A NEW SPATIAL THIN-WALLED BEAM ELEMENT INCLUDING TRANSVERSE AND TORSIONAL SHEAR DEFORMATION

基于Timoshenko梁及Benscoter薄壁杆件理论,建立了考虑剪切变形、弯扭耦合以及翘曲剪应力影响的空间任意开闭口薄壁截面梁单元. 通过引入单元内部结点,对弯曲转角和翘曲角采用三节点Lagrange独立插值的方法,考虑了剪切变形和翘曲剪应力的影响并避免了横向剪切锁死问题;借助载荷作用下薄壁梁的截面运动分析,在位移和应变方程中考虑了弯扭耦合的影响. 通过数值算例将该单元的计算结果与理论解以及商用有限元软件和其他文献中的数值解进行对比和验证,结果对比表明该薄壁梁单元具有良好的精度和收敛性.     

Nonlinear dynamic analysis of Timoshenko beams by BEM. Part I: Theory and numerical implementation

In this two-part contribution, a boundary element method is developed for the nonlinear dynamic analysis of beams of arbitrary doubly symmetric simply or multiply connected constant cross section, undergoing moderate large displacements and small deformations under general boundary conditions, taking into account the effects of shear deformation and rotary inertia. Part I is devoted to the theoretical developments and their numerical implementation and Part II discusses analytical and numerical results obtained from both analytical or numerical research efforts from the literature and the proposed method. The beam is subjected to the combined action of arbitrarily distributed or concentrated transverse loading and bending moments in both directions as well as to axial loading. To account for shear deformations, the concept of shear deformation coefficients is used. Five boundary value problems are formulated with respect to the transverse displacements, to the axial displacement and to two stress functions and solved using the Analog Equation Method, a BEM based method. Application of the boundary element technique yields a nonlinear coupled system of equations of motion. The solution of this system is accomplished iteratively by employing the average acceleration method in combination with the modified Newton–Raphson method. The evaluation of the shear deformation coefficients is accomplished from the aforementioned stress functions using only boundary integration. The proposed model takes into account the coupling effects of bending and shear deformations along the member, as well as the shear forces along the span induced by the applied axial loading.

     

A new beam element for analyzing geometrical and physical nonlinearity

Based on Timoshenko＇s beam theory and Vlasov＇s thin-walled member theory, a new model of spatial thin-walled beam element is developed for analyzing geometrical and physical nonlinearity, which incorporates an interior node and independent interpolations of bending angles and warp and takes diversified factors into consideration, such as traverse shear deformation, torsional shear deformation and their coupling, coupling of flexure and torsion, and the second shear stress. The geometrical nonlinear strain is formulated in updated Lagarange （UL） and the corresponding stiffness matrix is derived. The perfectly plastic model is used to account for physical nonlinearity, and the yield rule of von Mises and incremental relationship of Prandtle-Reuss are adopted. Elastoplastic stiffness matrix is obtained by numerical integration based on the finite segment method, and a finite element program is compiled. Numerical examples manifest that the proposed model is accurate and feasible in the analysis of thin-walled structures.     

薄壁杆系结构的梁元分析模型

本文导出了用于薄壁杆系结构弹性分析的薄壁梁元分析模型，在空间梁元分析模型^[3]的基础上，采用了一种改进的位移模式，考察了薄壁杆件可能发生的拉压，剪切，弯曲，扭转和翘曲等各变形形式以及它们的耦合效应，得出了相应的单元形函数，同时从工程应变的定义出发，采用Taylor级数展开的方法，建立了单元的五阶近似正交变表达式，并建立了相应的薄壁单元刚度方程，从而得出了局部坐标系下单元刚度矩阵的显式，根据本文所导出的薄壁梁元分析模型，编制了相应的结构计算程序，通过算例验证了本文所推导的单元刚度矩阵，同时通过与传统空间梁元计算模型计算结果的比较，阐述了截面翘曲对薄壁杆系结构的影响。     

The dimensional reduction modelling approach for 3D beams: Differential equations and finite-element solutions based on Hellinger–Reissner principle

This paper illustrates an application of the so-called dimensional reduction modelling approach to obtain a mixed, 3D, linear, elastic beam-model.We start from the 3D linear elastic problem, formulated through the Hellinger–Reissner functional, then we introduce a cross-section piecewise-polynomial approximation, and finally we integrate within the cross section, obtaining a beam model that satisfies the cross-section equilibrium and could be applied to inhomogeneous bodies with also a non trivial geometries (such as L-shape cross section). Moreover the beam model can predict the local effects of both boundary displacement constraints and non homogeneous or concentrated boundary load distributions, usually not accurately captured by most of the popular beam models.We modify the beam-model formulation in order to satisfy the axial compatibility (and without violating equilibrium within the cross section), then we introduce axis piecewise-polynomial approximation, and finally we integrate along the beam axis, obtaining a beam finite element. Also the beam finite elements have the capability to describe local effects of constraints and loads. Moreover, the proposed beam finite element describes the stress distribution inside the cross section with high accuracy.In addition to the simplicity of the derivation procedure and the very satisfying numerical performances, both the beam model and the beam finite element can be refined arbitrarily, allowing to adapt the model accuracy to specific needs of practitioners.     

钢筋混凝土双肢剪力墙静力弹塑性分析

建立了由墙肢单元模型、连粱单元模型和连接单元模型组成的钢筋混凝土双肢剪力墙的静力弹塑性分析计算模型。墙肢单元采用以有限元为基础的宏模型;按是否出现对角线剪切破坏,分别建立短连粱计算模型和长连粱计算模型;为计及连粱与墙肢连接界面的相对位移,建立用复合弹簧模拟的连接单元计算模型;给出了确定模型参数的方法。对有关文献的短连粱和长连粱双肢剪力墙试件进行了静力弹塑性分析,分析结果与试验结果符合较好。     

Static behavior and bifurcation of a monosymmetric open cross-section thin-walled beam: Numerical and experimental analysis

The aim of the paper is the numerical and experimental validation of a previously developed nonlinear one-dimensional model of inextensional, shear undeformable, thin-walled beam with an open cross-section. Nonlinear in-plane and out-of-plane warping and torsional elongation effects are included in the model. To better understand the role of these new contributions a beam with a section with one symmetry axis, undergoing moderately large flexural curvatures and large torsional curvature is taken into account. To obtain a section of a cantilever beam for which the torsional curvature is expected to prevail with respect to the flexural ones, a preliminary study is performed. The attention is focused on the response to static forces and on the stability of the equilibrium branches. Analytical results are compared with results of two different nonlinear finite element models and mainly with experimental results to confirm the validity of the analytical model. Interesting results are obtained for the critical values of the flexural–torsional instability loads.     

Shear deformation effect in plates stiffened by parallel beams

In this paper a general solution for the analysis of shear deformable stiffened plates subjected to arbitrary loading is presented. According to the proposed model, the arbitrarily placed parallel stiffening beams of arbitrary doubly symmetric cross section are isolated from the plate by sections in the lower outer surface of the plate, taking into account the arising tractions in all directions at the fictitious interfaces. These tractions are integrated with respect to each half of the interface width resulting two interface lines, along which the loading of the beams as well as the additional loading of the plate is defined. Their unknown distribution is established by applying continuity conditions in all directions at the interfaces. The utilization of two interface lines for each beam enables the nonuniform distribution of the interface transverse shear forces and the nonuniform torsional response of the beams to be taken into account. The analysis of both the plate and the beams is accomplished on their deformed shape taking into account second-order effects. The analysis of the plate is based on Reissner’s theory, which may be considered as the standard thick plate theory with which all others are compared, while the analysis of the beams is performed employing the linearized second order theory taking into account shear deformation effect. Six boundary value problems are formulated and solved using the analog equation method (AEM), a BEM based method. The solution of the aforementioned plate and beam problems, which are nonlinearly coupled, is achieved using iterative numerical methods. The adopted model permits the evaluation of the shear forces at the interfaces in both directions, the knowledge of which is very important in the design of prefabricated ribbed plates. The effectiveness, the range of applications of the proposed method and the influence of shear deformation effect are illustrated by working out numerical examples with great practical interest.     

Dynamic analysis of a flexible hub-beam system with tip mass

For a dynamic system of a rigid hub and a flexible cantilever beam, the traditional hybrid coordinate model assumes the small deformation in structural dynamics where axial and transverse displacements at any point in the beam are uncoupled. This traditional hybrid coordinate model is referred as the zeroth-order approximation coupling model in this paper, which may result in divergence to the dynamic problem of some rigid–flexible coupling systems with high rotational speed. In this paper, characteristics of a flexible hub-beam system with a tip mass is studied. Based on the Hamilton theory and the finite element discretization method, and in consideration of the second-order coupling quantity of the axial displacement caused by the transverse displacement of the beam, the rigid–flexible coupling dynamic model (referred as the first-order approximation coupling (FOAC) model in this paper) and the corresponding model in non-inertial system for the flexible hub-beam system with a tip mass are presented firstly, then the dynamic characteristics of the system are studied through numerical simulations under twos cases: the large motion of the system is known and is unknown. Simulation and comparison studies using both the traditional zeroth-order model and the proposed first-order model show that even small tip mass may affect dynamic characteristics of the system significantly, which may result in the largening of vibrating amplitude and the descending of vibrating frequency of the beam, and may affect end position of the hub-beam system as well. The effect of the tip mass becomes large along with the increasing of rotating speed of large motion of the system. When the large motion of the system is at low speed, the traditional ZOAC model may lead to a large error, whereas the proposed FOAC model is valid. When the large motion is at high speed, the ZOAC model may result in divergence to the dynamic problem of the flexible hub-beam system, while the proposed second model can still accurately describe the dynamic hub-beam system.     

端部受斜冲击的刚塑性悬臂梁的双铰模型

斜冲击载荷作用在刚塑性悬臂梁的端部,引起作用在梁横截面处的弯矩以及轴力;在发生塑性变形截面处,弯矩及轴力满足交互作用屈服条件。广义应力在移行铰的邻域不违背屈服条件,屈服函数可在移行铰的背面取极大值,移行铰处的剪切力不必为零。如果悬臂梁足够长,在响应的初始阶段移行铰处非零的剪力会在梁上引起多铰变形。通过对双铰模型与单铰模型的比较发现,双铰模型计算的结果与单铰模型计算的结果很接近,单铰模型作为一个近似模型具有一定的合理性。     

Equivalent nonlinear beam model for the 3-D analysis of shear-type buildings: Application to aeroelastic instability

Tower buildings can be very sensitive to dynamic actions and their dynamic analysis is usually carried out numerically through sophisticated finite element models. In this paper, an equivalent nonlinear one-dimensional shear–shear–torsional beam model immersed in a three-dimensional space is introduced to reproduce, in an approximate way, the dynamic behavior of tower buildings. It represents an extension of a linear beam model recently introduced by the authors, accounting for nonlinearities generated by the stretching of the columns. The constitutive law of the beam is identified from a discrete model of a 3D-frame, via a homogenization process, which accounts for the rotation of the floors around the tower axis. The macroscopic shear strain in the equivalent beam is produced by the bending of columns, accompanied by negligible rotation of the floors. A coupled nonlinear shear–torsional mechanical model is thus obtained. The coupling between shear and torsion is related to a non-symmetric layout of the columns, while mechanical nonlinearities are proportional to the slenderness of the columns. The model can be used for the analysis of the response of tower buildings to any kind of dynamic and static excitation. A first application is here presented to investigate the effect of mechanical and aerodynamic coupling on the critical galloping conditions and on the postcritical behavior of tower buildings, based on a quasi-steady model of aerodynamic forces.     

Application of the flexibility influence function method in the dynamic analysis of composite beams

The flexibility influence function technique is validated as a method for calculating the displacements and the rotations of a laminated beam subjected to a dynamic load, using the first-order shear deformation laminate theory and comparing the results with those obtained by modal analysis and two finite element models (one-dimensional and three-dimensional). The movements (displacements and rotations) were calculated from a single-span beam subjected to a time-variable load with four boundary conditions: clamped-clamped, hinged-hinged, clamped-free, clamped-hinged. A carbon/epoxy cross-ply laminated beam was selected to avoid bending-torsion coupling. The maximum movements calculated by the flexibility influence function method differs very little from those calculated with the other two models accounted for by the first-order shear deformation laminate theory: modal analysis and the one-dimensional numerical model. The differences in the rotations between the three-dimensional numerical model and the flexibility influence function method are slightly bigger, and could be due to the warping of the cross-section of the beam, which is not included in the first-order shear deformation laminate theory.     

A MODEL BASED ON THE HIGHER-ORDER LEGENDRE POLYNOMIALS TO SOLVE THE BEAM SHEAR STRESS

梁作为最简单的构件在工程中广泛应用. 由于经典梁理论在求解梁的切应力时需要引入平衡方程和剪切修正系数, 使得求解问题变得复杂. 该文采用高阶勒让德级数形式的位移函数, 并考虑上下边界处切应力为零的特点, 建立了梁的切应力的求解方法. 并将所得的理论结果与有限元方法的数值结果进行比较, 结果符合很好. 结果表明, 该文的理论模型能够准确地确定梁内部的正应力和切应力. 该文的研究可为梁的力学分析提供新的理论方法.     

均布力偶作用下细长梁力学分析

通过铁木辛柯梁理论分析了反向均布表面剪应力——等效均匀分布力偶作用下的等截面均质细长梁挠度和应力分布规律,并与有限元法的计算结果对比发现：当边界条件中剪力不为零时,弯曲挠度和正应力分析必须考虑剪力的影响,即Euler梁理论不能满足分析的要求;若存在剪力为零边界时,可使用Euler梁分析弯曲挠度和正应力;剪应力分布向通常规律一样,仍沿高度方向呈抛物线分布,即使对于剪力为零的横截面也可能存在剪应力,这是由于表面剪应力的影响使得梁的上下表面存在剪应力,并且剪应力在横截面内正负可以发生变化。     

General analytical solution to bending of composite laminated beams with delaminations

Based on the first-order shear deformable beam theory, a refined model for composite beams containing a through-the-width delamination is presented, and the deformation at the delamination front is considered. Different from the ordinary delami- nated beam theory, each of the perfectly bonded portions of the new model is constructed as two separated beams along the interface without assuming a plane section at the de- lamination front. The governing equations of the delaminated portions and bonded ones are established, combined with continuity conditions of displacements and internal forces. Solutions of delaminated composite beams with different boundary conditions, delamina- tion locations and sizes axe shown in excellent agreement with the finite element results, showing efficiency and applicability of the present model.     

基于等效刚度的矩形孔蜂窝梁钢框架结构内力计算方法

蜂窝梁钢框架结构因梁截面沿长度周期性变化,不能直接采用普通钢框架结构矩阵位移法计算框架内力和位移．本文基于等效刚度法推导了矩形孔蜂窝梁的等效抗弯刚度、抗剪刚度和轴向刚度,建立了矩形孔蜂窝梁的单元刚度方程,提出了矩形孔蜂窝梁钢框架内力和位移计算方法．算例理论计算结果与有限元分析结果表明,两种方法计算结果非常接近．本文提出的等效刚度法概念清晰,准确性好,适用于计算蜂窝梁钢框架结构的内力和位移．     

Stochastic response of an axially loaded composite Timoshenko beam exhibiting bending–torsion coupling

A spectral finite element method is proposed to investigate the stochastic response of an axially loaded composite Timoshenko beam with solid or thin-walled closed section exhibiting bending–torsion materially coupling under the stochastic excitations with stationary and ergodic properties. The effects of axial force, shear deformation (SD) and rotary inertia (RI) as well as bending–torsion coupling are considered in the present study. First, the damped general governing differential equations of motion of an axially loaded composite Timoshenko beam are derived. Then, the spectral finite element formulation is developed in the frequency domain using the dynamic shape functions based on the exact solutions of the governing equations in undamped free vibration, which is used to compute the mean square displacement response of axially loaded composite Timoshenko beams. Finally, the proposed method is illustrated by its application to a specific example to investigate the effects of bending–torsion coupling, axial force, SD and RI on the stochastic response of the composite beam.     

考虑约束扭转的薄壁梁单元刚度矩阵

推导了薄壁空间梁单元刚度矩阵 ,考虑了双向弯曲及截面约束扭转对杆件轴向变形的影响 ;计算了截面的翘曲变形 ,以及二次剪应力对翘曲变形的影响 ,可适用于任意截面 (包括开口、闭口和混合剖面 )的薄壁杆件。计算结果表明 ,考虑约束扭转的薄壁梁单元刚度矩阵有相当好的精确度 ,可以用于薄壁杆件的静动力分析。