热刺激下血管力学变化特征及对血流量的影响

为了探索热刺激下微循环变化的机理,建立了鼠背部皮肤加热实验台,获得了加热过程中的血流量。在热刺激作用下,血流量呈现出两阶段变化,分别受到神经调节和内皮调节作用。根据内皮调节模型,模拟不同温度刺激下血流变化引起的血管径振荡过程,获得了内皮舒张因子NO在血管壁中的分布和不同温度下的血管舒张度。结果表明:加热温度越高,血管舒张程度越剧烈;采用318K加热时,血管增大了0.26倍;通过力学分析,证明了血管舒张可使血管壁所承受壁面切应力保持恒定,同时证实了热刺激促使的二次血流升高是内皮调节作用的结果。     

神经系统疾病与认知动力学(II): 神经振荡与认知动力学

大脑神经系统具有从慢到快多种不同的振荡节律, 这些节律振荡被认为参与了大脑多种功能的实现, 其中高频的伽马同步振荡被认为与大脑的认知功能最为相关. 本文阐述了生物学实验方面关于伽马振荡及其功能的研究进展, 并针对实验中伽马振荡的频率敏感依赖于外部刺激特征的现象, 综述了基于神经网络模型进行变频伽马振荡及其认知功能的动力学建模研究工作, 解释了视觉刺激调控的变频率伽马振荡动力学产生机理, 提出了基于同步抑制增强全局放电率对比度的神经认知机制. 研究成果有助于理解神经系统同步振荡的产生机理及其认知作用, 为大脑认知原理以及类脑智能的研究奠定基础.      

互逆规划理论及其用于建立结构拓扑优化的合理模型

在数学规划的领域里定义了互逆规划——各自目标函数与约束条件位置相互交换的一对规划. 接着指出,尽管互逆规划与对 偶规划在表面上似乎类似,但是二者存在 5 点不同:(1) 是否为同一个问题的不同;(2) 存在``对偶间隙'与否的不同;(3) 设计变量数目的不同;(4) 是否单目标与多目标问题的不同;(5) 问题合理与否的不同. 然后,基于互逆规划的定义,用以审视结 构拓扑优化模型,给出如下结果:(1) 从这个角度洞悉,在结构优化中,确实有不合理的模型一直被沿用着;(2) 找到了修正不 合理模型使之合理化的方法;(3) 对于给定体积下的柔顺度最小化 (MCVC) 模型,指出了其不合理的原因;(4) MCVC 模型实际是互 逆规划的 m 方,由此建立起其对应的 s 方, 即给出了多个柔顺度约束的体积最小化 (MVCC) 模型;(5)给出了MVCC模型中的结构 柔顺度约束的物理解释和算法,论证了 ICM (independent continuous and mapping) 方法以往关于全局化应力约束的概念和方法;(6)数值算例表明了 MCVC 与 MVCC 模型作为互逆规划的差异,且印证了 MVCC 模型的合理性.MCVC 模型在不同体积约束及多工况下不同的权系数时,得到最优拓扑不同;但 MVCC 模型在多工况柔顺度约束下可得到唯一的最优拓扑.      

认知神经科学中蕴藏的力学思想与应用

该文系统总结了作者团队在脑科学领域内提出的神经能量理论与方法,以及力学与神经能量理论之间的内在联系.着重介绍了如何运用分析动力学的思想构建一个与H-H模型等效的W-Z神经元模型.并以此为基础,在神经科学领域内提出了以神经能量为核心的大尺度神经科学模型和大脑全局神经编码的理论框架.在包括视知觉等多个感知觉神经系统的信息处理、大脑的智力探索以及预测神经元新的工作机制、解释神经科学难以解释的实验现象等方面,证实了这个新颖的神经元模型所展现出来的独特功能与优势.由于可塑性是认知神经科学与智能行为的核心,通过蛋白质分子机器的经典力学分析,进一步阐明了神经元的可塑性和神经发育不仅仅只是生物化学反应过程,力学的作用与贡献也是不可或缺的重要因素.表明了力学科学在神经科学、生命科学中的研究思想及其内在逻辑的深远影响.这些研究对于今后推动实验神经科学与理论神经科学的融合,摒弃神经科学领域中还原论与整体论研究方法中的不足,并将它们各自的优点进行有效地整合,促进力学科学的理论与方法的渗透是极其重要的.      

电磁加热条件下皮肤组织的生物热力学行为

研究目的是开发一种数学方法来计算传热过程、热引起的力学响应以及相应的疼痛等级, 从而对临床上应用的各种加热疗法之间的差别进行定量评估. 采用基于有限差分法的数值模拟方法, 基于无限大和均匀化假设, 分析了各种热疗法中皮肤组织的温度、烧伤和热应力分布. 研究发现: 充血对热损伤的影响很小, 但对皮肤的温度分布影响很大, 而这又反过来显著影响由此产生的热应力场; 对于激光加热, 光波越短则峰值温度越高, 但峰值更接近皮肤表面温度; 激光和微波加热所产生的热应力集中于表皮顶层, 因为发热量沿皮肤深度方向呈指数衰减; 薄角质层(常常被忽略)对皮肤组织的热力学响应起主导作用.      

耦合条件下大脑皮层神经振子群的能量函数

探讨了局部脑皮层网络活动中,耦合条件下的大规模神经振子群的能量消耗与神经信号编码之间的内禀关系,得到了神经元集群在阈下和阈上互相耦合时神经元膜电位变化的函数. 这个能量函数能够精确地再现神经电生理学实验中的EPSP,IPSP,动作电位以及动作电流. 最近功能性核磁共振实验证明了神经信号的编码是与能量的消耗紧密地耦合在一起的,因此研究结果表明利用能量原理研究大脑在神经网络层次上是如何进行编码的这一重大科学问题的讨论是十分有益的. 可以预计得到的能量函数将是生物学神经网络动力学稳定性计算的基础.      

大脑血液动力学现象中的能量编码

神经信息的编码与解码是神经科学中的核心研究内容,同时又极具挑战性.传统的编码理论都具有各自的局限性,很难从脑的全局运行方式上给出有效的理论.而由于能量是一个标量具有可叠加性,因此能量编码理论可以从神经元活动的能量特征出发来研究脑功能的全局神经编码问题,取得了一系列的研究成果.本研究以王-张神经元能量计算模型为基础,构建了一个多层次结构的神经网络,通过计算机数值模拟得到了神经网络的能量消耗和血液中葡萄糖供能的变化情况.计算结果显示,和网络的神经活动达到峰值的时间相比,血液中葡萄糖的供能达到峰值的时间延迟了约5.6s.从定量的角度再现了功能性核磁共振(fMRI)中的血液动力学现象:大脑某个脑区的神经元集群被激活以后经过5~7 s的延迟,脑血流的变化才会大幅增加.模拟结果表明先前发表的由王-张神经元模型所揭示的负能量机制在控制大脑的血液动力学现象中起着核心的作用,预测了刺激条件下大脑的能量代谢与血流之间变化的本质是由神经元在发放动作电位过程中正、负能量之间的非平衡、不匹配性质所决定的.本文的研究结果为今后进一步探究血液动力学现象的生理学机制提供了新的研究方向,在神经网络的建模与计算方面给出了一个新的视角和研究方法.      

互逆规划的拓宽和深化及其在结构拓扑优化的应用

本文的工作涉及数学与力学两方面,数学方面:(1) 将数学规划论中新提出的互逆规划,从 s-m 型 (或称为 m-s 型) 发展出 s-s 型和 m-m 型互逆规划 (其中 s 意为单目标,m 意为多目标),从而使互逆规划的定义完备成为 3 种;(2) 从 KKT 条件审视互逆规划的两方面,得到了互逆规划双方求解涉及拟同构和拟同解的 3 个定理,并且予以证明,提供了在求解中对于互逆规划双方在求解中相互借鉴的理论基础;(3) 对一对互逆规划双方皆合理的情况和某一方不合理的情况,皆给出了求解策略和具体解法. 力学方面:(1) 给出结构优化设计模型合理与否的诠释;(2) 在互逆规划对结构拓扑优化的应用中,提出了不合理结构拓扑优化模型的求解策略;(3) 给出了借助 MVCC 模型 (多个柔顺度约束下的体积最小化) 解决 MCVC 模型 (对于给定体积下的多个柔顺度的最小化) 的途径,其中的建模基于 ICM (独立连续映射) 方法. 用 Matlab 编程给出了数值算例. 其中两个数学问题图示了互逆规划的双方关系;其中,结构拓扑优化问题是众多结构拓扑优化中的两个个案;数值结果均支持了本文提出的互逆规划理论.      

泥石流本构模型及动力学模拟研究现状综述

由于泥石流动力学过程的复杂性,其本构模型及数值模拟研究仍然存在众多的难点问题。本文根据大量的文献资料和实例研究,对目前泥石流本构模型和动力学模拟研究现状和存在的问题进行了综合论述,主要包括:(1)已有泥石流动力学本构模型原理及适用性问题;(2)已有数值模拟方法的实现及选择应用;(3)泥石流动力学复杂环境效应研究,复杂地形和水文环境条件下的泥石流应力分布、动能传递等。最后对泥石流动力学G IS模拟的前景进行了讨论。     

大脑血液动力学现象中的能量编码

神经信息的编码与解码是神经科学中的核心研究内容,同时又极具挑战性.传统的编码理论都具有各自的局限性,很难从脑的全局运行方式上给出有效的理论.而由于能量是一个标量具有可叠加性,因此能量编码理论可以从神经元活动的能量特征出发来研究脑功能的全局神经编码问题,取得了一系列的研究成果.本研究以王–张神经元能量计算模型为基础,构建了一个多层次结构的神经网络,通过计算机数值模拟得到了神经网络的能量消耗和血液中葡萄糖供能的变化情况.计算结果显示,和网络的神经活动达到峰值的时间相比,血液中葡萄糖的供能达到峰值的时间延迟了约5.6 s.从定量的角度再现了功能性核磁共振(fMRI)中的血液动力学现象:大脑某个脑区的神经元集群被激活以后经过5~7 s的延迟,脑血流的变化才会大幅增加.模拟结果表明先前发表的由王–张神经元模型所揭示的负能量机制在控制大脑的血液动力学现象中起着核心的作用,预测了刺激条件下大脑的能量代谢与血流之间变化的本质是由神经元在发放动作电位过程中正、负能量之间的非平衡、不匹配性质所决定的.本文的研究结果为今后进一步探究血液动力学现象的生理学机制提供了新的研究方向,在神经网络的建模与计算方面给出了一个新的视角和研究方法.     

Biothermomechanics of skin tissues

Biothermomechanics of skin is highly interdisciplinary involving bioheat transfer, burn damage, biomechanics and neurophysiology. During heating, thermally induced mechanical stress arises due to the thermal denaturation of collagen, resulting in macroscale shrinkage. Thus, the strain, stress, temperature and thermal pain/damage are highly correlated; in other words, the problem is fully coupled. The aim of this study is to develop a computational approach to examine the heat transfer process and the heat-induced mechanical response, so that the differences among the clinically applied heating modalities can be quantified. Exact solutions for temperature, thermal damage and thermal stress for a single-layer skin model were first derived for different boundary conditions. For multilayer models, numerical simulations using the finite difference method (FDM) and finite element method (FEM) were used to analyze the temperature, burn damage and thermal stress distributions in the skin tissue. The results showed that the thermomechanical behavior of skin tissue is very complex: blood perfusion has little effect on thermal damage but large influence on skin temperature distribution, which, in turn, influences significantly the resulting thermal stress field; the stratum corneum layer, although very thin, has a large effect on the thermomechanical behavior of skin, suggesting that it should be properly accounted for in the modeling of skin thermal stresses; the stress caused by non-uniform temperature distribution in the skin may also contribute to the thermal pain sensation.     

Mixed convection in gravity-driven nano-liquid film containing both nanoparticles and gyrotactic microorganisms

Analysis of a gravity-induced film flow of a fluid containing both nanoparticles and gyrotactic microorganisms along a convectively heated vertical surface is presented. The Buongiorno model is applied. Two kinds of boundary conditions, the passive and the active boundary conditions, are considered to investigate this film flow phenomenon. Through a set of similarity variables, the ordinary differential equations that describe the conservation of the momentum, the thermal energy, the nanoparticles, and the microorganisms are derived and then solved numerically by an efficient finite difference technique. The effects of various physical parameters on the profiles of momentum, thermal energy, nanoparticles, microorganisms, local skin friction, local Nusselt number, local wall mass flux, and local wall motile microorganisms flux are investigated. It is expected that the passively controlled nanofluid model can be much more easily achieved and applied in real circumstances than the actively controlled model.     

On pressure and thermal flux in gas-mixture flows and in two-phase flows

To begin with, two different definitions of pressure, thermal flux, etc. in the diffusion model and two-fluid model are given. Then the physical interpretations of the pressure and the thermal flux are provided by introducing the momentum and energy fluxes,M and ε, through a surface dS in the flow field. The quantities defined in the diffusion model are suggested when the motion of the mixture is studied as a whole, while the quantities defined in the two-fluid model are suggested when the motion of individual species is studied. The collision pressure and thermal flux in dense gas-mixtures are also discussed in detail, i.e. their origin, their expressions in the momentum and energy equations, and their distinctions from the normal partial pressure and thermal flux. A gas-particle flow can be treated as a flow of dense gas-mixtures. The long-standing controversy whether the “inertial coupling term” should exist in the momentum equation can be clarified by the two different definitions of pressure.     

帘线/橡胶复合材料各向异性黏-超弹性本构模型

帘线/橡胶复合材料广泛应用于轮胎等重要工程领域,为了描述其在服役条件下的大变形、非线性、各向异性和高应变率等材料力学行为,基于纤维增强复合材料连续介质力学理论,提出了一种考虑应变率效应的帘线/橡胶复合材料各向异性黏-超弹性本构模型. 该模型中单位体积的应变能被解耦为便于参数识别的基体等容变形能、帘线拉伸变形能、剪切应变能和黏性应变能四部分. 给出了模型参数的确定方法,并通过拟合文献中单轴拉伸、偏轴拉伸实验数据,得到了模型参数. 利用该模型预测了不同加载和变形条件下的力学行为,并将预测结果与实验结果对比分析. 结果表明, 考虑黏性模型和不考虑黏性模型对不同应变率变形条件下的预测结果相差很大,且考虑黏性模型的预测结果与实验结果吻合很好. 因此,与不考虑黏性模型相比,所提出的各向异性黏-超弹性本构模型能更好地表征帘线/橡胶复合材料在大变形、高应变率条件下的力学特性.      

模拟畸形波的聚焦波浪模型

利用改进的高阶谱方法建立了模拟极限波的二维聚焦模型,通过与Baldock(1996)的实验结果和理论值的比较,验证了模型的正确性,并分析了波浪非线性的相互作用对聚焦结果的影响. 通过改进Longuet-Higgins海浪模型,给出了4种实验室聚焦模拟畸形波的波浪模型:极限波聚焦模型+随机波模型;极限波聚焦模型+规则波模型;相位角分布范围调制聚焦模型;相同相位角组成波个数调制聚焦模型. 基于上述完全非线性数值波浪模型,采用不同的能量分配方式,在有限模拟长度和时间内得到了具有不同$H_{\max}/H_{s}$值的畸形波.      

The Onset of Convection in an Anisotropic Porous Layer Using a Thermal Non-Equilibrium Model

The stability of a horizontal fluid saturated anisotropic porous layer heated from below and cooled from above is examined analytically when the solid and fluid phases are not in local thermal equilibrium. Darcy model with anisotropic permeability is employed to describe the flow and a two-field model is used for energy equation each representing the solid and fluid phases separately. The linear stability theory is implemented to compute the critical Rayleigh number and the corresponding wavenumber for the onset of convective motion. The effect of thermal non-equilibrium and anisotropy in both mechanical and thermal properties of the porous medium on the onset of convection is discussed. Besides, asymptotic analysis for both very small and large values of the interphase heat transfer coefficient is also presented. An excellent agreement is found between the exact and asymptotic solutions. Some known results, which correspond to thermal equilibrium and isotropic porous medium, are recovered in limiting cases.     

Transportation of heat through Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model in non-Newtonian fluid subject to internal resistance of particles

Thermal conduction which happens in all phases(liquid,solid,and gas) is the transportation of internal energy through minuscule collisions of particles and movement of electrons within a working body.The colliding particles comprise electrons,molecules,and atoms,and transfer disorganized microscopic potential and kinetic energy,mutually known as the internal energy.In engineering sciences,heat transfer comprises the processes of convection,thermal radiation,and sometimes mass transportation.Typically,more than one of these procedures may happen in a given circumstance.We use the Cattaneo-Christov(CC) heat flux model instead of the Fourier law of heat conduction to discuss the behavior of heat transportation.A mathematical model is presented for the Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion(CCDD) in the flow of a non-Newtonian nanofluid(the Jeffrey fluid) towards a stretched surface.The magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) fluid is considered.The behaviors of heat and mass transportation rates are discussed with the CCDD.These models are based on Fourier's and Fick's laws.The convective transportation in nanofluids is discussed,subject to thermophoresis and Brownian diffusions.The nonlinear governing flow expression is first altered into ordinary differential equations via appropriate transformations,and then numerical solutions are obtained through the built-in-shooting method.The impact of sundry flow parameters is discussed on the velocity,the skin friction coefficient,the temperature,and the concentration graphically.It is reported that the velocity of material particles decreases with higher values of the Deborah number and the ratio of the relaxation to retardation time parameter.The temperature distribution enhances when the Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters increase.The concentration shows contrasting impact versus the Lewis number and the Brownian motion parameter.It is also noticed that the skin friction coefficient decreases when the ratio of the relaxation to retardation time parameter increases.     

An experimental investigation on interior thermal conditions and human body temperatures during cooling period in automobile

Determining the thermal conditions in an automobile and their effects on the driver is an important issue from both thermal comfort and driving safety points of view. Especially in hot summer season, the interior thermal conditions in automobile change rapidly when the air conditioning unit runs. In this study, standard air conditioning system is switched in an automobile parked in the sun and then the interior thermal conditions of the automobile are determined in detail during the 1-h cooling period. During the period, relative humidity, air velocity, air and surface temperature measurements are taken at numerous locations in the automobile. Moreover, in order to evaluate the effects of transient interior thermal conditions on the occupant, the skin temperatures of human body are measured at nine points. In addition to this, the thermal sensation of the human subject is also questioned during the cooling period. Subjective thermal comfort data is recorded using a questionnaire. The series of tests are conducted on two different automobiles, and the experimental results for both automobiles are presented and scrutinized.     

Thermal stresses in two- and three-component anisotropic materials

This paper deals with an analytical model of thermal stresses which originate during a cooling process of an anisotropic solid continuum with uniaxial or triaxial anisotropy. The anisotropic solid continuum consists of anisotropic spherical particles periodically distributed in an anisotropic infinite matrix. The particles are or are not embedded in an anisotropic spherical envelope, and the infinite matrix is imaginarily divided into identical cubic cells with central particles. The thermal stresses are thus investigated within the cubic cell. This mulfi-particle-（envelope）-matrix system based on the cell model is applicable to two- and three-component materials of precipitate-matrix and precipitate-envelope-matrix types, respectively. Finally, an analysis of the determination of the thermal stresses in the multi-par- ticle-（envelope）-matrix system which consists of isotropic as well as uniaxial- and/or triaxial-anisotropic components is presented. Additionally, the thermal-stress induced elastic energy density for the anisotropic components is also derived. These analytical models which are valid for isotropic, anisotropic and isotropic-anisotropic multi-particle- （envelope）-matrix systems represent the determination of important material characteristics. This analytical determination includes： （1） the determination of a critical particle radius which defines a limit state regarding the crack initiation in an elastic, elastic-plastic and plastic components; （2） the determination of dimensions and a shape of a crack propagated in a ceramic components; （3） the determination of an energy barrier and micro-/macro-strengthening in a component; and （4） analytical-（experimental）-computational methods of the lifetime prediction. The determination of the thermal stresses in the anisotropic components presented in this paper can be used to determine these material characteristics of real two- and three-component materials with anisotropic components or with anisotropic and isotropic components.