Thermo-elastic properties of heterogeneous materials with imperfect interfaces: Generalized Levin's formula and Hill's connections

We study the thermo-elastic properties of heterogeneous materials containing spherical particles or cylindrical fibres. The interface between the matrix and second-phase inhomogeneity is imperfect with either the displacement or the stress experiencing a jump across it. We relate the effective coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) to the effective elastic moduli and thereby generalize Levin's formula, and reveal two connections among the effective elastic moduli, thereby generalizing Hill's connections. In contrast to the classical results, the effective CTE in the presence of an imperfect interface is strongly dependent on the size of the inhomogeneity, besides the interface elastic and thermo-elastic properties. This size dependence has been accurately captured by simple scaling laws.     

Thin interphase/imperfect interface in elasticity with application to coated fiber composites

The imperfect interface conditions which are equivalent to the effect of a thin elastic interphase are derived by a Taylor expansion method in terms of interface displacement and traction jumps. Plane and cylindrical interfaces are analyzed as special cases. The effective elastic moduli of a unidirectional coated fiber composite are obtained on the basis of the derived imperfect interface conditions. High accuracy of the method is demonstrated by comparison of solutions of several problems in terms of the imperfect interface conditions or explicit presence of interphase as a third phase. The problems considered are transverse shear of a coated infinite fiber in infinite matrix and effective transverse bulk and shear moduli and effective axial shear modulus of a coated fiber composite. Unlike previous elastic imperfect interface conditions in the literature, the present ones are valid for the entire range of interphase stiffness, from very small to very large.     

A piezoelectric screw dislocation interacting with an imperfect piezoelectric bimaterial interface

A general method is presented for the analytical solution of a piezoelectric screw dislocation located within one of two joined piezoelectric half-planes. The bonding along the half-plane is considered to be imperfect with the assumption that the imperfect interface is mechanically compliant and dielectrically weakly (or highly) conducting. For a mechanically compliant interface tractions are continuous but displacements are discontinuous across the imperfect interface. In this context, jumps in the displacement components are assumed to be proportional to their respective interface traction components. Similarly, for a dielectrically weakly conducting interface the normal electric displacement is continuous but the electric potential is discontinuous across the interface. The jump in electric potential is proportional to the normal electric displacement. In contrast, for a dielectrically highly conducting interface the electric potential is continuous across the interface whereas the normal electric displacement has a discontinuity across the interface which is proportional to a certain differential expression of the electric potential. Explicit expressions are derived for the complex field potentials. The results show that there are two dimensionless parameters measuring the interface “rigidity” as compared to one for the purely elastic case. When the imperfect interface is compliant and weakly conducting, the two dimensionless parameters can be positive real values or complex conjugates with positive real parts. When the imperfect interface is compliant and highly conducting the two dimensionless parameters can only be positive real values. An expression for the image force acting on the screw dislocation due to its interaction with a compliant and weakly conducting interface is also given. It is found that the image force is only dependent on two dimensionless generalized Dundurs constants as well as two dimensionless parameters measuring the interface “rigidity”.     

Imperfect interfaces as asymptotic models of thin curved elastic adhesive interphases

We obtain a limit model for a thin curved anisotropic interphase adherent to two elastic media. Our method is based on asymptotic expansions and energy minimization procedures. The model of perfect interface is obtained at the first order, while an imperfect interface model is obtained at the next order. The conditions of imperfect contact, given in a parallel orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system, involve the interphase material properties, the first order displacement and traction vectors, and their derivatives. An example of implementation of the imperfect interface condition is given for a composite sphere assemblage.     

含柔性涂层的颗粒增强复合材料弹性模量估计

采用线弹簧型弱界面模型来模拟柔性涂层,研究柔性涂层对复合材料宏观弹性模量的影响。首先利用Mori-Tanaka方法和弱界面球形夹杂问题的弹性解,获得单夹杂内部的平均应力和平均应变,进而求得具有柔性涂层的复合材料的宏观弹性模量,并研究界面柔度对复合材料弹性模量的影响。     

考虑界面滑移效应的组合裂纹梁弯曲解析解

将上部子梁的裂纹等效为线性扭转弹簧,考虑组合梁连接面的滑移位移,建立了以组合裂纹梁挠度和滑移位移为基本未知量的组合裂纹梁弯曲变形一维数学模型．利用Laplace变换及其逆变换,给出了组合裂纹梁弯曲变形一维数学模型的解析通解．在此基础上,研究了均布载荷作用下简支组合裂纹梁的弯曲变形问题,数值分析了连接面剪切刚度、裂纹深度、数目和位置等参数对组合裂纹梁弯曲变形的影响,结果表明：在裂纹处,组合裂纹梁挠度曲线存在尖点,而横截面转角曲线存在跳跃,且随着裂纹数目和深度的增加,挠度和横截面转角跳跃值增大;随着连接面剪切刚度的增加,挠度和横截面转角减小,并最终趋于定值．并且,随着组合梁跨高比的增加,连接面剪切刚度对梁挠度影响逐渐减弱．     

反平面剪切作用下双材料滑动界面的细观力学模型

非理想粘结界面对多相材料力学性能具有重要影响。对于双材料间含众多随机分布微裂纹的界面，宏观上可以等效为连续损伤的弱界面，其两侧的面力连续而位移有间断。只有切线方向的位移间断，而法线方向位移连续的弱界面称之为滑动界面。在反平面剪切的作用下，我们证明了对于含有随机分布微裂纹的弹性双材料界面在宏观上等效为线弹簧型滑动界面，并获得了滑动界面柔度的一般表达式。利用Mori—Tanaka方法和广义自洽方法，我们研究了滑动界面柔度系数和微裂纹密度的关系。对这两种方法所得的结果进行比较发现，Mori—Tanaka方法得到的界面柔度比广义自洽方法得到的界面柔度大。当裂纹密度比较小时，这两种方法求得的界面柔度很接近。两种方法的结果都表明，界面柔度随裂纹密度的增加而增加。Mori—Tanaka方法比广义自治方法求解更为简便。     

Thermomechanics of solids with general imperfect coherent interfaces

The objective of this contribution is to develop a thermodynamically consistent theory for general imperfect coherent interfaces in view of their thermomechanical behavior and to establish a unified computational framework to model all classes of such interfaces using the finite element method. Conventionally, imperfect interfaces with respect to their thermal behavior are often restricted to being either highly conducting (HC) or lowly conducting (LC) also known as Kapitza. The interface model here is general imperfect in the sense that it allows for a jump of the temperature as well as for a jump of the normal heat flux across the interface. Clearly, in extreme cases, the current model simplifies to HC and LC interfaces. A new characteristic of the general imperfect interface is that the interface temperature is an independent degree of freedom and, in general, is not a function of only temperatures across the interface. The interface temperature, however, must be computed using a new interface material parameter, i.e., the sensitivity. It is shown that according to the second law, the interface temperature may not necessarily be the average of (or even between) the temperatures across the interface. In particular, even if the temperature jump at the interface vanishes, the interface temperature may be different from the temperatures across the interface. This finding allows for a better, and somewhat novel, understanding of HC interfaces. That is, a HC interface implies, but is not implied by, the vanishing temperature jump across the interface. The problem is formulated such that all types of interfaces are derived from a general imperfect interface model, and therefore, we establish a unified finite element framework to model all classes of interfaces for general transient problems. Full details of the novel numerical scheme are provided. Key features of the problem are then elucidated via a series of three-dimensional numerical examples. Finally, we recall since the influence of interfaces on the overall response of a body increases as the scale of the problem decreases, this contribution has certain applications to nano-composites and also thermal interface materials.     

三相压电复合本构模型中的弧形界面裂纹

深入研究了三相同心圆柱压电复合本构模型中的弧形绝缘界面裂纹问题。采用复势方法获得了该问题的级数形式的解答,并给出了应力、应变、电位移和电场强度等物理量在全场及界面上的分布,同时推导了裂尖处广义强度因子及裂面张开位移和裂面上电势差的表达式。具体计算表明该级数解答收敛迅速,同时显示出第三相混杂区的影响是不能忽略的。由于裂尖处应力奇异性为－1／2,则这种解答不会出现平面应变状态下界面裂纹裂尖处的振荡奇异性,从而不会产生违反物理实际的裂面相互嵌入现象,则该弹性解答也是建立了坚实的物理基础之上。     

非理想界面弹性层/压电柱结构中SH波的传播特性

研究了各向同性弹性层与压电柱之间非理想连接时沿周向传播的SH波的频散特性.弹性层表面力学自由;弹性层与压电柱之间应力连续、位移间断.通过求解控制方程,将问题的解用Bessel函数表示,利用界面条件和边界条件得到频散方程,然后对其进行数值求解,分析了界面性态、材料常数和几何尺寸对SH波传播特性的影响.     

An exact theory of interfacial debonding in layered elastic composites

An exact theory of interfacial debonding is developed for a layered composite system consisting of distinct linear elastic slabs separated by nonlinear, nonuniform decohesive interfaces. Loading of the top and bottom external surfaces is defined pointwise while loading of the side surfaces is prescribed in the form of resultants. The work is motivated by the desire to develop a general tool to analyze the detailed features of debonding along uniform and nonuniform straight interfaces in slab systems subject to general loading. The methodology allows for the investigation of both solitary defect as well as multiple defect interaction problems. Interfacial integral equations, governing the normal and tangential displacement jump components at an interface of a slab system are developed from the Fourier series solution for the single slab subject to arbitrary loading on its surfaces. Interfaces are characterized by distinct interface force–displacement jump relations with crack-like defects modeled by an interface strength which varies with interface coordinate. Infinitesimal strain equilibrium solutions, which account for rigid body translation and rotation, are sought by eigenfunction expansion of the solution of the governing interfacial integral equations. Applications of the theory to the bilayer problem with a solitary defect or a defect pair, in both peeling and mixed load configurations are presented.     

Size-dependent effective elastic moduli of particulate composites with interfacial displacement and traction discontinuities

This work aims at estimating the size-dependent effective elastic moduli of particulate composites in which both the interfacial displacement and traction discontinuities occur. To this end, the interfacial discontinuity relations derived from the replacement of a thin uniform interphase layer between two dissimilar materials by an imperfect interface are reformulated so as to considerably simplify the characteristic expressions of a general elastic imperfect model which is adopted in the present work and include the widely used Gurtin–Murdoch and spring-layer interface models as particular cases. The elastic fields in an infinite body made of a matrix containing an imperfectly bonded spherical particle and subjected to arbitrary remote uniform strain boundary conditions are then provided in an exact, coordinate-free and compact way. With the aid of these results, the elastic properties of a perfectly bonded spherical particle energetically equivalent to an imperfectly bonded one in an infinite matrix are determined. The estimates for the effective bulk and shear moduli of isotropic particulate composites are finally obtained by using the generalized self-consistent scheme and discussed through numerical examples.     

Elastic interaction of partially debonded circular inclusions. II. Application to fibrous composite

A complete analytical solution has been obtained of the elasticity problem for a plane containing periodically distributed, partially debonded circular inclusions, regarded as the representative unit cell model of fibrous composite with interface damage. The displacement solution is written in terms of periodic complex potentials and extends the approach recently developed by Kushch et al. (2010) to the cell type models. By analytical averaging the local strain and stress fields, the exact formulas for the effective transverse elastic moduli have been derived. A series of the test problems have been solved to check an accuracy and numerical efficiency of the method. An effect of interface crack density on the effective elastic moduli of periodic and random structure FRC with interface damage has been evaluated. The developed approach provides a detailed analysis of the progressive debonding phenomenon including the interface cracks cluster formation, overall stiffness reduction and damage-induced anisotropy of the effective elastic moduli of composite.     

Differential geometrical method in elastic composite with imperfect interfaces

I.IntroductionWhethertheinterfacesofcompositematerialsareperfectornotwillaffectitsmacromechanicaloreffectivepropertiesimportantly.Butsofar,almostallofthestudiesontheeffectivepropertiesofcompositematerialsarebasedontheassumptionthattheinterfacesareperfectl"2].Infact,thisisnotappropriateforallinterfaces[31.Thusthestudiesonmechanicalpropertyofcompositematerialswithimperfaceintert'acehavebeenconsideredrecentlyinsomeliteratures.Hashin16]hasextendedtheelasticextremumprinciplesofminimumpotentialandm…     

Effects of interface contacts on the magneto electro-elastic coupling for fiber reinforced composites

Imperfect bonding between constituents is studied where displacements, electric and magnetic static potentials are considered to have a jump proportional to the normal component of the mechanical traction, electric displacement and magnetic flux. This condition may model various interface damages or the thin glue layer between two adjacent phases. They are termed as the mechanically compliant, dielectrically weakly capacitance and magnetically weakly inductance at the interface. It is shown that while the more imperfect the interface is, the overall properties become weaker, such as longitudinal shear stiffness, out-of-plane piezoelectric coupling, and magnetoelectric coupling. Out-of-plane piezomagnetic coupling, transverse dielectric permittivity and transverse dielectric permeability exhibit no influence by imperfect bonding. The imperfect interface proposed is mimicked by the springs, capacitors and inductances for the mechanical, electric and magnetic interaction between the phases and are highly sensitive to the interphase properties. The results are compared mainly with the self consistent model reported in the literature and good agreements are shown.     

具有弱界面特性叠层压电球壳的自由振动

针对具有弱界面的叠层压电球壳自由振动,引入两个位移和应力函数,从三维压电弹性理论基本方程出发建立了分别对应于两类振动形式的独立状态方程,并通过球面谐函数展开技术以及近似层合模型将其化为关于径向坐标的常系数状态方程。采用弱界面模型建立状态向量的界面传递关系,与层内传递关系得到球壳内外状态变量的整体传递关系。最后考虑球壳内外边界自由条件, 得到了两类振动形式的频率方程。通过与已有精确解的比较验证了本文解的准确性,数值详细表明弱界面弹性柔性系数的大小对叠层球壳自振频率有较大影响,但弱界面导电性的高低对自振频率的影响不大。     

Semi-analytical method for computing effective properties in elastic composite under imperfect contact

A parallel fiber-reinforced periodic elastic composite is considered with transversely iso-tropic constituents. Fibers with circular cross section are distributed with the same periodicity along the two perpendicular directions to the fiber orientation, i.e., the periodic cell of the composite is square. The composite exhibits imperfect contact, in particular, spring type at the interface between the fiber and matrix is modeled. Effective properties of this composite for in-plane and anti-plane local problems are calculated by means of a semi-analytic method, i.e. the differential equations that described the local problems obtained by asymptotic homogenization method are solved using the finite element method. Numerical computations are implemented and comparisons with exact solutions are presented.     

Dispersion effects of extensional waves in pre-stressed imperfectly bonded incompressible elastic layered composites

The effect of an imperfect interface, on time-harmonic extensional wave propagation in a pre-stressed symmetric layered composite is considered. The bimaterial composite consists of incompressible isotropic elastic materials. The shear spring type resistance model employed to simulate the imperfect interface can accommodate the extreme cases of perfect bonding and a fully slipping interface. The dispersion relation obtained by formulating the incremental boundary-value problem and the use of the propagator matrix technique, is analyzed at the low and high wavenumber limits. For the perfectly bonded and imperfect interface cases in the low wavenumber region, only the fundamental mode has a finite phase speed, while other higher modes have an infinite phase speed when the dimensionless wavenumber approaches zero. However, for the fully slipping interface in the low wavenumber region, both the fundamental mode and the next lowest mode have finite phase speeds. In the high wavenumber region, when the dimensionless wavenumber tends to infinity, the phase speeds of the fundamental mode and the higher modes depend on the phase speeds of the surface and interfacial waves and on the limiting phase speed of the composite. An expression to determine the cut-off frequencies is obtained from the dispersion relation. Numerical examples of dispersion curves are presented, where when the material has to be prescribed either Mooney–Rivlin material or Varga material is assumed. The effect of the imperfect interface is clearly evident in the numerical results.     

Mechanics of interface failure in the trilayer elastic composite

An exact analysis of the mechanics of interface failure is presented for a trilayer composite system consisting of geometrically and materially distinct linear elastic layers separated by straight nonlinear, uniform and nonuniform decohesive interfaces. The technical significance of this system stems from its utility in representing two slabs joined together by a third adhesive layer whose thickness cannot be neglected. The formulation, based on exact infinitesimal strain elasticity solutions for rectangular domains, employs a methodology recently developed by the authors to investigate both solitary defect as well as multiple defect interaction problems in layered systems under arbitrary loading. Interfacial integral equations, governing the normal and tangential displacement jump components at the interfaces, are solved for the uniformly loaded trilayer system. Interfacial defects, taken in the form of interface perturbations and nonbonded portions of interface, are modeled by coordinate dependent interface strengths. They are examined in a variety of configurations chosen so as to shed light on the various interfacial failure mechanisms active in layered systems.