孔型立轧过程的三维刚塑性有限元分析

采用三维刚塑性有限元法对２Ｓ－Ａｌ板孔型立轧稳态过程进行了分析和比较，所得轧件断面形状，轧制力及轧制力矩与文献「１」的实验结果吻合很好，计算精度有所提高。     

皮质骨断裂力学行为的实验研究

采用稳态裂纹扩展和疲劳裂纹扩展的实验, 研究了牛皮质骨横向和纵向裂纹扩展的断裂力学行为. 沿着两个方向制备了紧凑拉伸(CT)试件. 由于试件尺寸的限制,采用数值计算方法确定了裂纹尖端应力强度因子与裂纹长度的关系. 在实验中, 采用数字图像相关法精确测定裂纹尖端的位置. 由于裂纹沿横向扩展时有较大的偏斜, 将采用$J$积分测量其断裂韧性. 实验结果表明, 在裂纹扩展的一定范围内, 皮质骨的断裂韧度随着裂纹不断扩展而增大, 即表现出上升的阻力曲线(R-curve)性质.而皮质骨的横向裂纹扩展的断裂韧度要远远大于纵向裂纹扩展的断裂韧度, 表现出各向异性的阻力曲线行为. 在疲劳裂纹扩展中, 纵向疲劳裂纹扩展率要大于横向疲劳裂纹扩展率, 这说明皮质骨具有各向异性的疲劳裂纹扩展性质.      

考虑端部质点的中心刚体-楔形梁系统动力特性研究

对带有端部质点的中心刚体-楔形梁系统的动力学特性进行了研究．楔形梁为Euler Bernoulli 梁,其宽度与高度随着长度方向改变．采用假设模态法对楔形梁的变形场进行离散,在考虑梁的横向和纵向变形以及由于横向弯曲而引起的纵向缩短量的条件下,运用第二类拉格朗日方程推导出系统的动力学方程,并编制动力学仿真软件．通过仿真算例对系统的动力学特性进行研究,结果表明：同等条件下梁的形状与有无端部质点对系统的刚柔耦合动力学响应以及系统频率的影响十分明显．因此采用楔形梁结构进行仿真更具实际意义且仿真结果更加精确．     

基于裂纹闭合效应的高载迟滞预测模型修正

裂纹闭合效应通常是导致I 型裂纹扩展在高载作用下发生迟滞效应的主要因素之一．本文采用汽车薄板QSTE340TM 材料，针对不同应力比，高载比条件下疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行了实验研究．论文通过断面分析，针对各参数对裂纹闭合效应的具体影响进行了分析讨论，认为裂纹作用区域随裂纹扩展而动态变化，从而提出了一种对有效应力强度因子幅的修正方法．通过在原有模型中引入幂函数形式的动态变量α，表征裂纹闭合效应的作用比例随裂纹长度的动态变化，取得了较好的效果．     

带张力轧制H型轧件的有限元分析

本文采用刚塑性有限元法全面分析了连轧H型件时轧件在轧边端孔中的变形。计算得到的轧边端轧制力、轧制力矩、边部增厚系数和前滑系数这些轧制力能参数和变形参数,均与实验符合较好。     

疲劳裂纹塑性闭合特性的数值分析方法

塑性诱导裂纹闭合是导致裂纹闭合发生的主要机理之一.利用弹塑性有限元法模拟含中心裂纹矩形板试件的疲劳裂纹扩展,并确定疲劳裂纹张开、闭合应力水平.通过计算,考察应力比R、裂纹长度、最大应力强度因子Kmax等对疲劳裂纹张开闭合应力的影响规律.论文阐述了所采用的裂纹扩展模拟方法及确定裂纹张开和闭合应力的原理.采用了等K加载方式,即在裂纹扩展中裂尖应力强度因子的最大值Kmax保持不变(给定R比,最大应力σmax随裂纹长度变化).分析了两种Kmax水平下R比分别为0.3,0,-0.5和-1.0共8种载荷工况.结果表明,对各个载荷工况,用瞬时最大应力σmax正则化的裂纹张开、闭合应力水平σop/σmax和σcl/σmax与裂纹长度无关.等K循环加载比等幅循环加载更有利于分析影响裂纹闭合水平的因素和闭合效应对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响规律,为建立基于裂纹闭合效应的疲劳裂纹扩展规律模型提供了一种新的思路.     

粘接层对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯涂层刮擦破坏的影响及机理分析

为研究粘接层厚度和粘接强度对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)涂层刮擦破坏的影响,对不同粘接层厚度和粘接强度的PMMA涂层开展了系统的刮擦实验.采用考虑剪切屈服和脆性断裂竞争行为的本构模型描述PMMA的力学行为,进行了PMMA涂层刮擦行为的有限元模拟,揭示了复杂刮擦破坏模式的物理机理.研究结果表明：与零厚度粘接层的涂层相比,有限厚度粘接层的变形使PMMA涂层在刮擦过程中出现局部弯曲,导致刮头下方涂层底部区域形成内部裂纹;具有强粘接强度的粘接层可限制涂层在刮擦过程中的变形,避免刮头前方可能产生的严重屈曲,进而防止涂层底部形成沿厚度方向贯穿涂层的纵向裂纹;增加涂层厚度可以提高涂层在刮擦过程中的抗弯曲和抗屈曲能力,延缓内部裂纹和纵向裂纹的形成.这些发现有助了解和改善PMMA涂层的刮擦性能.     

复杂应力下脆性岩石材料的微裂纹损伤特性

基于无限大体深埋平片状椭圆形裂纹的变形场及其扩展条件,分别推导了脆性岩石材料内部具有任意空间取向的单个张开型或闭合型椭圆形微裂纹及其扩展引起的附加柔度张量;考虑微裂纹系统对材料变形的影响,引入了概率密度函数,得到了任意应力状态下脆性岩石材料的宏细观损伤模型;分析了椭圆形微裂纹的短长轴比率对材料损伤的影响.计算结果显示:材料损伤随着短长轴比率的增大而增大,短长轴比率对材料损伤的影响会随着载荷的增大而提高.将本文模型应用于混凝土的单轴拉伸和花岗岩的单轴压缩,结果表明本文模型能够对实验现象给予很好地解释.     

基于等效黏性弹簧的黏弹性Timoshenko裂纹梁弯曲解析解

考虑裂纹的缝隙和黏性效应,将梁中横向裂纹等效为黏弹性扭转弹簧,利用广义Delta函数,给出了Laplace变换域内裂纹梁的等效抗弯刚度,得到了具有任意开闭裂纹数目且满足标准线性固体黏弹性本构的Timoshenko梁在时间域内的弯曲变形显式解析通解．在此基础上,通过两个数值算例,分析了时间、梁跨高比和裂纹深度等参数对黏弹性Timoshenko开裂纹梁弯曲变形的影响．结果表明：裂纹黏性对Timoshenko裂纹梁的弯曲具有显著的影响．相比于裂纹的弹性扭转弹簧模型,考虑裂纹黏性效应的黏弹性Timoshenko裂纹梁在裂纹处挠度尖点和转角跳跃现象十分明显．另外,由于横向剪切引起的附加变形,Timoshenko裂纹梁的稳态挠度与Euler-Bernoulli梁挠度的差值为常数,其大小与裂纹模型、梁跨高比或裂纹深度无关,这些结果对梁裂纹无损检测具有指导意义．     

正交弹性材料中双周期裂纹反平面问题的封闭解

研究了无限大正交弹性材料中含双周期裂纹的反平面问题,其基本胞元含有三条裂纹,且三条裂纹的中心恰好位于一等腰三角形顶点。运用椭圆函数、保角变换理论、施瓦兹公式获得了该问题应力场的封闭解,并得到了裂纹尖端处的应力强度因子。该问题结果取特殊情形退化对应于单排共线周期裂纹的解答。通过数值算例,分析了双周期裂纹归一化的应力强度因子随双周期裂纹的横向间距和纵向间距之比/b a 分别取10、5、2、1时的变化曲线。结果表明：对于一定的横向间距,应力奇异因子随纵向间距的增大而减小,但随着纵向间距的增大,纵向间距对应力奇异因子的影响变得不明显;对于一定的纵向间距,应力奇异因子随横向间距的减小而减小,但随着横向间距的减小,横向间距对应力奇异因子的影响变得不明显。     

预应力混凝土箱梁横向框架效应有限元分析

以预应力混凝土箱梁桥顶板纵向开裂为工程背景,以箱梁顶板与腹板交接处两个角点的转角为基本未知量,基于箱梁纵向一维单元,利用最小势能原理推导出箱梁横向框架效应有限单元法的单元刚度矩阵,及相应的单元等效节点力,对比计算表明,该有限单元法计算精度与理论分析基本一致。实桥分析表明：现行规范计算箱梁角点弯矩相对安全,对于中点弯矩相对偏于不安全,设计过程不充分考虑混凝土箱梁横向框架效应可能导致顶板的纵向开裂。本文提出的有限单元法具有概念简单、运算速度快等优点,弥补了目前商业程序的不足,对工程设计具有一定的参考意义和推广价值。     

Finite element analysis of edge lamination during hot rolling process of aluminium alloy

Summary The rigid-plastic finite element method is applied to the analysis of the three-dimensional deformation behaviour, in particular the forming of edge lamination during the multi-pass hot roughing process of aluminium. the calculation is carried out for various rolling conditions and reduction schedules, and their influence on the edge lamination is examined. The results suggest that the crop loss due to the edge lamination can be reduced by increasing the roll diameter, the reduction per pass and the initial width of the slab.     

Experimental determination ofK I for surface cracks in a square tube under torsion

This research used the fatigue-crack-growth-rate experimental method to obtainK _I for initial semi-elliptical 45-deg inclined, longitudinal and transverse surface cracks in a hollow square tube subjected to pure torsion. Both side and corner surface cracks were investigated. Reference crack-growth-rate data using CT and SEN specimens taken from the mild-steel tubes were used in calculations. All cracks propagated in mode I on the surface at 45 deg to the longitudinal axis in the plane of the maximum tensile stress. Mixed-mode crack growth occurred subsurface for the longitudinal and transverse cracks. The experimental results were compared with other semi-elliptical surface crackK _I solutions.     

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在重轨万能轧制过程中,首先建立了简化的三维理论模型. 然后分别给出了轨腰、轨头及轨 底的运动学许可速度场以及相应的应变速度场和剪应变速度强度,并求出了相应变形区的塑 性变形功率、速度间断面上消耗的功率以及由于摩擦产生的摩擦功率. 最后根据上限原理分 别求解了水平辊和两个立辊的轧制力上限解. 通过比较可知,二辊轧制理论公式误差很大因 此不能用于万能轧制过程,而上限法求得的轧制力近似解大于轧制现场数据但最大误差不超 过13\%, 因此根据上限原理进行轧制工艺参数设定及优化是比较可靠的.     

Surface cracks in a plate of finite width under extension or bending

In this paper the problem of a finite plate containing collinear surface cracks is considered. The problem is solved by using the line spring model with plane elasticity and Reissner's plate theory. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of interaction between two cracks or between cracks and stress-free plate boundaries on the stress intensity factors and to provide extensive numerical results which may be useful in applications. First, some sample results are obtained and are compared with the existing finite element results. Then the problem is solved for a single (internal) crack, two collinear cracks and two corner cracks for wide range of relative dimensions. Particularly in corner cracks the agreement with the finite element solution is surprisingly very good. The results are obtained for semielliptic and rectangular crack profiles which may, in practice, correspond to two limiting cases of the actual profile of a subcritically growing surface crack.     

In-plane waves in an elastic solid containing a cracked slab region

Propagation of longitudinal and transverse waves in an elastic solid that contains a cracked slab region is investigated. The cracks have a uniform probability density in the slab region, are parallel to the boundaries of the slab, and the solid is uncracked on either side of the slab. The waves are normally incident on the cracks. It is shown that the resulting average total motion in the solid is governed by a pair of coupled integral equations. These equations are solved under the special assumption that the average exciting motion near a fixed crack is equal to the average total motion. In this case, one finds that in the cracked region, where multiple scattering occurs, there is a forward motion and a backward motion. The two motions have identical frequency-dependent velocity and attenuation, for which simple closed-form formulae are obtained. Simple formulae are also obtained for the wave amplitudes outside the slab. Numerical results corresponding to the velocity, attenuation, reflection amplitude, and transmission amplitude are presented for several values of crack density and slab thickness.     

表面裂纹疲劳扩展的数值模拟(Ⅱ)

根据Paris疲劳裂纹扩展规律,对拉伸和纯弯曲疲劳载荷下表面裂纹扩展进行了数值模拟。数值模型中,用三次样条函数曲线拟合裂纹尖端,在裂纹扩展增量计算中考虑了裂纹闭合影响。裂纹形状演化的模拟结果与Newman和Raju经验公式预测结果进行了比较,表明了所采用的数值模拟方法的实用性。研究发现,裂纹闭合对疲劳裂纹扩展过程中的裂纹形状演化以及裂纹尖端的应力强度因子(SIF)分布都有明显影响。同裂纹形状演化一样,疲劳裂纹扩展过程中裂纹尖端的SIF分布表现出明显的特征。最后,建议了一个简单函数来统一描述表面裂纹尖端的SIF分布。     

Simulating a crack by a notch in the solution of dynamic problems

In the article the method of dynamic photoelasticity is used to investigate the formation of a state of stress at the apexes of cracks and notches under the action of stress waves. Edge and closed cracks in the case of the action of longitudinal and surface waves are discussed. The investigations show that a crack may be simulated by a notch only under definite conditions.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 4, pp. 173–178, July–August, 1973.The author thanks Yu. N. Rabotnov for his advice and for his observations during evaluation of the work.     

Surface acoustic wave measurements of small fatigue cracks initiated from a surface cavity

A model for the low frequency scattering of a surface acoustic wave by a surface cylindrical cavity with two corner cracks is presented. It is applied to determine the depth of the small fatigue cracks initiated from a pit-type surface flaw. The general scattering formalism based on the elastodynamic reciprocity principle is employed. The effect of the cylindrical cavity on the surface wave reflection from cracks is considered using an approximate stress intensity factor for the corner cracks. In situ surface acoustic wave measurements have been performed during fatigue tests for an Al 2024-T3 sample. The surface wave signal was acquired continuously at different cyclic load levels. The model is verified by comparing calculated reflection signals and spectra with those from experiments. The depths of fully and partially open cracks are determined from the predicted and the measured surface wave reflections. The surface wave reflection is observed to be sensitive to crack closure.     

Life prediction of thermally cracked railway wheels: Growth estimation of cracks with arbitrary shape

A computer program for railway wheel life prediction has been developed incorporating an elastoplastic calculation of both the residual stress field induced by shoe-braking and the superposed alternating rolling contact stresses. The possibilities of unstable propagation of surface cracks, crack arrest, fatigue propagation through a complex stress field and crack detention on reaching the threshold value have been accounted for. An approximate method for crack growth prediction is used providing bounds for instantaneous crack front position and estimations of crack shape within short computing times. Some examples of application for an UIC R7 wheel are presented.