爆轰波管中铝粉尘爆轰的数值模拟

用两相流模型对爆轰波管中的铝粉尘的爆轰波进行了研究。模型考虑了气体和颗粒两相间速度和温度的不同及由于管壁引起的对流热传导和粘性引起的耗散,考虑了由于铝颗粒表面粗糙使得表面积增加的因素。铝颗粒的点火判据使用了新的判据,即铝颗粒在激波后的气流中温度达到铝的熔点且铝全部熔化即被点火。数值模拟了内径为15.2cm的爆轰波管中铝粉尘中爆轰波的传播和发展,得到了爆轰波速度及铝颗粒点火距离,还得到了爆轰流场中物理量的分布。从前导激波面到CJ面处,两相间的速度和温度有明显的差别。还考虑了粒子由于粗糙引起的表面积增加对爆轰波的影响,这个因素对铝颗粒的点火距离的影响较大,对这里计算的铝粉尘爆轰波的速度基本没有影响。结果表明,两相流模型可以较好地描述铝粉尘的爆轰过程,得到具有很粗糙表面、平均粒子直径为3.4m的铝粉尘浓度为304g/m3时爆轰波的速度为1.63km/s,点火距离为3mm,与实验值符合较好。     

悬浮RDX炸药和铝颗粒混合粉尘爆轰的数值模拟

采用两相流方法对炸药颗粒直径为20.0 m时与铝颗粒混合物的爆轰波的发展与传播过程及爆轰波参数进行了数值计算。结果表明,在炸药粉尘中加入铝颗粒,可以大大提高爆轰波参数。当铝颗粒直径为3.4 m时,尽管铝颗粒的直径较炸药颗粒直径小,但由于炸药颗粒的点火温度低,二者的点火时间相差不多。如果铝颗粒的直径为7.0 m,由于铝颗粒的点火滞后于炸药颗粒的点火,混合颗粒粉尘中可能形成双波阵面的爆轰波。     

铝粉/氢气/空气混合爆轰现象试验研究

混合爆轰现象既包含气相反应又包含两相反应,具有复杂性和多样性.爆轰推进技术在新领域的突破性应用与发展,依赖对爆轰现象的深刻认识.文章采用卧式爆轰管开展铝粉/氢气/空气混合爆轰试验,将μm和nm量级的球形铝粉与当量比的氢气和空气通过扬尘充分混合,在长13 m和直径224 mm的管内直接起爆混合物.试验中观测到不同种类的混合爆轰波,包括双波面和单波面结构.通过对爆轰燃气中铝粉点火燃烧特性的分析,阐明了两相反应对铝粉/氢气/空气混合爆轰波结构的直接影响.粒径100 nm和1μm时,混合爆轰呈现单波面结构,对比气相爆轰爆速和压力峰值都有增加,铝粉点火释热开始于声速面之前.粒径20μm和40μm铝粉点火较慢,混合爆轰呈现出双波面结构,气相反应释热支持第一道波,而铝粉燃烧支持第二道波.粒径10μm时,测得爆轰波压力曲线是单波峰,峰值压力有大幅提高,但是爆速并没有增加.其本质是两波面距离很近的双波面结构,由于传感器空间辨识能力的不足而无法在压力曲线中区分.混合爆轰试验结果充分解释了铝粉/氢气/空气混合爆轰现象,反映了铝粉在复杂条件下的燃烧特性,并且明确了铝粉的点火燃烧特性对混合爆轰现象的影响机理.     

基于CE/SE方法模拟空气中RDX-Al悬浮粉尘的两相爆轰

通过CE/SE方法模拟了空气中炸药-铝粉尘的两相爆轰过程, 研究了双粉尘爆轰过程中粒子不同密度对爆轰波速度、压力的影响, 得到密度与波速、爆压间的线性关系。模拟得到悬浮粉尘在复杂通道中的爆轰波传播过程, 研究了双粉尘爆轰的流场演化过程, 选取流场中的一些点对该处流场的压力及温度随时间的变化进行重点研究, 对比了单铝粉尘在同种条件下的爆轰过程, 发现双粉尘爆轰明显提高了爆轰波波速和流场的压力及温度。模拟结果表明CE/SE方法可以成功模拟双粉尘的爆轰过程, 可为多粉尘爆轰的研究提供参考。     

铝粉/空气二维黏性两相爆轰的数值模拟

为了深入研究爆轰波形成和传播的机理与特性,建立了管内铝粉/空气二维黏性两相爆轰过程的数学模型,采用守恒元与求解元方法进行数值计算,并对其物理参数的分布进行了分析。结果表明:管内燃烧转爆轰的初期,压力沿径向变化明显,与壁面碰撞有明显的反射波;燃烧转爆轰的中后期,压力沿轴向变化明显,但径向效应仍不能忽视,碰撞形成的反射波对最终稳定爆轰波的形成影响较大。研究结果同时表明:不仅铝粉颗粒初始半径对爆轰波的形成与传播有一定的影响;而且气体的黏性作用在研究爆轰管内近壁面处流场时不容忽视。研究结果有利于进一步揭示铝粉燃烧转爆轰的机理。     

一维粉尘爆轰波结构的数值计算

本文发展了P.Wolanski等人建立的关于一维自持粉尘-空气混合物的爆轰模型,考虑了气、固两相通过击波以后的温度弛豫效应。作者根据文献中所建立的Chapman-Jouguet条件的表述:在定常爆轰的C-J平面上,我们有M=1和dM=0,给出了一种确定自持爆速的有效算法。这一方法具有独立于方程组的积分方式,因而优于至今人们给出的其他同类算法。用改进后的模型和算法,作者对粉尘爆轰波结构的基本特征和参数影响作了初步探讨。文中一些理论结果还与国外同类实验结果进行了对比。     

大型水平爆轰管中悬浮铝粉爆炸过程的实验研究

铝粉的燃烧与爆轰性能是粉尘爆炸领域研究的热点.利用长29.6m,内径199mm,配有40套喷粉扬尘系统的水平爆轰管,在40J电火花点火条件下,实现了悬浮铝粉-空气混和物火焰加速、爆燃、爆轰及其转捩过程,测得了爆炸波传播过程中的压力信号,并且观察到了爆轰波的稳定传播现象.实验结果表明,当铝粉浓度为300 g/m3时,在距离点火端10.15m(长径比L/D=51)处发生了DDT,测得的爆轰波传播过程中管内的最大爆速为1840m/s,最大峰值超压为10.5MPa.铝粉尘爆炸波在爆轰管内的传播过程可分为爆燃段、爆燃转爆轰(DDT)、爆轰增强以及稳态爆轰四个阶段.     

激波点燃粉尘的数值模拟研究

建立了用于模拟入射激波后可燃粉尘颗粒点火的一维非定常两相化学反应流模型，该模型考虑了气固两相间的相互作用、粉尘颗粒的加速、加热和化学反应。粉尘颗粒着火前的化学反应用发生在颗粒外表面和内孔表面的非均相反应描述，颗粒内部的温度变化用一含有化学反应源项的非稳态热传导方程来描述，以颗粒外表面温度的突跃上升作为可燃粉尘颗粒点燃的着火条件。我们用该模型和ＰＳＩＣ方法，对由中等强度激波从纯气相传入煤粉－氧气混合物而引起的非定常两相流动现象，包括气固两相间的相互作用、粉尘颗粒的加速、加热以及点火过程进行了数值研究，计算了对应于不同载荷比、马赫数为４～５的入射激波后煤尘颗粒的点火延迟时间，分析了由于可燃粉尘颗粒的存在，入射激波及波后气固两相流动参数的变化规律。数值计算结果与实验数据符合较好。文中建立的模型和所用的基于ＰＳＩＣ算法的数值方法，用最自然的方式描述气固两相流动，即用连续流模型（欧拉方程）描述输运相（气相）的流动，用轨道颗粒模型（拉格朗日方程）描述分散相（颗粒相）的运动。用这种方法模拟含尘介质中激波后颗粒的点火是很有效的，它可以清楚地确定哪一个颗粒群最先着火，它的初始位置以及在整个点火延迟时间内     

简化CH4/O2/N2基元反应模型在爆轰模拟中的应用

基于改进的全耦合TVD格式和简化的基元化学反应模型,建立了二维可燃预混合气爆轰波传播过程的模型并编制了相应的CFD程序,对CH4／O2／N2预混气爆轰波的形成和传播进行了数值模拟。使用不同的计算初始条件来考察模型的计算模拟能力,计算结果表明,该模型能够精确捕捉爆轰波及其波后的反射过程,同时,也能够预测不同计算初始条件下爆轰波的传播轨迹。计算结果与相同条件下CJ爆轰理论模型的计算结果进行了比较,两者符合较好,这表明简化的CH4／O2／N2机理能够较好地应用于可燃气爆轰过程的数值计算中。     

铝粉－空气混合物燃烧转爆轰（DDT）过程的实验研

在水平粉尘爆轰管上分别对２ｍ、５ｍ和１３ｍ三种粒径的铝粉－空气混合物进行了弱点火条件下燃烧转爆轰的实验研究。实验分别考察了粉尘浓度、颗粒尺度及扬尘方法等因素对爆轰特性（如爆轰速度、最大压力等）的影响。结果表明，２ｍ球形铝粉最大爆轰压力达７．８ＭＰａ、稳态爆速达１．９５ｋｍ／ｓ；５ｍ铝粉亦有爆轰特征，但状态较弱；１３ｍ的铝粉达不到爆轰。混合物的浓度对爆轰参数有影响，并存在最优浓度，在此浓度下，爆轰参数取得最大值，而且最优浓度的值随粉尘颗粒直径增加而增大。扬尘方法对爆轰特性有影响，预混粉尘与激波卷扬粉尘对比实验表明，其压力与速度的典型差别分别高达３００％与７４％。     

Three-dimensional cellular structure of detonations in suspensions of aluminium particles

Recently, we have used scarce available data on the detonation cell size in suspensions of aluminium particles in air and oxygen to adjust the kinetic parameters of our two-phase model of detonations in these mixtures. The calculated detonation cell width was derived by means of two-dimensional (2D) unsteady simulations using an assumption of cylindrical symmetry of the flow in the tube. However, in reality, the detonation cells are three-dimensional (3D). In this work, we have applied the same detonation model which is based on the continuous mechanics of two-phase flows, for 3D numerical simulations of cellular detonation structures in aluminium particle suspensions in oxygen. Reasonable agreement on the detonation cell width was obtained with the aforementioned 2D results. The range of tube diameters where detonations in $\text{ Al/O}_2$ mixture at a given particle size and concentration would propagate in the spinning mode has been estimated (these results make a complement to our previous analysis of spinning detonations in Al/air mixtures). Coupling these results with the dependencies of detonation cell size on the mean particle diameter is of great interest for the understanding of fundamental mechanisms of detonation propagation in solid particle suspensions in gas and can help to better guide the experimental studies of detonations in aluminium suspensions. It is shown that the part of detonation wave energy used for transverse kinetic energy of both gas and particles is quite small, which explains why the propagation velocity of spinning and multi-headed detonations reasonably agrees with the ideal CJ values.     

RDX基含铝炸药爆轰波结构实验研究

为了获得含铝炸药爆轰反应区附近铝粉的反应情况,对两种RDX/Al炸药和一种RDX/LiF炸药的爆轰波结构进行了测量。实验过程中,利用火炮加载产生一维平面波,通过光子多普勒测速仪测量炸药/LiF窗口的界面粒子速度。结果表明:含铝炸药爆轰波的结构与理想炸药的差异较大,其界面粒子速度曲线没有明显的拐点;反应初期,由于气相产物与添加物之间温度的非平衡性,RDX/Al界面的粒子速度低于RDX/LiF炸药的;随后,由于铝粉反应放能,RDX/Al界面的粒子速度高于RDX/LiF炸药的;微米尺度铝粉在CJ面前几乎不发生反应;2、10 μm等两种粒度铝粉的反应延滞时间小于0.8 μs;在本文中,两种粒度铝粉的反应度为16%~31%。     

Initiation of detonation regimes in hybrid two-phase mixtures

The problem of detonation initiation is studied in the case of hybrid two-phase mixtures consisting of a hydrogen-air gaseous mixture with suspended fine aluminium particles. In preceding works on this subject, investigation of the steady propagation regimes has shown that three main propagation regimes could exist: the Pseudo-Gas Detonation (PGD), the Single-Front Detonation (SFD), and the Double-Front Detonation (DFD). In the present study, a one-dimensional unsteady numerical code has been improved to study the build-up of the detonation in a heterogeneous solid particle gas mixture contained in a tube. The initiation is simulated by the deposition of a given energy in a point source explosion, and the formation of the detonation is observed over distances of 15 m to 30 m. As the code has been designed to run on a micro-computer, memory limitations preclude sufficient accuracy for quantitative results, however, good qualitative agreement has been found with the results of the steady analysis. In addition, it has been demonstrated that when both PGD and SFD could exist at the same particle concentration, the PGD regime was unstable and was able to exist only over a limited distance (a few meters): after some time, the reaction of aluminium particles in the unsteady flow perturbs the leading wave and accelerates it to the SFD regime. Influence of particle diameter and of initiation energy are examined.     

气相爆轰波近失效状态的传播模式

选用五种碳氢混合气体,采用高压电火花起爆的方法,利用光纤探针测量爆轰波在管道内的传播速度,研究临近失效状态时爆轰波在管道内的传播模式。实验是在自行研制的爆轰管道中进行的,其包括驱动段及内径分别为1.5、3.2、12.7 mm三种规格的测试段。实验结果再次验证了爆轰波在管道内传播时可以有六种不同的传播模式:稳态爆轰、快速波动爆轰、结巴式爆轰、驰振爆轰、低速爆轰和爆轰失效。其中C₂H₂+2.5O₂+70% Ar、C₂H₂+2.5O₂+85% Ar两种组分混合气体（具有较低活化能）,在爆轰波传播过程中只有稳态、快速波动和失效三种模式;而C₃H₈+5O₂、C₂H₂+5N₂O和CH₄+2O₂三种组分混合气体（具有较高活化能）在传播过程中出现六种不同模式。上述结果表明,除气体组分、初始压力等因素外,混合气体的活化能可能对爆轰波在管道内的传播状态也有影响。     

Investigation of detonation initiation in aluminium suspensions

Detonation initiation is investigated in aluminium/oxygen and aluminium/air mixtures. Critical conditions for initiation of spherical detonations are examined in analogy with the criteria defined for gaseous mixtures, which correlate critical parameters of detonation initiation to the characteristic size of the cellular structure. However, experimental data on the detonation cell size in these two-phase mixtures are very scarce, on account of the difficulty to perform large-scale experiments. Therefore, 2D numerical simulations of the detonation cellular structure have been undertaken, with the same combustion model for Al/air and Al/O₂ mixtures. The cell size is found to be λ = 37.5 cm for a rich (r = 1.61) aluminium–air mixture, and λ = 7.5 cm for a stoichiometric aluminium-oxygen mixture, which is in reasonable agreement with available experimental data. Calculations performed in large-scale configurations (up to 25 m in length and 1.5 m in lateral direction) suggest that the critical initiation energy and predetonation radius for direct initiation of the unconfined detonation in the aluminium–air mixture are, respectively, 10 kg of TNT and 8 m. Moreover, numerical simulations reveal that the structure of the detonation wave behind the leading front is even more complicated than in pure gaseous mixtures, due to two-phase flow effects. This paper is based on work that was presented at the 21st International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Poitiers, France, July 23–27, 2007.     

T型管内流动气体中爆轰绕射过程的数值模拟

基于带化学反应的二维Euler方程,对H₂、O₂、Ar体积比为2:1:1的混合气体系统在T型管内的爆轰绕射进行了数值模拟。用二阶附加半隐的Runge-Kutta法和五阶WENO格式分别离散欧拉方程的时间和空间导数项,采用9组分48步基元反应简化模型描述爆轰波在静止系统和流动系统中的传播过程,得到了温度、压力、典型组元H质量分数的分布及数值胞格结构。结果表明:在流动系统中,迎风面上波阵面为斜爆轰结构,静止系统两侧和顺风面上的波阵面为完全解耦的前导激波;在水平管中,波阵面与上下壁面经历一系列马赫碰撞后,最终形成正爆轰;在流动系统中,胞格结构明显向下游偏移;横向爆轰波的产生对爆轰波的再生起到了关键作用。     

Two-dimensional numerical simulations of multi-headed detonations in oxygen-aluminum mixtures using an adaptive mesh refinement

Abstract. Two-dimensional numerical simulations of detonations in two-phase lean mixtures of aluminum particles and pure oxygen have been performed. The computational procedure adopts an adaptive mesh refinement methodology in order to increase spatial resolution in the most interesting parts of the flow field. A one-step heterogeneous reaction describes the evaporation and combustion of aluminum. Depending on the gas-phase temperature, the combustion product is aluminum oxide or aluminum monoxide. The results show that the heterogeneous detonations resemble gaseous single-phase ones although the scale of the phenomena is very different. The detonation of aluminum dust evolves into the 2-headed mode of propagation with the characteristic detonation cell width equal to cm. For aluminum dust the cellular structure is much finer. The detonation initially propagates in the 11-headed mode with the characteristic cell width equal to cm and evolves into the 8.5-headed mode with the characteristic cell size $\lambda_{\rm cell}$ equal to cm. Received 7 May 2001 / Accepted 25 March 2002 Published online 23 January 2003 Correspondence to: K. Benkiewicz (e-mail: kbenk@cow.me.aoyama.ac.jp)     

Cellular detonations in bidispersed gas-particle mixtures

Formation of cellular detonation in bi-fractional stoichiometric mixtures of aluminum particles and oxygen is investigated numerically. The detonation cell size depends on the particle diameters and relative concentration of the fractions. Certain degeneration of cellular detonation is obtained when compared to the monodisperse mixtures. It is characterized by maximal pressure decrease, transverse wave relaxation and detonation front rectification. Complete degeneration of cellular detonations and stable propagation of a plane detonation front is found in some bi-fractional mixtures. The numerical results are confirmed by acoustic analysis of the detonation structures. This paper is based on work that was presented at the 21st International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Poitiers, France, July 23–27, 2007.     

增强型喷射器对爆轰波DDT过程的影响

在激波、火焰及射流同时存在的流场中，组织燃烧转爆轰过程是脉冲爆震发动机实现点火、起爆的关键问题。设计一类喷射器，采用C₂H₂/O₂/Ar反应，数值验证了该喷射器能增强爆震室燃料燃烧转爆轰的可行性，并讨论了流场中热点的点火机制。结果显示:该装置在流场中可激发不稳定性，产生漩涡，加速能量、质量的交换。流场产生热点，促进火焰速度加快，追赶前导激波。喷射器位置影响前导激波的运动速度。在一定范围内，前导激波速度越大，碰撞产生的热点越容易激发燃烧转爆轰过程。