应力和位移约束下桁架拓扑优化的有无复合体方法

按照独立连续拓扑变量的思想,将有无复合体模型由构造应力约束问题发展为应力与位移约束问题,用于桁架结构拓扑优化．基于该文提出的位移约束与拓扑变量关系的近似显式,建立了具有应力、位移约束下桁架结构拓扑优化的有无复合体模型,用序列二次规划算法求解．数值结果令人满意．这一工作表明独立连续拓扑变量的提出对于结构拓扑优化的研究是有价值的。     

求解具有奇异性的桁架拓扑优化的遗传算法

采用遗传算法求解具有奇异最优解现象的桁架结构拓扑优化问题。在桁架结构拓扑优化的内力约束ε-放松列式基础上，根据遗传算法特点通过引入拓扑变量提出一种新的优化模型列式。在遗传算法中改进了适应度函数及约束处理方法、选择和交叉操作等，提高了求解算法的效率和可靠性。数值算例以及两种列式的对比分析表明，本文改进的遗传算法和新提出的优化模型列式，能够得到拓扑优化问题的全局最优解。     

演化算法求解桁架多目标拓扑优化的收敛速度研究

演化算法能够同时满足结构拓扑优化的前沿领域对全局优化、黑箱函数优化、组合优化和多目标优化的需求,但采用此类算法的可行性与必要性由其收敛性与计算效率决定。本文以应力约束桁架多目标拓扑优化问题为求解对象,致力于揭示在收敛性与计算效率两方面具有竞争力的算法。首先提出评估演化算法求解拓扑优化问题收敛性与计算效率的通用方法,采用穷举法严格推导了典型桁架多目标拓扑优化问题的全局最优解,并采用超体积指标定义了多层次收敛性能准则。最后通过比较研究得到不同收敛性需求下具有最快收敛速度的演化算法,并揭示了具有竞争力的算法机制。本研究为演化算法求解多目标拓扑优化问题的收敛速度奠定了理论基础,同时为高效求解实际工程拓扑优化问题提供算法支持。     

基于层次分解方法的桁架结构形状优化

对于桁架结构形状优化,应用层次分解优化方法,将设计变量分成杆件截面积和节点位置两类变量。求解时分为两层,第一层在给定节点位置下对杆件截面进行优化,同时考虑了应力、局部稳定约束和位移约束的重量最轻;第二层假定截面层的有效位移约束作用不变,求解一个使桁架刚度增强的二次规划问题,获得既不违反约束,又使目标函数不上升的新的节点位置,再返回第一层。两层交替进行直至收敛。     

桁架拓扑优化的多点逼近遗传算法

提出一种基于多点逼近函数和遗传算法的桁架拓扑优化方法。该方法建立了包含连续尺寸和离散拓扑两类变量的优化模型，并通过构造多点逼近函数建立了结构优化问题的第一级序列显式近似，然后采用分层优化方法：在外层对拓扑变量采用遗传算法进行优化；在内层对尺寸变量通过可由对偶法求解的第二级序列近似问题进行优化。几个经典的桁架拓扑优化算例表明该方法能以较少的结构分析次数获得比较理想的概率意义上的最优解。     

平面膜结构拓扑优化的有无复合体方法

将作者对桁架在应力约束下结构拓扑优化的有无复合体模型发展到平面膜结构在应力、位移约束下结构拓扑优化的建模与求解。同时提出了该模型的有效解法,获得了令人满意的数值结果。本文工作表明独立连续拓扑变量的提出对于结构拓扑优化的研究是有意义的。     

基于ICM方法的刚架拓扑优化

将ICM(独立、连续、映射)优化方法应用于刚架结构，建立了以重量为目标函数、考虑多工况下应力和位移约束的刚架结构拓扑优化模型。借助于磨光函数和过滤函数，实现了离散变量和连续变量之间的相互转换。考虑多工况应力拓扑解之间、应力和位移约束下拓扑解之间的协调，得到了合理的结果。文中给出的刚架结构拓扑优化算例表明，刚架结构的拓扑结构不同于桁架或连续体。     

不确定荷载下类桁架结构拓扑优化分析

研究不确定荷载下应力约束拓扑优化结构．不确定荷载用区间变量表示,将不确定性区间荷载用有限个可能工况组合表示,从而将不确定性荷载问题转化为多工况问题．采用基于类桁架材料模型的多工况应力约束拓扑优化方法,求解不确定荷载作用下的拓扑优化结构．推导两杆结构的解析解,通过解析解验证了数值算例方法的有效性．分析比较了几个不确定荷载与确定性荷载作用下拓扑优化结构．     

包含两类变量的离散变量桁架结构拓扑优化设计

建立了包含截面和拓扑两类变量的离散变量结构拓扑优化设计的数学模型,该模型考虑了截面变量与拓扑变量间的耦合关系,反映了拓扑优化问题的组合优化本质,可以较好地解决"极限应力"、"最优解的奇异性"等困扰结构拓外优化设计的问题．同时采用相对差商法进行离散变量桁架结构拓扑优化,直接求解包含两类变量的离散变量结构拓扑优化设计数学模型,收到了比较满意的效果．     

基于可靠性的桁架结构拓扑优化设计

建立了以杆截面为设计变量、结构重量极小化为目标、具有位移、应力等性态可靠性约束的桁架结构拓扑优化设计数学模型．通过引入可靠性安全系数，并利用结构力学的三个基本方程，将结构的位移和杆件应力可靠性约束等价显示化为设计变量的线性函数，使原基于可靠性的优化模型转化为常规的序列线性规划问题，利用修正的单纯形法求解．算例表明文中提出的方法既简单又有效．     

SOME RESULTS ON OPTIMAL TOPOLOGY DESIGN OF TRUSS WITH UNILATERAL CONTACT CONSTRAINTS

The optimal topology design of truss structures concerning stress and frictionless unilateral contact displacement constraints is investigated. The existence of ununique optimal solution under contact gaps is found. This shows that the contact conditions have an effect on structural topology, and different initial contact gaps may lead to different structural topologies. To avoid the singular optima in structural topology optimization in multiple loading cases, an ε-relaxed method is adopted to establish the relaxing topology optimization formulations. The problem is solved by means of a two-level optimization method. In the first sublevel, the solution of the frictionless unilateral contact problem is obtained by solving an equivalent quadratic programming. In the second sublevel, topology optimization of truss is carried out by an ε-relaxed method. The validity of the method proposed is verified by computational results. Supported by the Postdoctoral Science and Research Foundation of Shanghai, China.     

Truss topology optimization under uncertain nodal locations with proportional topology optimization method

This paper presents an approach to solving truss topology optimization problem with small uncertainty in the locations of the structural nodes. The nodal locations in the truss are assumed to be random, and the probabilistic method is used here to deal with the uncertainty. The objective of the optimization problem is to minimize the mean compliance of the truss structure under nodal location uncertainty. It is a well-acknowledged barrier to compute the inverse of the structural stiffness matrix which involves variations in the optimization problem. In this paper, based on Neumann series expansion, this optimization problem can be recast into a simpler deterministic structural optimization problem. In order to avoid the sensitivity calculations for the objective function, the proportional topology optimization method which shows comparable e?ciency and accuracy with gradient-based method is used. The numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness and high e?ciency of the proposed approach, and further illustrate that the optimal truss topology can be dramatically impacted by nodal location uncertainties.     

The nominal force method for truss geometry and topology optimization incorporating stability considerations

This paper presents a computationally efficient method for truss layout optimization with stability constraints. Previously proposed approaches that ensure stability of optimal frameworks are first reviewed, showing that existing studies are generally restricted to topology optimization. The present contribution aims to generalize the approach to simultaneous geometry and topology optimization. A lower-bound plastic design formulation under multiple loading will serve as basis for this purpose. The numerical difficulties associated with geometrical variations are identified and the parametrization is adapted accordingly. To avoid nodal instability, the nominal force method is adopted, which introduces artificial loading cases to simulate the effect of geometric imperfections. Hence, the truss systems with unstable nodes are eliminated from the set of optimal solutions. At the same time, the local stability of structural members is ensured via a consistent local buckling criterion. This novel formulation leads to optimal configurations that can be practically used for the preliminary design of structural frameworks. Four applications illustrate the impact of stability constraints on the solution. The importance of geometry optimization is also pointed out by comparing with results that would be unattainable by topology optimization only.     

考虑性态约束时多工况桁架结构拓扑优化设计

本文提出了一种适用于桁架结构的拓扑优化设计方法。它以杆内力为设计变量,以结构重量为目标函数。该方法的主要特点是:第一,通过引入杆内力为设计变量,既克服了已有方法要求预定位移场这一主要困难,又为在拓扑优化过程中考虑应力、位移等性态约束创造了条件;第二,将多工况的拓扑优化问题描述为一个非光滑的数学规划问题,再通过一个变量代换将其转化为一般的规划为题,进而将原问题的求解又转化为几个线性规划问题的求解;第三,基于结构力学的三个基本方程,将位移与应力约束提成为线性不等式约束,这些约束同重量的目标函数一起构成了拓扑优化设计的线性规划模型。最后,将本方法应用于几个工程算例,得到了满意的数值计算结果。     

基于蚁群算法的桁架结构布局离散变量优化方法

提出的布局优化方法是将桁架结构的截面变量、拓扑变量及形状变量统一为离散变量.将离散变量转化为适应于蚁群算法求解TSP问题的离散变量,应用MATLAB语言编写求解桁架结构布局优化程序,最终实现对问题的分析与求解.通过对几个经典的平面、空间桁架结构布局优化算例的验算表明:本文设计的基于蚁群算法的桁架结构布局离散变量优化方法较单独处理截面优化、拓扑优化及形状优化问题具有更大的效益,相对于其他布局优化方法也展现出更好的优化效果.“基于蚁群算法的桁架结构布局离散变量优化方法”在程序设计、求解速度、求解空间及其方法通用性等方面都表现出良好的性能,并且简单、实用,适应于实际工程应用.     

Structural rigidity optimization with frictionless unilateral contact

The problem of maximization the global rigidity (measured by the compliance) of an elastic structure with frictionless unilateral contact is considered in the framework of topology optimization. The frictionless unilateral contact is introduced in the continuous formulation of the elastic problem (under the assumption of small strains and small displacements) in the regularized form of an interface with an asymmetric behavior law relating the normal component of the stress vector transmitted through the contact surface to the normal displacement (in the case of contact with a rigid foundation) or the jump of normal displacement (in the case of internal contact of two surfaces of the elastic medium). Using the concept of homogeneous thermodynamical potentials, we extend a convergent and numerically efficient optimization algorithm introduced in the framework of linear elasticity to this nonlinear case of an elastic structure with unilateral contact. Numerical examples in two-dimensional elasticity are presented.     

桁架结构非概率可靠性拓扑优化

考虑非概率可靠性的拓扑优化对于非确定参数和荷载条件下结构的概念设计具有重要意义,有关研究国内外少见报道.本文利用凸模型理论,考虑优化迭代过程的需要,提出改进的非概率可靠性指标的定义,并针对桁架结构拓扑优化设计问题建立了以杆件截面积为设计变量、结构重量极小化为目标、具有非概率可靠性指标约束的广义尺寸优化数学模型.本文指出,考虑桁架结构参数的不确定性的条件下所得到的最优杆件布局与确定性优化所得到的结果可能有显著不同.对文中提出的数学模型,采用数学规划算法求解,数值算例结果令人满意.本文工作表明了桁架结构非概率可靠性拓扑优化设计的可行性和所提出算法的有效性.     

破损-安全拓扑优化的局部破损模式参数影响分析

针对连续体结构，考虑破损-安全拓扑优化中如何处理结构局部破损的关键问题，以位移约束下结构体积极小化拓扑优化问题为例，基于独立连续映射ICM方法，建立了优化模型，给出了求解方法。以单荷载及多荷载工况的数值算例为例，探讨了结构局部破损模式的形状和大小及结构局部破损状况预估分布等对最优结构拓扑的影响。结果表明，（1）相比于不考虑破损-安全的结构拓扑优化，考虑破损-安全得到的最优拓扑具有更多冗余构件及传力路径；（2）不同形状及大小的结构局部破损模式会得到不同的最优结构拓扑；（3）结构局部破损模式布置间距越小，得到的最优拓扑越趋复杂。故在进行考虑破损-安全拓扑优化设计时，宜依据工程问题，合理定义结构局部破损模式的形状和大小及结构局部破损状况的预估分布等，以准确模拟实际结构的局部破损，得到具有适度冗余的最优拓扑。