截锥体头型弹丸低速斜入水实验研究

为研究截锥体头型弹丸在低速斜入水条件下，头部直径大小对入水空泡及弹道特性的影响，基于高速摄像方法，开展不同截锥体头型弹丸低速倾斜入水对比实验，得到了截锥体头弹丸头部直径大小对入水空泡、运动速度、俯仰角的影响规律。实验结果表明:截锥体头弹丸头部直径越大，尾部越早与空泡下壁面发生碰撞；头部直径大小对空泡深闭合时间几乎没有影响；弹丸空泡随头部直径增大而增大；头部直径过大或者过小均不利于入水稳定性；弹丸速度低于临界值时呈上升趋势，高于临界值时将呈现下降趋势。     

球形弹丸正撞击薄板防护屏碎片云特性研究

以质量、动量和能量守恒为基础,结合平面激波理论和热力学理论,对球形铝弹丸正撞击薄板铝防护屏形成的碎片云特性进行了建模,模型计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。利用该模型对多种工况下碎片云特性进行了计算,结果表明:(1)碎片云质心速度和膨胀速度随撞击速度和弹丸直径的增加而增大,随防护屏厚度增大而减小;膨胀半角随撞击速度和防护屏厚度的增大而增大,随弹丸直径的增大而减小;(2)速度和膨胀半角变化曲线具有相似性;(3)对于给定的弹丸和防护屏材料,碎片云中受到激波加载部分的材料各相态质量分数只与弹丸撞击速度有关。这些规律与实验规律吻合。     

考虑弹丸侵蚀的垂直侵彻混凝土模型及算法研究

现有试验表明:当弹丸侵彻速度低于1000m/s时,因侵彻过程中与混凝土会发生摩擦碰撞,其中损失的质量的总量与弹丸初始侵彻的动能成线性关系。本文利用此侵蚀规律提出了一种考虑弹丸侵蚀的垂直侵彻混凝土靶侵彻模型及算法,此模型中弹丸侵彻阻力由空腔膨胀理论模型计算。采用本文的模型预测了弹丸侵彻混凝土过程中的弹丸头部形状的变化、质量损失、侵彻深度等,将模型计算结果与实验数据对比发现,侵彻深度误差小于10%,质量损失误差在15%以内,表明了模型具有良好的精度和实用性。     

研究材料动态卸载的一种实验方法

在SHPB实验数据分析的基础上,提出了用柱锥形弹丸代替纯柱形弹丸研究材料的动态卸载。用所提出的方法对LF6铝材的动态加、卸载响应进行了实验研究,结果表明:柱锥形弹丸可以有效地延长入射脉冲的卸载段,可用来研究材料动态卸载行为。     

Φ100/30mm口径二级轻气炮研制

Φ100/30mm口径二级轻气炮主要用于EFP(Explosively Formed Projectile爆炸成形弹丸)、PELE(Penetrator with Enhanced Lateral Efficiency横向效应增强型侵彻弹)、分段杆条等杀伤元件对各类目标毁伤机理及高应变率材料动态性能等领域的高速、超高速撞击实验研究。该气炮以Φ100mm单级压缩气炮作为首级驱动,加装可拆卸的Φ30mm发射管,实现了一、二级气炮的功能。本文主要介绍了该气炮的高压锥段、发射管、膜片及活塞等关键零部件的结构设计、调试及实验研究情况。目前该炮作为一级气炮已将20kg弹丸驱动到349m/s,1kg弹丸驱动到1157m/s;作为二级气炮已将100g弹丸驱动到3005m/s,400g弹丸驱动到1520m/s。     

基于正交设计方法的双锥罩结构优化设计

设计了一种双锥药型罩,借助数值模拟和实验手段研究其成形及侵彻机理,利用正交设计方法研 究不同结构的射流成形性能。结果显示:该双锥罩在爆轰波作用下形成高速射流、翻转弹丸和杵体;小锥角 2 显著影响射流头部速度;罩厚t及大锥角2 高度显著性影响弹丸速度;最佳设计参数为:t=0.14cm、2= 50、2=135、小锥角与大锥角罩口直径比N =0.4或0.5,其射流速度分别为6613、6839m/s,弹丸速度分 别为2247、2095m/s,侵彻钢靶深度分别为8.24、8.31cm,开口孔径分别为2.12、2.08cm。最终优化的双 锥罩结构合理,既保证了射流速度,又大大提高了弹丸速度,射流和弹丸先后侵彻目标,达到双重毁伤的目的; 在低密度装药和小炸高条件下侵彻效果较理想。     

靶板厚度对卵形弹丸垂直贯穿中等厚度混凝土靶的影响

为研究卵形弹丸贯穿中等厚度混凝土靶体的贯穿规律,开展直径60 mm尖卵形弹丸贯穿不同厚度混凝土靶体的侵彻实验,获得了不同撞击速度的弹丸贯穿不同厚度混凝土靶体的剩余速度规律。结合无网格SPH方法、RHT混凝土本构以及状态方程,对贯穿实验进行数值模拟,对不同工况下的弹丸过载规律以及靶体的损伤过程的分析发现:弹丸贯穿中等厚度混凝土靶体的贯穿过程分为开坑阶段、隧道稳定侵彻阶段以及靶背影响出靶阶段,在相同初始撞击速度下的靶背影响区的厚度随着靶体厚度的增加而增大。实验结果与数值模拟结果对比,表明模型能够有效模拟弹丸贯穿混凝介质问题,研究结果可为贯穿机理的研究提供参考。     

侵彻钢筋混凝土过程中弹丸过载特性的实验研究

实验测试了侵彻钢筋混凝土过程中弹丸的过载情况,得到侵彻过程中弹丸的加速度时程曲线。通过将实验测得的加速度时程曲线按其本身的特点划分成四个部分,每个部分代表弹丸与钢筋混凝土作用的不同阶段,分析了不同阶段弹丸与钢筋混凝土相互作用的特点。实验结果表明,含筋率为2%的钢筋混凝土靶板的抗侵彻能力明显高于含筋率为1%的钢筋混凝土靶板。研究结果为理论模型的建立打下了基础,也可为相关弹药和防护工程的优化设计提供参考。     

高速碰撞下圆柱壳自由梁的穿孔特性

利用二级轻气炮加载,进行了球状2A12铝弹丸垂直撞击圆柱壳自由梁实验。并进行了弹丸速度、圆柱壳直径和壁厚等因素对穿孔直径影响的数值模拟,数值模拟结果和实验结果基本吻合。通过量纲分析和数值模拟结合,推导了穿孔直径与相关影响参数的经验关系式。研究结果表明:当圆柱壳直径和厚度不变时,高速撞击产生的穿孔直径在径向和轴向都随着弹丸速度增大而增大;当弹丸速度和圆柱壳厚度不变时,高速撞击产生的穿孔直径随着圆柱壳自由梁直径的增大而减小;当弹丸速度和圆柱壳直径不变时,穿孔直径随着圆柱壳厚度的增大而减小。     

弹丸倾斜入水尾拍运动特性实验

基于高速摄影技术，开展多工况下弹丸倾斜入水实验，并利用自编程序，对实验图像进行像素点捕捉及数据提取与处理。通过分析弹丸倾斜入水空泡形成、发展及溃灭过程，得到尾拍过程中弹丸的空泡演化特性。此外，通过对比分析不同入水初速下空泡尺寸及弹丸速度与加速度的变化规律，总结出入水初速对弹丸空泡演化特性及入水运动特性的影响规律。结果表明：弹丸发生尾拍后，部分弹尾穿透原始空泡发生沾湿，同时自弹尾向后产生了新的尾拍空泡，尾拍空泡与原始空泡间贴合紧密；尾拍结束后，尾拍空泡在水中的位置基本不变，最终从弹丸原始空泡表面拉脱溃灭，而相同深度的原始空泡在尾拍产生射流影响下加速溃灭；随着入水初速的升高，尾拍空泡的尺寸及原始空泡的长度逐渐增大，尾拍过程中弹尾最大沾湿面积也逐渐增大；随着尾拍次数的增加，弹丸在每次尾拍过程中速度衰减幅值增大，同时弹丸损耗的能量逐渐增多，弹丸存速能力下降。     

Effect of Hall current on MHD natural convection flow from vertical permeable fiat plate with uniform surface heat flux

The effect of the Hall current on the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) natural convection flow from a vertical permeable flat plate with a uniform heat flux is analyzed in the presence of a transverse magnetic field.It is assumed that the induced magnetic field is negligible compared with the imposed magnetic field.The boundary layer equations are reduced to a suitable form by employing the free variable formulation (FVF) and the stream function formulation (SFF).The parabolic equations obtained from FVF are numerically integrated with the help of a straightforward finite difference method.Moreover,the nonsimilar system of equations obtained from SFF is solved by using a local nonsimilarity method,for the whole range of the local transpiration parameter ζ.Consideration is also given to the regions where the local transpiration parameter ζis small or large enough.However,in these particular regions,solutions are acquired with the aid of a regular perturbation method.The effects of the magnetic field M and the Hall parameter m on the local skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number coefficient are graphically shown for smaller values of the Prandtl number Pr (=0.005,0.01,0.05).Furthermore,the velocity and temperature profiles are also drawn from various values of the local transpiration parameterζ.     

A micro-investigation on water bridge effects for unsaturated granular materials with constant water content by discrete element method

The most common state of surface soil is unsaturated. Changes in water content will substantially impact its strength, leading to geological and engineering catastrophes. This paper used LIGGGHTS software to simulate the water bridge effect of unsaturated granular materials with constant water content and verify the rationality of the simplification of the stress-force-fabric (SFF) relationship. The results showed that the capillary force was not isotropic, which was different from the previous study, thus it cannot be overlooked in the simplification of the SFF relationship. Moreover, the influence of water content on the macroscopic mechanical behavior of unsaturated granular materials was interpreted through the evolutions of coordination number, interparticle force, fabric and force anisotropy, and other microscopic parameters. Compared to the literature, we found that different water bridge models would not change the characteristics of the solid skeleton.     

Adaptive finite time distributed 6-DOF synchronization control for spacecraft formation without velocity measurement

Nonlinear Dynamics - In this paper, the problem of distributed finite time six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) synchronization control for spacecraft formation flying (SFF) with the external disturbances...     

Effect of Hall current on MHD natural convection flow from vertical permeable flat plate with uniform surface heat flux

The effect of the Hall current on the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) natural convection flow from a vertical permeable flat plate with a uniform heat flux is analyzed in the presence of a transverse magnetic field.It is assumed that the induced magnetic field is negligible compared with the imposed magnetic field.The boundary layer equations are reduced to a suitable form by employing the free variable formulation (FVF) and the stream function formulation (SFF).The parabolic equations obtained from FVF are numer...     

Spacecraft formation flying in the port-Hamiltonian framework

The problem of controlling the relative position and velocity in multi-spacecraft formation flying in the planetary orbits is an enabling technology for current and future research. This paper proposes a family of tracking controllers for different dynamics of Spacecraft Formation Flying (SFF) in the framework of port-Hamiltonian (pH) systems through application of timed Interconnection and Damping Assignment Passivity-Based Control (IDA-PBC). The leader–multi-follower architecture is used to address this problem. In this regard, first we model the spacecraft motion in the pH framework in the Earth Centered Inertial frame and then transform it to the Hill frame which is a special local coordinate system. By this technique, we may present a unified structure which encompasses linear/nonlinear dynamics, with/without perturbation. Then, using the timed IDA-PBC method and the contraction analysis, a new method for controlling a family of SFF dynamics is developed. The numerical simulations show the efficiency of the approach in two different cases of missions.

     

Effect of Hall current on MHD natural convection flow from vertical permeable flat plate with uniform surface heat flux

The effect of the Hall current on the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) natural convection flow from a vertical permeable flat plate with a uniform heat flux is analyzed in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. It is assumed that the induced magnetic field is negligible compared with the imposed magnetic field. The boundary layer equations are reduced to a suitable form by employing the free variable formulation (FVF) and the stream function formulation (SFF). The parabolic equations obtained from FVF are numerically integrated with the help of a straightforward finite difference method. Moreover, the nonsimilar system of equations obtained from SFF is solved by using a local nonsimilarity method, for the whole range of the local transpiration parameter ζ. Consideration is also given to the regions where the local transpiration parameter ζ is small or large enough. However, in these particular regions, solutions are acquired with the aid of a regular perturbation method. The effects of the magnetic field M and the Hall parameter m on the local skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number coefficient are graphically shown for smaller values of the Prandtl number Pr (= 0.005, 0.01, 0.05). Furthermore, the velocity and temperature profiles are also drawn from various values of the local transpiration parameter ζ.     

Parametric thermal analysis of a single molten metal droplet as applied to layered manufacturing

In the present study a parametric thermal analysis of a single molten metal droplet deposited on a large substrate has been performed with application to various solid freeform fabrication (SFF) processes employing droplet-based deposition. Simulation is conducted to investigate the effect of droplet shape, substrate thermal properties, substrate size and thermal boundary conditions of substrate base on the cooling rate of the droplet and the substrate. It is found that droplet shape and substrate thermal properties have significant effect only on the solidification time, whereas the steady-state conditions vary significantly with all the process parameters studied.     

Fracture analysis of concrete using singular fractal functions with lattice beam network and confirmation with acoustic emission study

In the present study singular fractal functions (SFF) were used to generate stress-strain plots for quasi-brittle material like concrete and cement mortar and subsequently stress-strain plot of cement mortar obtained using SFF was used for modeling fracture process in concrete. The fracture surface of concrete is rough and irregular. The fracture surface of concrete is affected by the concrete’s microstructure that is influenced by water cement ratio, grade of cement and type of aggregate [1], [2], [3] and [4]. Also the macrostructural properties such as the size and shape of the specimen, the initial notch length and the rate of loading contribute to the shape of the fracture surface of concrete. It is known that concrete is a heterogeneous and quasi-brittle material containing micro-defects and its mechanical properties strongly relate to the presence of micro-pores and micro-cracks in concrete [1], [2], [3] and [4]. The damage in concrete is believed to be mainly due to initiation and development of micro-defects with irregularity and fractal characteristics. However, repeated observations at various magnifications also reveal a variety of additional structures that fall between the ‘micro’ and the ‘macro’ and have not yet been described satisfactorily in a systematic manner [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [15], [16] and [17]. The concept of singular fractal functions by Mosolov was used to generate stress-strain plot of cement concrete, cement mortar and subsequently the stress-strain plot of cement mortar was used in two-dimensional lattice model [28]. A two-dimensional lattice model was used to study concrete fracture by considering softening of matrix (cement mortar). The results obtained from simulations with lattice model show softening behavior of concrete and fairly agrees with the experimental results. The number of fractured elements are compared with the acoustic emission (AE) hits. The trend in the cumulative fractured beam elements in the lattice fracture simulation reasonably reflected the trend in the recorded AE measurements. In other words, the pattern in which AE hits were distributed around the notch has the same trend as that of the fractured elements around the notch which is in support of lattice model.     

Heat transfer in specularly reflecting tubes

Heat exchange inside a specularly reflecting tube is analysed. Expressions are obtained for heat transfer between cross-sections, between incremental wall annuli, between finite wall annuli, and combinations of the above. The expressions are related to the angle factor for opposed discs, but are infinite summations; they are easily evaluated, requiring some 20 emissivity terms. The basic disc-to-disc expression also represents the fraction of radiation leaving a disc that is still propagating at some distance along the tube, including reflection. Special case results are obtained for the radiant loss from double and single ended holes. For the practical application considered, it was found that conduction and radiation could be treated separately, permitting evaluation of a radiation loss factor for a specularly reflecting tube between two heat reservoirs     

原子尺度摩擦行为的分子动力学模拟

应用大规模分子动力学方法,模拟了具有原子级光滑和原子级粗糙形貌的刚性球形探头与弹性平面基体的干摩擦行为,研究了无/有粘附条件下的载荷与摩擦力、载荷与真实接触面积,以及摩擦力与真实接触面积之间的关系,对纳米尺度下的摩擦行为规律进行了分析。几种系统的真实接触面积－载荷关系都与相应的连续力学接触模型定性的一致,它们分别是Hertz光滑表面接触模型、Greenwood-Williamson粗糙表面接触模型和Maugis-Dugdale粘着接触模型。无论是由光滑表面还是粗糙表面构成的摩擦系统,在无粘附条件下摩擦力与载荷成正比,而摩擦力与真实接触面积之间没有一个简单的关系;在粘附条件下摩擦力与真实接触面积成正比,而摩擦力与载荷之间表现为Maugis-Dugdale模型预测的亚线性关系。我们的研究表明,当表面作用从无粘附到粘附时,控制摩擦力的决定因素从载荷转变为接触面积,摩擦行为从载荷控制摩擦转变为粘着控制摩擦。