used in WRF/CHEM to represent early 1990s （pre-urbanization） and current urban distribution in the Pearl River Delta （PRD）. Month-long simulation results using the above land-use scenarios for March 2001 show： （1） urbanization can increase monthly averaged temperatures by about 0.63 ℃, decrease monthly averaged 10-m wind speeds by 38%, increase monthly averaged boundary-layer depths by 80 m, and decrease monthly aver- aged water mixing ratio by 0.2g/kg. （2） Changes in meteorological conditions can result in detectable concentration changes of NOx, VOC, O3 and NO3 radicals. Urbanization decreases surface NOx and VOC concentrations by a maximum of 4 ppbv and 1.5 ppbv, respectively. Surface O3 and NO3 radical concentrations over major cities increase by about 2-4 ppbv and 4-12 pptv, respectively; areas with increasing O3 and NO3 radical concentrations generally coincide with the areas of temperature increase and wind speed reduction where NOx and VOC decrease. （3） Urbanization can induce 9% increase of SOA in Foshan, Zhongshan and west Guangzhou and 3% decrease in Shenzhen and Dongguan. Over PRD major cities, SOA from Aitken mode reduces by 30% but with more than 70% SOA from accumulate mode. Urbanization has stronger influence on SOA formation from Aitken mode. （4） Over the PRD, 55-65% SOA comes from aromatics precursors. Urbanization has strongest influence on aromatics precursors to produce SOA （14% increase）, while there is less influence on alkane precursors. Alkene precursors have negative contribution to SOA formation under urbanization situation.     

Fe3Si金属间化合物在干摩擦及水润滑条件下的摩擦学性能研究

利用高能球磨和热压烧结工艺制备了Fe3Si有序金属间化合物块体材料,考察了其与Si3N4配副时在干摩擦和水润滑条件下的摩擦学性能.结果表明,在干摩擦条件下Fe3Si/Si3N4摩擦副表现出很高的摩擦系数,Fe3Si与Si3N4的磨损率分别为1.408×10-14m^3/（N.m）和4.735×10-16m^3/（N.m）,两者相差近2个数量级;在水润滑条件下,Fe3Si的磨损率下降而Si3N4的磨损率上升,两者磨损率分别为7.406×10-15m^3/（N.m）和2.522×10-15m^3/（N.m）.另外,在水润滑条件下的摩擦化学产物对Fe3Si的摩擦学性能影响显著.     

Effect of chemical composition of PM2.5 on visibility in Guangzhou,China, 2007 spring

The object of this study was to investigate the correlation of visibility with chemical composition of PM2.5 in Guangzhou. In April 2007, 28 PM2.5 samples were collected daily at the monitoring station of the South China Institute of Environmental Sciences （SCIES）, in urban Guangzhou. Water-soluble ionic species （CI^-, NO3^-, SO4^2-, NH4^＋, K^＋, Na^＋, Ca^2＋, and Mg^2＋） and carbonaceous contents （OC and EC） of the PM2.5 samples were determined to characterize their impact on visibility impairment. The results showed that sulfate was the dominant species that affected both light scattering and visibility. The average percentage contributions of the visibility-degrading species to light scattering coefficient were 40% for sulfate, 16% for nitrate, 22% for organics, and 22% for elemental carbon. Because of its foremost effect on visibility, sulfate reduction in PM2.5 would effectively improve the visibility of Guangzhou.     

混凝土疲劳分析方法综述

从探究物理机制的视角对混凝土疲劳研究进行了逻辑上的梳理,表明既有研究可分为3 类主要模型:基于疲劳试验分析的现象学模型、基于断裂力学的疲劳裂纹扩展模型和基于损伤力学的疲劳损伤演化模型. 通过解析具有典型性的研究,论述了不同类型研究的特点. 进而,从还原论的角度出发,阐明了速率过程理论可以作为解释混凝土材料疲劳损伤演化的物理基础. 注意到疲劳试验结果所表现出的显著随机性,阐述了应以物理随机系统思想研究混凝土疲劳问题的观点.     

三组结构面状态下不同产状结构面的力学效应研究

本文分析了三组结构面产状模型力学实验结果, 揭示了这种组合条件岩体中产生压剪区、张剪区及结构面、结构体的多种变形成分, 也揭示了压剪区和张剪区形成机理、及三组结构面组合下结构面产状的力学效应。     

CHARACTERIZATION OF POWDER FLOWABILITY USING MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE OF REPOSE

In response to the need in industry for a quick and reproducible method of measuring the flowability of powders in processes involving transport and storage, the apparently simple idea of measuring angle of repose has been revived. The simple tester first used has evolved over a number of years into the present version which is shown to be capable of handling quite small samples of powders that are even slightly cohesive. Experimental data are presented and results shown to compare consistently with the better known Hausner ratio.     

热弹性通解完备性的一个新证明

关于线性各向同性热弹性问题,M.A.Biot提供了一个通解表达式,A.Verruijt证明了这个通解式的完备性。但是此证明十分冗长.本文提供一个完备性证明,这个证明比[2]的证明要简明得多.     

陈村水电站坝基丙凝加强帷幕的防渗时效分析

丙凝是一种曾流行过的化灌材料，形成帷幕体的防渗时效如何过去还很少有报道和研究。本文以陈村水电站为例，根据多年的观测资料、现场调查及室内测试等成果，经过综合分析，指出第７－１７坝段丙凝加强帷幕的总体防渗减压效果是显著的且较稳定的。但局部的防渗效果是在衰减。今后，对这种异常部位应加强观测，以确保大坝的安全运行。     

用应力函数法求解粘塑性圆柱体扭转

对粘塑性材料圆柱体的扭转问题,本文引入扭转应力函数和量纲分析方法,借助于 Laplace 变换求得应力解和位移解。     

浮体平衡稳定性的研究和应用

本文研究了几种简单的浮体和船体模型的稳定性,并对船体模型能承受的最大外力矩作了分析和计算,然后将这些分析和计算方法推广到任意形状的实际船体。这对船舶设计提供了一定的参考。本文对浮体稳定平衡的6种判据作了比较,指出各自的优点和局限性,以及相互关系。这对澄清有关的基本概念,改进该领域的教学和研究,会有所助益。     

CHARACTERIZATION OF POWDER FLOWABILITY USING MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE OF REPOSE

In response to the need in industry for a quick and reproducible method of measuring the flowability of powders in processes involving transport and storage, the apparently simple idea of measuring angle of repose has been revived. The simple tester first used has evolved over a number of years into the present version which is shown to be capable of handling quite small samples of powders that are even slightly cohesive. Experimental data are presented and results shown to compare consistently with the better known Hausner ratio.