多级板块缝隙中脉动压力传播过程数值研究

基于一维瞬变流模型，对高坝下游水垫塘内多级底板块缝隙层中的脉动压力传播机理进行了数值研究，详细地分析了不同板块缝隙层中脉动压力的变化特征，以便为水垫塘底板块的受力分析提供科学依据．     

水坝在水流作用下动力响应的一种分析方法

以广东某水坝为研究对象,给出一种基于Fluent平台和Ansys平台进行结构动力响应分析的方法。首先采用基于YOUNGS界面重构技术的VOF模型,对流动进行数值模拟,成功捕捉了闸门开启过程中自由面的变化,比较了在三种落差情况下水坝的受力差异。计算表明,即使在上游平稳的入流条件下,水坝所受到的湍流水压力也会出现波动现象,水压力对坝体的冲击为低频作用,下游水位的升高会减缓水压力的波动,这些特点都与现场观察的相符。然后将水动力作为激励条件导入结构动力分析平台Ansys后,进一步对坝体结构进行动力分析。结构的模态分析结果与实测结果一致。因此,方法可以应用于实际。     

THE EFFECTS OF CAVITY THICKNESS ON SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF FOAM CORE SANDWICHED WALLS

为研究空腔厚度对现场发泡夹心墙平面内、平面外抗震性能的影响,对20 片现场发泡夹心墙和2 片实心墙进行平面内、平面外受力的数值试验和模型试验,并验证数值试验的正确性和有效性. 对不同空腔厚度的现场发泡夹心墙进行平面内、平面外受力的数值试验研究. 结果表明平面内受力时,对相对位移差的影响最明显,平面外受力时,对承载力的影响最明显. 总体上看,对平面内的影响要大于对平面外的影响. 墙体的协调变形能力随空腔厚度的增加而明显降低,因此建议在高烈度区现场发泡夹心墙的空腔厚度不宜大于100 mm.     

电站进水口快速闸门振动特性研究

电站进水口快速闸门是机组和引水系统一旦发生事故后进行快速应对、控制事态扩大的控流设施.论文研究溪洛渡电站快速闸门水力学及流激振动问题.着重对机组甩负荷时的闸门动水压力作用、门体结构的振动状态及待命高度之间的关系、闸门启闭力等进行了深入研究,取得了快速闸门净动水作用力、水流脉动压力、振动加速度等水力结构参数,论证了设计方案的合理性,提出了安全运行建议.     

球阀不同开度下自流注水管路流固耦合动力学特性研究

以输流管道、电液球阀等附件组成的自流注水复杂管路系统为研究对象,基于流固耦合理论,利用有限元软件ANSYS建立系统仿真计算模型并研究其动力学特性。由于管路不同位置的动力学特性不同,本文根据所建立的有限元模型计算球阀不同开度对管路同一位置流体的压力和速度的影响,并比较不同位置在球阀固定开度时的流体特性。结果表明:阀前弯头的流体压力随阀门开度的增加而减小,阀后弯头随阀门开度的增加而增大;当阀门开度固定时,管路不同位置的流体压力分别以球阀(固定开度≤50%)、大小头(固定开度为50%)为分界点呈现不同的趋势。根据流固耦合理论计算球阀不同开度下自流注水管路结构的振动情况,结果发现阀门开度为50%时在0.5s比其他开度多出现一次激振,且加速度幅值较其它开度明显增大。     

三方柱表面风压脉动的时域特性

以三方柱模型实验结果为依据,讨论了建筑物表面风压脉动的极值分布情况。给出了压力脉动系数的定义,分别研究了排列方式、间距比、高度、尖角等不同因素对脉动压力系数的影响,指出时均压力系数绝对值较大的位置出现较大脉动压力系数的概率就低,并发现在间距比2．5－3．0间流场可能存在突变。详细分析了瞬间极值的时间特性,指出瞬间极值来得快,去得也快,只在极短的时间内作用于建筑物的表面,十分钟时距内大部分时间的瞬时压力都比瞬时极值小得多。     

力学在三峡船闸人字门背拉杆调试中的应用

船闸人字闸门在水压力、自重等荷载作用下，易于发生扭曲变形，在人字闸门背后设置背拉杆是增加闸门抗扭措施之一．基于三峡船闸人字闸门背拉杆预应力施工工艺试验，通过建立预应力优化模型求得各组背拉杆的预应力施加控制条件，并通过预应力施加过程分析总结了传统的扭矩法施工工艺失败的原因，在分析闸门受力与变形规律的基础上提出了无扭矩的施加预应力以及只张拉主背拉杆等系列预应力优化施工工艺．这些新工艺提高了三峡船闸闸门施工质量和测控精度．     

系统压力对含悬浮颗粒油液的影响研究

油液在运行过程中不可避免地会产生颗粒物,影响油液的正常使用,甚至出现设备故障,因而分析含悬浮颗粒油液的动态特征,掌握在不同压力变化条件下油液及颗粒物的变化规律具有重要意义。利用两相流体理论建立了含悬浮颗粒油液的悬浮流动力学模型,通过特征线法进行了数值求解,将数值结果与实验数据比较,具有较好的一致性;根据所建模型,分析了不同系统压力条件下悬浮流中各相的脉动规律。结果表明,流场中各相参数的脉动幅值随着系统压力的增加而增大;管路始端和终端各相参数的脉动时刻分别位于1/4脉动周期(T)的奇数倍和偶数倍处,管路中段各相参数的脉动时刻则位于T/8的奇数倍处;悬浮颗粒速度会受到油液速度拖曳力作用,其变化趋势与油液速度基本一致,颗粒浓度分布与油液压力的变化趋势完全相反。     

大尺度泄爆构件对室内爆燃压力影响的实验研究

通过在尺寸为2 m×1.2 m×0.6 m的腔体一端安装泄爆板研究不同乙烯浓度下大尺度泄爆构件对腔体内压力变化的影响。选用开启静压不同的2种泄爆板，在乙烯体积分数为4%~11%条件下进行实验，得到3种典型压力时程曲线。实验发现:泄爆结构的实际击穿压力大于静载作用下的击穿压力，且存在使实际击穿压力最大的最佳乙烯体积分数；泄爆构件的开启时间会对腔体内压力变化产生重要影响，低浓度条件下开启时间可达数十毫秒，化学当量比条件下开启时间仅为数毫秒，此时李克山模型针对长方体容器大尺度泄爆仍具有较好适用性，乙烯浓度较高时大尺度泄爆构件会因泄压面积过大造成外部空气大量进入腔体并与未燃气体再次反应发生二次爆炸，高浓度条件下增大泄压面积反而会因二次爆炸对结构造成破坏。     

有压水环境中的混凝土动态抗压性能试验研究

对有压水环境中的混凝土进行了不同应变速率下的动态压缩试验研究,获得了水压为0~10MPa时的混凝土含水量特征以及不同应变速率下的应力应变曲线。试验结果表明:应变速率不高于10~(-3)/s时,混凝土的应力应变曲线与干燥混凝土的相似,受力状态如同单轴加载;在应变速率为10~(-2)/s时,其应力应变曲线的后半支随水压力增加而提高,与三轴受力状态类似,水压力对混凝土形成了围压效应。混凝土的强度及其动态增强因子随应变速率呈非线性增加趋势,水压力越高则增长速度越快。强度压力增强因子随水压力的变化趋势在不同应变速率下存在差异。在慢速加载时,强度压力增强因子变化幅度为10%,而快速加载时,其随水压力提高而增加,且显著高于慢速加载时的情况。在深入研究混凝土强度动态增强因子和压力增强因子的基础上,构建了有压水环境中混凝土的经验本构模型。该模型考虑了水压力和应变速率共同作用对混凝土强度的影响,与试验数据吻合较好。结合混凝土的含水量特征,进一步分析了不同应变速率下孔隙水对其力学性能影响的作用机理,分析表明含水量不同导致了粘滞应力和超孔隙水压力的差异,从而引起混凝土强度的非线性增长。     

节流孔截面形状对静压干气密封稳态性能和压力波动特性影响

建立了不同形状节流孔出口截面静压干气密封的几何模型，采用湍流大涡模拟方法数值求解了小孔节流静压干气密封的瞬态流场和压力场，对比了节流孔出口开设圆角、倒角与经典小孔节流静压干气密封的开启力、泄漏率等稳态性能参数和节流孔出口附近的压力波动特性，以较大密封开启力和较小压力波动为目标，获得了节流孔出口倒角和圆角的优选值范围. 结果表明:相较于经典小孔节流静压干气密封，节流孔出口开设倒角或圆角能提高静压干气密封的开启力，显著降低节流孔出口压力波动，且当倒角为0.3~0.4 mm，圆角为0.1~0.3 mm时具有最佳效果.      

Characteristics of air-water flow in an emptying tank under different conditions

This paper experimentally studied the features of air-water flow during the emptying of a water-filled prismatic tank with a bottom orifice under different conditions. The experiments were conducted with both circular and elliptical orifices, with and without ventilation. The evolution of bubbles, water pressure variation, and water level change with time were recorded in the experiments and analyzed. Based on the results, the evolution of bubbles could be mainly divided into three stages of formation, deformation, and decomposition. Ventilation was found important to the emptying process, with which the drainage efficiency was much higher than that under the unventilated condition. Additionally, under the unventilated condition, the drainage efficiency with the circular orifice was slightly higher than that with the elliptical orifice.     

环空流道液流失速水击特性及其成因的研究

环空流道与圆管的结构差异,使得其失速水击特性及其成因亦有不同。为了对其进行分析研究,利用PIV对套管环空和圆管流水击流场进行拍摄,并通过Tecplot显示流场,提取轴向速度和径向速度、等速度线等参数加以分析;同时采用高精度智能动态压力传感器采集了套管环空内、外壁及内管内壁压力,对环空中水击特性进行了进一步研究。结论是:水击发生时环空断面外壁面水击压力大于内壁面水击压力;同初速情况下环空液流水击压力大于圆管流水击压力;环空中水击压力衰减速度快于圆管中;涡流是水击压力衰减以及速度变化的主要因素;水击压力振荡变化主要是压力涡流引起的断面能量的相互转化形成的。     

受支架支撑的血管管壁变形及应力分析

摘要：为了计算动脉粥样硬化和局部斑块形成的堵塞对血管壁工作状态的影响,本文根据血液流动的连续性方程、运动方程及管壁运动方程,在给定了血压波形函数的基础上,求得了狭窄血管管壁的径向位移及环向应力。分析了不同狭窄程度对血管壁变形及应力的影响;给出了不同狭窄情况下及局部斑块硬化程度不同时,血管植入支架所需的作用力。从而计算出了植入支架后血管壁的径向位移及应力状态。本文的研究结果可供临床上对狭窄血管植入支架后的变形与受力分析,和支架的正确安放参考,可避免发生堵塞严重或血管过渡硬化时,由于安放支架不当而使发生血管破裂的医疗事故。     

Fuzzy logic adaptive Kalman filtering in the control of irrigation canals

A fuzzy logic adaptive Kalman filtering methodology was developed for the automatic control of an irrigation canal system under unknown disturbances (water withdrawals) acting in the canal. Using a linearized finite difference model of open channel flow, the canal operation problem was formulated as an optimal control problem and an algorithm for gate opening in the presence of arbitrary external disturbances (changes in flow rates) was derived. Based on the linear optimal control theory, the linear quadratic regulator (LQR), assuming all the state variables (flow depths and flow rates) were available, was designed to generate control input (optimal gate opening). As it was expensive to measure all the state variables (flow rates and flow depths) in a canal system, a fuzzy logic adaptive Kalman filter and traditional Kalman filter were designed to estimate the values for the state variables that were not measured but were needed in the feedback loop. The performances of the state estimators designed using the fuzzy logic adaptive Kalman filter methodology and the traditional Kalman filtering technique were compared with the results obtained using the LQR (target loop function). The results of the present study indicated that the performance of the fuzzy logic adaptive Kalman filter was far superior to the performance of the observer design based upon the traditional Kalman filter approach. The obvious advantages of the fuzzy logic adaptive Kalman filter were the prevention of filter divergence and ease of implementation. As the fuzzy logic adaptive Kalman filter requires smaller number of state variables for the acceptable accuracy therefore, it would need less computational effort in the control of irrigation canals. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

缝水压力和裂缝面接触条件对重力坝裂缝扩展影响

基于多边形比例边界有限元模拟了重力坝裂缝扩展过程,综合考虑了坝-库水-地基相互作用、裂缝面接触和缝水压力的影响。其中该接触模型能够有效防止裂缝面的相互嵌入;该缝水模型除能考虑裂缝面开合速度、缝隙宽度和水流形态对缝水压力分布的影响,还可基于连续性条件模拟缝内水体流动和空化的现象。以Koyna坝裂缝扩展为例,研究了裂缝面接触条件和缝水压力对计算结果的影响。结果显示,考虑接触的影响,震损较为严重。而与假定为常水压力分布的情况相比,实际的缝水压力分布形式对结果影响较为复杂。在裂缝张开时,减小了裂缝扩展的可能,而在裂缝闭合时正好与之相反。     

局部狭窄血管中血液振荡流的速度和切应力

本文建立一种分析局部缓慢狭窄血管中血液振荡流的数学模型，给出了血液的轴向流速，径向流速和切应力的包含压力梯度项的解析表达式，并讨论了血管内由局部狭窄引起的压力梯度沿轴向变化的规律。文章以局部余弦狭窄为例进行数值计算，详细讨论上游均匀管段压力梯度的定常部分和不同次谐波对狭窄管段内流速和切应力的影响。数值结果表明，与均匀管情况相比，在狭窄段内，血液振荡流轴向流速无论平均值还是脉动幅值均明显增大，且径向流速不再为零。但径向流速仍远小于轴向流速。同时，切应力也不再仅由轴向流速梯度提供，径向流速梯度也将产生切应力，但是在计算管壁切向上的切应力时，径向流速梯度的贡献仍相当大。与均匀管管壁切应力沿流运方向保持恒定不同。狭窄管管壁切应力（平均值和脉动值）将随着狭窄高度的增大而增大，在狭窄最大高度处达到最大，因而沿流动方向产生了较大的切应力梯度。     

具有越流的双层定压边界油气藏井底压力的精确解及典型曲线

由于在钻井过程中泥浆的侵入、射孔以及井下作业，实际的油气井总有一定的表皮效应。对于双层油气藏来说，各层的表皮效应可能不同。本文采用最大有效井径的概念，在考虑表皮效应和井筒储存的影响的条件下，建立了一个新的具有层间越流的双层定压边界油气藏井底压力的动态模型。通过拉氏变换得到了拉氏空间下以Bessel函数表示的精确解。运用Crump数值反演方法，得到了实空间的解；分析了压力动态特征。该模型不但适合于表皮系数为正的情况，也适合于表皮系数为负的情形。最后指出了Bourdet模型的局限性。用新模型绘制的典型曲线进行拟合，将得到更加准确的结果。     

Experimental investigation of the hypersonic low-density flow past a half-closed cylindrical cavity

Hypersonic (M=21) flow past a half-closed cylindrical cavity with a beveled upstream-facing open end was experimentally investigated in a self-oscillatory regime. The Reynolds numbers, based on the largest dimension of the inlet orifice, were Re=8.5·10³ and 2.5·10⁴. The dependence of the pressure fluctuation intensity within the cavity on the fluctuation frequency and the angle between the oncoming stream and the plane of the inlet orifice was determined. The measured data were analyzed on the basis of existing models of fluctuation generation. An electron-beam technique was used to measure the distributions of the average and fluctuation densities in the outer stream. The amplitude and phase characteristics of the outer fluctuations were determined and their relation with the pressure fluctuations within the cavity was established.Novosibirsk. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 155–160, November–December, 1996.     

Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (volume of fluid) modelling coupled with a stochastic discrete phase model for the performance analysis of an invert trap experimentally validated using field sewer solids

Invert traps are used to trap sewer solids flowing into a sewer drainage system. The performance of the invert trap in an open rectangular channel was experimentally and numerically analysed using field sewer solids collected from a sewer drain. Experiments showed that the free water surface rises over the central opening (slot) of the invert trap, which reduces the velocity near the slot and allows more sediment to be trapped in comparison with the case for the fixed-lid model (assuming closed conduit flow with a shear-free top wall) used by earlier investigators. This phenomenon cannot be modelled using a closed conduit model as no extra space is provided for the fluctuation of the water surface, whereas this space is provided in the volume of fluid (VOF) model in the form of air space in ANSYS Fluent 14.0 software. Additionally, the zero atmospheric pressure at the free water surface cannot be modelled in a fixed-lid model. In the present study, experimental trap efficiencies of the invert trap using field sewer solids were fairly validated using a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model (VOF model) coupled with a stochastic discrete phase model. The flow field (i.e., velocities) predicted by the VOF model were compared with experimental velocities obtained employing particle image velocimetry. The water surface profile above the invert trap predicted by the VOF model was found to be in good agreement with the experimentally measured profile. The present study thus showed that the VOF model can be used with the stochastic discrete phase model to well predict the performance of invert traps.