Geometrical nonlinear analysis of thin-walled composite beams using finite element method based on first order shear deformation theory

Based on a seven-degree-of-freedom shear deformable beam model, a geometrical nonlinear analysis of thin-walled composite beams with arbitrary lay-ups under various types of loads is presented. This model accounts for all the structural coupling coming from both material anisotropy and geometric nonlinearity. The general nonlinear governing equations are derived and solved by means of an incremental Newton–Raphson method. A displacement-based one-dimensional finite element model that accounts for the geometric nonlinearity in the von Kármán sense is developed to solve the problem. Numerical results are obtained for thin-walled composite beam under vertical load to investigate the effects of fiber orientation, geometric nonlinearity, and shear deformation on the axial–flexural–torsional response.     

A new finite element of spatial thin-walled beams

Based on the theories of Timoshenko＇s beams and Vlasov＇s thin-walled members, a new spatial thin-walled beam element with an interior node is developed. By independently interpolating bending angles and warp, factors such as transverse shear deformation, torsional shear deformation and their Coupling, coupling of flexure and torsion, and second shear stress are considered. According to the generalized variational theory of Hellinger-Reissner, the element stiffness matrix is derived. Examples show that the developed model is accurate and can be applied in the finite element analysis of thinwalled structures.     

Free vibration of axially loaded thin-walled composite Timoshenko beams

Based on shear-deformable beam theory, free vibration of thin-walled composite Timoshenko beams with arbitrary layups under a constant axial force is presented. This model accounts for all the structural coupling coming from material anisotropy. Governing equations for flexural-torsional-shearing coupled vibrations are derived from Hamilton’s principle. The resulting coupling is referred to as sixfold coupled vibrations. A displacement-based one-dimensional finite element model is developed to solve the problem. Numerical results are obtained for thin-walled composite beams to investigate the effects of shear deformation, axial force, fiber angle, modulus ratio on the natural frequencies, corresponding vibration mode shapes and load–frequency interaction curves.     

GEOMETRICALLY NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF SPATIAL THIN-WALLED BEAMS WITH GENERAL OPEN CROSS SECTION

Based on the theory of Timoshenko and thin-walled beams, a new finite element model of spatial thin-walled beams with general open cross sections is presented in the paper, in which several factors are included such as lateral shear deformation, warp generated by nonuni- form torsion and second-order shear stress, coupling of flexure and torsion, and large displacement with small strain. With an additional internal node in the element, the element stiffness matrix is deduced by incremental virtual work in updated Lagrangian （UL） formulation. Numerical examples demonstrate that the presented model well describes the geometrically nonlinear property of spatial thin-walled beams.     

薄壁杆系结构的梁元分析模型

本文导出了用于薄壁杆系结构弹性分析的薄壁梁元分析模型，在空间梁元分析模型^[3]的基础上，采用了一种改进的位移模式，考察了薄壁杆件可能发生的拉压，剪切，弯曲，扭转和翘曲等各变形形式以及它们的耦合效应，得出了相应的单元形函数，同时从工程应变的定义出发，采用Taylor级数展开的方法，建立了单元的五阶近似正交变表达式，并建立了相应的薄壁单元刚度方程，从而得出了局部坐标系下单元刚度矩阵的显式，根据本文所导出的薄壁梁元分析模型，编制了相应的结构计算程序，通过算例验证了本文所推导的单元刚度矩阵，同时通过与传统空间梁元计算模型计算结果的比较，阐述了截面翘曲对薄壁杆系结构的影响。     

Bending of orthotropic plates resting on Pasternak’s foundations using mixed shear deformation theory

The mixed first-order shear deformation plate theory(MFPT) is employed to study the bending response of simply-supported orthotropic plates.The present plate is subjected to a mechanical load and resting on Pasternak’s model or Winkler’s model of elastic foundation or without any elastic foundation.Several examples are presented to verify the accuracy of the present theory.Numerical results for deflection and stresses are presented.The proposed MFPT is shown simplely to implement and capable of giving satisfactory results for shear deformable plates under static loads and resting on two-parameter elastic foundation.The results presented here show that the characteristics of deflection and stresses are significantly influenced by the elastic foundation stiffness,plate aspect ratio and side-to-thickness ratio.     

A NEW SPATIAL THIN-WALLED BEAM ELEMENT INCLUDING TRANSVERSE AND TORSIONAL SHEAR DEFORMATION

基于Timoshenko梁及Benscoter薄壁杆件理论,建立了考虑剪切变形、弯扭耦合以及翘曲剪应力影响的空间任意开闭口薄壁截面梁单元. 通过引入单元内部结点,对弯曲转角和翘曲角采用三节点Lagrange独立插值的方法,考虑了剪切变形和翘曲剪应力的影响并避免了横向剪切锁死问题;借助载荷作用下薄壁梁的截面运动分析,在位移和应变方程中考虑了弯扭耦合的影响. 通过数值算例将该单元的计算结果与理论解以及商用有限元软件和其他文献中的数值解进行对比和验证,结果对比表明该薄壁梁单元具有良好的精度和收敛性.     

考虑约束扭转的薄壁梁单元刚度矩阵

推导了薄壁空间梁单元刚度矩阵 ,考虑了双向弯曲及截面约束扭转对杆件轴向变形的影响 ;计算了截面的翘曲变形 ,以及二次剪应力对翘曲变形的影响 ,可适用于任意截面 (包括开口、闭口和混合剖面 )的薄壁杆件。计算结果表明 ,考虑约束扭转的薄壁梁单元刚度矩阵有相当好的精确度 ,可以用于薄壁杆件的静动力分析。     

Stiffness matrices of thin-walled composite beam with mono-symmetric I- and channel-sections on two-parameter elastic foundation

For the coupled analysis of thin-walled composite beam under the initial axial force and on two-parameter elastic foundation with mono-symmetric I- and channel-sections, the stiffness matrices are derived. The stiffness matrices developed by this study are based on the homogeneous forms of simultaneous ordinary differential equations using the eigen-problem. For this, from the elastic strain energy, the potential energy due to the initial axial force and the strain energy considering the foundation effects, the equilibrium equations and force–displacement relationships are derived. The exact displacement functions for displacement parameters are evaluated by determining the eigenmodes corresponding to multiple non-zero and zero eigenvalues. Then the element stiffness matrix is determined using the force–displacement relationships. For the purpose of comparison, the finite element model based on the classical Hermitian interpolation polynomial is presented. In order to verify the accuracy and the superiority of the beam elements developed herein, the numerical solutions are presented and compared with results from the Hermitian beam elements and the ABAQUS’s shell elements. Particularly, the influence of the initial compressive and tensile forces, the fiber orientation, and the boundary conditions on the coupled behavior of composite beam with mono-symmetric I- and channel-sections is parametrically investigated.     

Dynamic stability analysis of shear-flexible composite beams

Dynamic stability behavior of the shear-flexible composite beams subjected to the nonconservative force is intensively investigated based on the finite element model using the Hermitian beam elements. For this, a formal engineering approach of the mechanics of the laminated composite beam is presented based on kinematic assumptions consistent with the Timoshenko beam theory, and the shear stiffness of the thin-walled composite beam is explicitly derived from the energy equivalence. An extended Hamilton’s principle is employed to evaluate the mass-, elastic stiffness-, geometric stiffness-, damping-, and load correction stiffness matrices. Evaluation procedures for the critical values of divergence and flutter loads of the nonconservative system with and without damping effects are then briefly introduced. In order to verify the validity and the accuracy of this study, the divergence and flutter loads are presented and compared with the results from other references, and the influence of various parameters on the divergence and flutter behavior of the laminated composite beams is newly addressed: (1) variation of the divergence and flutter loads with or without the effects of shear deformation and rotary inertia with respect to the nonconservativeness parameter and the fiber angle change, (2) influence of the internal and external damping on flutter loads whether to consider the shear deformation or not.     

Non-linear buckling and postbuckling behavior of thin-walled beams considering shear deformation

The static stability of thin-walled composite beams, considering shear deformation and geometrical non-linear coupling, subjected to transverse external force has been investigated in this paper. The theory is formulated in the context of large displacements and rotations, through the adoption of a shear deformable displacement field (accounting for bending and warping shear) considering moderate bending rotations and large twist. This non-linear formulation is used for analyzing the prebuckling and postbuckling behavior of simply supported, cantilever and fixed-end beams subjected to different load condition. Ritz's method is applied in order to discretize the non-linear differential system and the resultant algebraic equations are solved by means of an incremental Newton-Rapshon method. The numerical results show that the beam loses its stability through a stable symmetric bifurcation point and the postbuckling strength is in relation with the buckling load value. Classical predictions of lateral buckling are conservative when the prebuckling displacements are not negligible and the non-linear buckling analysis is required for reliable solutions. The analysis is supplemented by investigating the effects of the variation of load height parameter. In addition, the critical load values and postbuckling response obtained with the present beam model are compared with the results obtained with a shell finite element model (Abaqus).     

Effects of bottom shear stresses on the wave-induced dynamic response in a porous seabed：PORO-WSSI （shear） model

When ocean waves propagate over the sea floor,dynamic wave pressures and bottom shear stresses exert on the surface of seabed.The bottom shear stresses provide a horizontal loading in the wave-seabed interaction system,while dynamic wave pressures provide a vertical loading in the system.However,the bottom shear stresses have been ignored in most previous studies in the past.In this study,the effects of the bottom shear stresses on the dynamic response in a seabed of finite thickness under wave loading will be examined,based on Biot’s dynamic poro-elastic theory.In the model,an "u-p" approximation will be adopted instead of quasi-static model that have been used in most previous studies.Numerical results indicate that the bottom shear stresses has certain influences on the wave-induced seabed dynamic response.Furthermore,wave and soil characteristics have considerable influences on the relative difference of seabed response between the previous model(without shear stresses) and the present model(with shear stresses).As shown in the parametric study,the relative differences between two models could up to 10% of p0,depending on the amplitude of bottom shear stresses.     

预应力混凝土平面杆系结构的有限元方法

建立了基于有限元方法的考虑材料和几何非线性的任意截面预应力混凝土平面杆系结构的数值分析模型,可用于模拟预应力混凝土大跨度梁、单向偏压细长柱等的非线性全过程结构响应。引入修正的Rodriguez截面模型确定截面切线刚度,其中混凝土的贡献通过截面边界顶点定义的梯形单元来实现;在此基础上利用传统的平面非线性杆单元导出了标准有限元公式。通过两个算例验证了该模型的可靠性和适用性。     

Elastically restrained Bernoulli-Euler beams applied to rotary machinery modelling

Facing the lateral vibration problem of a machine rotor as a beam on elastic supports in bending,the authors deal with the free vibration of elastically restrained Bernoulli-Euler beams carrying a finite number of concentrated elements along their length.Based on Rayleigh's quotient,an iterative strategy is developed to find the approximated torsional stiffness coefficients,which allows the reconciliation between the theoretical model results and the experimental ones,obtained through impact tests.The mentioned algorithm treats the vibration of continuous beams under a determined set of boundary and continuity conditions, including different torsional stiffness coefficients and the effect of attached concentrated masses and rotational inertias, not only in the energetic terms of the Rayleigh's quotient but also on the mode shapes,considering the shape functions defined in branches.Several loading cases are examined and examples are given to illustrate the validity of the model and accuracy of the obtained natural frequencies.     

两类基于局部标架梁单元的闭锁缓解方法

对于大转动、大变形柔性体的刚柔耦合动力学问题,基于李群SE(3)局部标架(local frame formulation, LFF)的建模方法能够规避刚体运动带来的几何非线性问题,离散数值模型中广义质量矩阵与切线刚度矩阵满足刚体变换的不变性,可明显地提高柔性多体系统动力学问题的计算效率. 有限元方法中,闭锁问题是导致单元收敛性能低下的主要原因, 例如梁单元的剪切以及泊松闭锁.多变量变分原理是缓解梁、板/壳单元闭锁的有效手段. 该方法不仅离散位移场,同时离散应力场或应变场, 可提高应力与应变的计算精度. 本文基于上述局部标架,研究几类梁单元的闭锁处理方法, 包括几何精确梁(geometrically exact beam formulation, GEBF)与绝对节点坐标(absolute nodal coordinate formulation, ANCF)梁单元. 其中, 采用Hu-Washizu三场变分原理缓解几何精确梁单元中的剪切闭锁,采用应变分解法缓解基于局部标架的ANCF全参数梁单元中的泊松闭锁. 数值算例表明,局部标架的梁单元在描述高转速或大变形柔性多体系统时,可消除刚体运动带来的几何非线性, 极大地减少系统质量矩阵和刚度矩阵的更新次数.缓解闭锁后的几类局部标架梁单元收敛性均得到了明显提升.      

Refined Series Methodology for the Fully Coupled Thin-Walled Laminated Beams Considering Foundation Effects

The refined power series solutions are presented for the coupled static analysis of thin-walled laminated beams resting on elastic foundation. For this purpose, the elastic strain energy considering the material and structural coupling effects and the energy including the foundation effects are constructed. The equilibrium equations and the force-displacement relationships are derived from the extended Hamilton's principle, and the explicit expressions for displacement parameters are presented based on power series expansions of displacement components. Finally, the member stiffness matrix is determined by using the force-displacement relationships. For comparison, the finite element model based on the Hermite cubic interpolation polynomial is presented. In order to verify the accuracy and the superiority of the laminated beam element developed by this study, the numerical solutions are presented and compared with results obtained from the regular finite beam elements and the ABAQUS's shell elements. The influences of the fiber angle change and the boundary conditions on the coupled behavior of laminated beams with mono-symmetric I-sections are investigated.     

Finite element analysis of 2D SMA beam bending

A thermomechanical model of a shape memory alloy beam bending under tip force loading is implemented in finite element codes.The constitutive model is a one dimensional model which is based on free energy and motivated by statistical thermodynamics.The particular focus of this paper is on the aspects of finite element modeling and simulation of the inhomogeneous beam bending problem.This paper extends previous work which is based on the small deformation Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and by treating an SMA beam as consisting of multi-layers in a twodimensional model.The flux terms are involved in the heat transfer equation.The simulations can represent both shape memory effect and super-elastic behavior.Different thermal boundary condition effect and load rate effect can also be captured.     

Geometric nonlinear dynamic analysis of curved beams using curved beam element

Instead of using the previous straight beam element to approximate the curved beam,in this paper,a curvilinear coordinate is employed to describe the deformations,and a new curved beam element is proposed to model the curved beam.Based on exact nonlinear strain-displacement relation,virtual work principle is used to derive dynamic equations for a rotating curved beam,with the effects of axial extensibility,shear deformation and rotary inertia taken into account.The constant matrices are solved numerically utilizing the Gauss quadrature integration method.Newmark and Newton-Raphson iteration methods are adopted to solve the differential equations of the rigid-flexible coupling system.The present results are compared with those obtained by commercial programs to validate the present finite method.In order to further illustrate the convergence and efficiency characteristics of the present modeling and computation formulation,comparison of the results of the present formulation with those of the ADAMS software are made.Furthermore,the present results obtained from linear formulation are compared with those from nonlinear formulation,and the special dynamic characteristics of the curved beam are concluded by comparison with those of the straight beam.     

Improved torsional analysis of laminated box beams

The improved torsional analysis of the laminated box beams with single- and double-celled sections subjected to a torsional moment is performed by introducing 14 displacement parameters. For this, a thin-walled laminated box beam theory considering the effects of shear and elastic couplings is presented. The governing equations and the force-displacement relations are derived from the variation of the strain energy. The system of linear algebraic equations with non-symmetric matrix is constructed by introducing the displacement parameters and by transforming the higher order simultaneous differential equations into first order ones. This numerical technique determines eigenmodes corresponding to 12 zero and 2 non-zero eigenvalues and derives displacement functions for displacement parameters based on the undetermined parameter method. Finally, the element stiffness matrix is determined using the member force-displacement relations. The theory developed by this study is validated by comparing several torsional responses from the present approach with those from the finite element beam model using the Lagrangian interpolation polynomials and three-dimensional analysis results using the shell elements of ABAQUS for coupled laminated beams with single- and double-celled sections.     

热冲击下机械结构非线性热力耦合模型的建立

在热弹性耦合理论的基础上，考虑热冲击作用下弹塑性变形功的影响，建立了非线性热力耦合有限元模型。其中包括：基于能量守恒原理建立的非线性瞬态温度场模型；考虑几何非线性及材料非线性的位移场模型；求得改进应力场的最小二乘法模型。基于FEPG软件平台进行了实例求解，计算结果表明了此耦合模型的有效性。此模型的建立，拓展了热力耦合理论的应用范围，具有较高的工程实用价值。