复杂多舱室内炸药爆炸爆轰产物运动二维数值模拟研究

为了研究复杂多舱室空间内炸药爆炸后爆轰产物运动规律,采用三阶WENO有限差分格式,通过耦合求解两组分可压缩欧拉方程,自主编写了多舱室内炸药爆炸过程二维数值计算程序。利用平面激波绕射矩形台阶上的竖直平板实验与数值模拟纹影图进行了对比,图中不同时刻的波系结构和台阶、竖直平板处绕射形成的漩涡结构均证明了文中程序开发的可靠性和正确性。采用验证的程序开展了复杂多舱室内炸药爆炸过程数值计算,探讨了复杂多舱室内炸药爆炸爆轰产物的传播路径及泄压口泄压对爆轰产物运动规律的影响。研究表明:舱室泄压对复杂多舱室内爆轰产物运动的影响,在爆炸初期较小,在爆炸后期较大;爆炸舱室内部泄压能显著地降低相邻舱室超压载荷强度(40%左右),减弱爆炸对相邻舱室的毁伤效应。本文的研究可为进一步探讨、考虑燃烧效应后爆轰产物扩张过程及爆炸毁伤评估提供一定的参考和指导。     

炸药爆轰产物驱动不可压缩刚粘塑性柱壳的运动

从质量和动量守恒关系出发 ,结合炸药爆轰产物压力剖面的分析和假设 ,导出了不可压缩刚粘塑性柱壳在柱面散心和聚心爆轰产物推动作用下的运动方程。应用该方程式计算爆轰驱动柱壳的运动与实验结果及动力有限元程序DYNA2D的数值模拟结果十分接近 ,说明散心爆轰波场合波后产物流场可用柱面Taylor波的近似解合理描述 ,有限初始半径聚心爆轰波后产物流场可用平面Taylor波近似描述。     

爆轰波通过扩张喷管的双曝光全息实验和数值研究

结合实验和数值模拟方法,对以脉冲爆轰发动机为背景的爆轰波通过扩张喷管的流动进行了系列研究。实验采用双曝光全息干涉方法对爆轰波绕射流场进行测量,得到了比传统的纹影法更清晰和可定量化的照片。发展了基于非结构四边形网格自适应有限体积程序,结合基元化学反应模型对扩张喷管中爆轰化学反应流场进行了数值模拟,模拟结果与实验照片吻合较好。实验和数值模拟结果表明,爆轰波绕射具有许多和激波绕射不同的流场特征,其中包括二次起爆现象、化学反应面与前导激波相脱离而引起的复杂流场等,同时初始压力和扩张角度变化也对爆轰波绕射过程产生较大影响,初始压力越低,化学反应区和前导激波分离现象越明显,且前导激波的曲率越大。     

炸药爆轰驱动水的初期过程

采用高速转镜分幅相机,利用阴影照相技术研究了PBX-01炸药爆轰产物在水中的初期演变过程, 获得了爆轰产物与水界面在不同时刻的图像。利用LS-DYNA程序对该实验进行了数值模拟,得到了水中冲 击波迹线、炸药爆轰产物与水界面随时间膨胀的位置、速度。数值计算结果与实验结果具有较好的一致性,所 得参数可为进一步设计改进实验提供参考。理论分析表明,水在爆轰产物作用下的最高瞬间温度约342K, 未到达水在实验压力条件下的相变汽化温度。     

强爆轰驱动飞片的数值模拟研究

在一维流体动力学程序中,使用了JWLT状态方程,对强爆轰驱动飞片的实验模型进行了数值模拟研究,得到了炸药爆轰产物的压力和密度分布,验证了强爆轰的存在,同时得到了二级飞片自由面的速度曲线,与实验测量结果符合较好,为解释实验结果和设计新的强爆轰实验提供了计算依据,同时验证了程序的正确性。     

TATB基非均质炸药预冲击减敏的数值模拟

为了对一种TATB基非均质炸药的预冲击起爆现象展开数值模拟研究,将基于冲击温度及压力的AWSD反应率模型耦合进二维结构网格拉氏弹塑性流体力学程序。利用炸药及其产物的冲击雨贡纽实验数据校验了未反应炸药及产物的状态方程参数,通过一维冲击起爆的模拟,标定了反应速率模型参数。模拟了炸药在弱冲击0.45 μs后跟随的强冲击波的二次冲击实验,结果表明,受预压缩区域的炸药反应变慢,到爆轰距离增长了约1 mm,与该炸药二次冲击实验减敏现象相符。模拟拐角效应时,爆轰波经过拐角后,在拐角附近形成稳定的不起爆区域,与主要成分相同的LX-17炸药的拐角效应实验的死区特征相符。数值模拟结果表明,基于冲击温度及压力的AWSD反应率模型可以较好地模拟非均质炸药预冲击减敏问题。     

金属柱壳膨胀断裂的实验与数值模拟

基于一端起爆的柱壳外爆加载装置,采用多普勒速度测量仪(DPS)及高速分幅相机联合诊断柱壳的膨胀断裂过程。实验获得了壳体表面的速度历史和膨胀变形、裂纹萌生扩展到爆轰产物泄露的动态图像。利用光滑粒子流体动力学方法(SPH)开展了对应的数值模拟,计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。实验与数值模拟结果系统地给出了冲击波入射柱壳角、爆轰波稀疏角、内壁速度压力历史及壳体变形应变、壳体断裂等物理信息。     

单次脉冲爆轰发动机工作过程的数值模拟

通过求解14组分和19个基元反应的CH4-O2-N2详细化学反应动力学机理的二维轴对称Navier-Stokes方程,对爆轰管内半球形高温火团引发的爆轰过程和爆轰波进入外流场后的全流场分布进行数值模拟。模拟结果显示了爆轰波在管内的成长、稳定传播、进入尾喷管后衰减为激波和进入外流场的全过程,以及爆轰管出口端附近区域的复杂涡与激波的相互作用。对轴线上的压力分布和封闭端的压力等进行了讨论,为脉冲爆轰发动机的开发研制提供参考信息。     

2021-08期封面

铝粉反应模型是对悬浮铝粉尘气-固两相爆轰进行数值模拟研究的关键。通过考虑铝粉燃烧产物氧化铝（Al₂O₃）在高温下的分解吸热反应,改进了铝粉的扩散燃烧模型。将该模型嵌入到三维的气-固两相爆轰数值计算程序中,分别对铝粉/空气混合物以及铝粉/氧气混合物的爆轰进行了数值模拟,计算得到的稳定爆轰波速度与实验结果、文献值均吻合较好,误差小于5.5%,表明改进的铝粉反应模型适用于不同氧化气体氛围中铝粉尘爆轰的模拟计算。此外,对两相爆轰参数及爆轰流场的物理量分布进行分析,获得了铝粉反应模型对爆轰波结构的影响规律。     

组合状态方程在数值计算上的应用及分析

利用建立在爆轰产物实验等熵线数据上的组合状态方程以及常用的Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL)和Becker-Kistiakowsky-Wilson (BKW)爆轰产物状态方程进行了爆炸数值分析。状态方程数值计算的压力波形与实验波形的对比表明:组合状态方程和JWL状态方程计算的波形的到时、峰值、形状能够与实验吻合;BKW状态方程等熵式计算的数值波形峰值基本能够与实验吻合,但形状吻合不佳。     

On some conditions for detonation initiation downstream of a perforated plate

An experimental study is presented of the influence of detonation wave parameters and detonation product composition upstream of a perforated plate on the onset of detonation downstream. Experiments were performed in detonation tube 106 mm in diameter, separated into two sections by a perforated plate combined with a diaphragm. The tube was equipped with pressure sensors and a semi-cylindrical smoked foil. Hydrogen–air mixtures with different hydrogen concentrations were used upstream and downstream of the perforated plate. It is shown for mixtures containing 25 and 34 % of hydrogen in air that the onset of detonation downstream depends on detonation parameters upstream of the perforated plate. An increase in the initial pressure upstream of the plate leads to detonation initiation immediately downstream. The variation of mixture composition upstream of a perforated plate does not affect on detonation initiation downstream under the present experimental conditions.     

A Novel Fluid Structure Interaction Experiment to Investigate Deformation of Structural Elements Subjected to Impulsive Loading

This paper presents a novel experimental methodology for the study of dynamic deformation of structures under underwater impulsive loading. The experimental setup simulates fluid–structure interactions (FSI) encountered in various applications of interest. To generate impulsive loading similar to blast, a specially designed flyer plate impact experiment was designed and implemented. The design is based on scaling analysis to achieve a laboratory scale apparatus that can capture essential features in the deformation and failure of large scale naval structures. In the FSI setup, a water chamber made of a steel tube is incorporated into a gas gun apparatus. A scaled structure is fixed at one end of the steel tube and a water piston seals the other end. A flyer plate impacts the water piston and produces an exponentially decaying pressure history in lieu of explosive detonation. The pressure induced by the flyer plate propagates and imposes an impulse to the structure (panel specimen), which response elicits bubble formation and water cavitations. Calibration experiments and numerical simulations proved the experimental setup to be functional. A 304 stainless steel monolithic plate was tested and analyzed to assess its dynamic deformation behavior under impulsive loading. The experimental diagnostic included measurements of flyer impact velocity, pressure wave history in the water, and full deformation fields by means of shadow moiré and high speed photography.     

爆震室壁面条件对脉冲爆震发动机爆震性能的影响

在爆震室内快速形成稳定传播的爆轰波是脉冲爆震发动机的关键．本文利用有限速率化学反应模型,考虑粘性、热对流,基于N-S方程对氢气与空气/氧气为反应混合物的爆震发动机爆震室内流场进行计算．从流场压力、速度、涡量、湍流动能等方面研究爆震室壁面条件对燃烧爆轰性能的影响,分析流场爆轰波压力与流场湍动能的关系,讨论可燃气体燃烧转爆轰的机理．结果表明：爆震室内燃烧爆轰机理受到化学反应能量释放、壁面摩擦效应、壁面与外界热交换的影响．在文中讨论的范围内,相比于半圆形和三角形的爆震室装置,矩形的爆震室增强装置能在更短的时间内得到较高的爆轰波压力和湍动能峰值．壁面粗糙层高度（粗糙度）影响爆震室的燃烧爆轰性质．当壁面粗糙度为0.15mm时,粗糙度对爆轰的激励作用大于抑制作用,能较快形成稳定的爆轰波,且推力为35.5N;随着壁面对流换热系数的增大,爆震室壁面的散热加剧．当壁面对流换热系数大于临界值2.6W/(m2·K)时,爆震室内不能形成稳定的爆震波．     

304L/Q235B大面积金属板爆炸焊接物质点法模拟分析

大面积金属板材304L/Q235B的爆炸焊接过程涉及炸药爆轰、金属板材的高速碰撞和塑性变形等。采用有限元法计算模拟这个问题时,网格单元会发生扭曲畸变现象,导致计算精度下降,甚至出现单元负体积而使计算终止,并且炸药爆轰形成气体产物飞散过程也很难模拟。为了能模拟大面积金属板材的爆炸焊接整个过程并获得合理的技术工艺参数,采用物质点法进行三维数值模拟分析。物质点法作为一种无网格法,在模拟冲击动力学问题中主要采用显式积分算法。通过将拉格朗日质点单元与固定的欧拉背景网格相结合,可以实现爆炸焊接的复板与基板的高速碰撞、炸药滑移爆轰、金属板面的塑性变形过程的数值模拟,并给出爆炸复合板材的形变、有效塑性应变和复板与基板的碰撞速度的计算结果。采用物质点法模拟的复合板材变形与爆炸焊接实验结果基本一致。计算复板与基板的碰撞速度这个重要的物理参数时,物质点法与Richter理论公式的相对误差不超过13%。数值计算和实验结果表明,物质点法在数值精度和计算效率方面具有优势,物质点法是研究金属焊接爆炸问题的一种有效数值方法。     

Advances in detonation driving techniques for a shock tube/tunnel

Early works on the detonation driven shock tube are reviewed briefly. High initial pressure detonable mixture can be used in backward-detonation driver when the buffer tube is attached to the end of the driver for eliminating the excessive reflected peak pressure. Experimental data showed that an improvement on attenuation of the incident shock wave generated by the forward driver can be obtained, provided the diameter of the driver is larger than that of the driven section and an abrupt reduction of cross-section area is placed just beyond the diaphragm. Also, it is clearly verified by a numerical analysis. An additional backward-detonation driver is proposed to attach to the primary detonation driver and on condition that the ratios of initial pressure in the additional driver to that in the primary driver exceed the threshold value, the Taylor wave behind detonation wave in the primary detonation driver can be eliminated completely.     

Limits and mechanism of detonation re-initiation behind a multi-orifice plate

An experimental investigation was performed to establish the dependence of concentration limits of detonation re-initiation behind a multi-orifice plate on mixture composition and initial pressure for hydrogen–air mixtures. The experiments were carried out in detonation tubes of diameter 106 and 141 mm, separated by a multi-orifice plate into two sections. The tubes were equipped with pressure gauges and a semi-cylindrical smoked plate. It is shown that initial pressure has strong influence on the value of concentration limit, especially for lean hydrogen–air mixtures. On the basis of soot records it can be inferred that re-initiation occurs due to two different mechanisms that depend on the mixture sensitivity and properties of the multi-orifice plate.     

氢气/丙烷/空气预混气体爆轰性能的实验研究

通过采用压力传感器和烟灰板两种测试设备,开展了常温常压下氢气/丙烷和空气混合气体爆轰性能的实验研究。实验过程中观察到自持爆轰波,爆轰速度比值在0.99~1之间,爆轰压力比值在0.8~1.2之间。爆轰胞格尺寸在10~50 mm范围内,建立了爆轰胞格尺寸和化学诱导长度的关系式。随着丙烷不断添加,爆轰速度减小,而爆轰压力和胞格尺寸增加。这种变化趋势起初较快,而后变缓。因为起初氢气摩尔分数较大,混合气体趋向于氢气/空气的爆轰性能;而后因丙烷摩尔质量较大,丙烷逐渐起主要作用,混合气体表现出丙烷/空气的爆轰性能。     

高浓度氩气稀释气体爆轰波临界管径和临界间距关系

建立圆管及环形管道系统研究临近极限下爆轰波在管道内传播失效机理。选用C₂H₂+2.5O₂+70%Ar气体,采用光纤探针测量爆轰波在管道内传播速度,用烟迹法记录管道内爆轰波胞格结构。结果表明:初始压力远大于爆轰极限压力时,爆轰波在管道内以稳定速度传播;随着初始压力的减小,爆轰波速度逐渐降低;当初始压力一定时,爆轰波速度随着管道尺寸的减小而逐渐减小;当初始压力达到临界压力时,爆轰波在进入到管道内后其速度会逐渐衰减直至爆轰波完全失效。对于不同几何尺寸的圆管与环管,通过引入无量纲参数d/λ及w /λ(d为圆管管径,w为环管间距,λ为爆轰胞格尺寸)得出,爆轰波在管道内传播的临界圆管直径为环形间距的2倍,与理论模型结果相吻合,验证了稳态气体基于爆轰波波面曲率的失效机理。     

Detonation Initiation by Shock Reflection from an Orifice Plate

Results from an experimental investigation of the interaction of a “non-ideal” shock wave and a single obstacle are reported. The shock wave is produced ahead of an accelerated flame in a 14 cm inner-diameter tube partially filled with orifice plates. The shock wave interacts with a single larger blockage orifice plate placed 15–45 cm after the last orifice plate in the flame acceleration section of the tube. Experiments were performed with stoichiometric ethylene–oxygen mixtures with varying amounts of nitrogen dilution at atmospheric pressure and temperature. The critical nitrogen dilution was found for detonation initiation. It is shown that detonation initiation occurs if the chemical induction time based on the reflected shock state is shorter than the time required for an acoustic wave to traverse the orifice plate upstream surface, from the inner to the outer diameter. The similarity between the present results and those obtained from previous investigators looking at detonation initiation by ideal shock reflection produced in a shock tube indicates that the phenomenon is not sensitive to the detailed structure of the shock front but only on the average shock strength.This paper is based on work that was presented at the 20th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Montreal, Canada, July 31–August 5, 2005.