几种CCD构成的微光成象器

在讨论高密度样品Ｘ光闪光照相需要微光成象器的条件下，介绍了几种ＣＣＤ构成新型成象器的简单原理和特征。比较了它们的激光成象器性能。     

相移数字云纹测量系统

介绍了一种相位移数字云纹变形测量系统．测试系统采用ＣＣＤ摄像系统记录光栅图像，控制采样的空间频率大约为光栅线密度的整数倍，对试件栅进行采样后用数字信号处理的方法，实现空间相位移及进行实时数字云纹条纹显示，并对相移误差及光栅信号的高阶谐波的影响进行了校正     

球面惯性元件激光共焦曲率半径测量系统

针对球面惯性元件散射特性导致其曲率半径测量难度大、精度低的问题,研制了一套球面惯性元件激光共焦曲率半径测量系统。系统通过针孔滤波降低探测器接收散射光的比例来抑制散射光的影响,利用共焦回馈技术提高返回光探测强度,以适应低反射率球面惯性元件的探测。采用共焦轴向光强响应曲线的峰值点精确对应物镜焦点的特性,对被测元件的猫眼和共焦位置进行精密定位,通过激光干涉仪获取两点间距离,继而实现曲率半径的高精度测量。以半球型动压气体轴承作为实验对象进行了实验。理论分析和实验结果表明,系统相对扩展不确定度优于20×10~(-6),提出的测量系统为具有散射特性的球面惯性元件曲率半径的高精度测量提供了技术途径。     

显微干涉网格法测量曲面物体表面应变

提出采用显微干涉光路,使被测曲面上光栅的±１ 级衍射光相互干涉,用显微ＣＣＤ图象采集系统采集干涉后形成的倍增光栅,利用微网格法原理和信息转换技术提取每一幅图的几何特征,确定被测物体表面的应变． 并利用这种方法确定了记忆合金管接头表面的应变     

使用单彩色相机的单相机三维数字图像相关方法

介绍了一种基于单个彩色相机的新型全靶面、单相机三维数字图像相关(3D-DIC)方法。借助于设计巧妙的颜色分光光路,被测物体表面图像可以通过两条不同的光路达到相机靶面,采集的标定靶和实验件表面的彩色图像可以分离得到蓝色和红色子图像。通过使用3D-DIC分析标定靶和实验件表面分离后的蓝色和红色子图像,可以获得物体表面的三维形貌和变形。形貌测量、面内和离面平移、以及静动态三维变形实验验证了该单彩色相机3D-DIC方法的有效性和测量精准度。由于可避免双相机同步,且能实现无分辨率损失的全靶面三维形貌和变形测量,本文方法在需要实现瞬态位移和变形测量的爆炸、冲击、振动等领域中具有广阔重要的应用前景。     

薄壁柱壳的圆度及三维变形测量技术

本文采用一种新的形状位置（Ｐｒｏｆｉｌｉｍｅｔｒｙ）自动测量计算机处理方法,对钢质圆柱壳的椭圆度进行了测试。具体使用投影光栅,于壳体表现形成栅线影象,自动形成栅线光频率线性编码,用ＣＣＤ摄象机采集到频率编码壳体光栅影象,构成形西半球工波图。将载波的图象经过计算机图象系统获得数值图象。计算机经过快速富立叶变换法解码,输出频率位相值,经数据处理可得到精确的壳面尺度。     

三维电子散斑干涉法在检测残余应力中的应用

本文提出一种新的大错位三维电子散斑干涉法,并将其和钻 法检测残余应力技术结合起来,其特点一是利用三个激光器,从不同的方向照射被测物体,二是在被测物附近放置一参考物,利用大错位棱镜,使物体表面的信息和参考物上的信息都进及ＣＣＤ中,可以得到与三个位移场有关的电子散斑干涉条纹图,并可以运算和分离获得独立的ｕ,ｖ和ｗ场信息,本文介绍了大错位三维电子散斑干涉法的原理、方法和系统,并将其应用于钻孔法释放残余应     

基于光流算法的粒子图像测速技术研究和验证

光流测量技术作为一种新的空气动力学实验技术,以其像素级分辨率的矢量场测量优势获得广泛的应用。光流测量技术使用光流约束方程,配合平滑限定条件,可以进行速度场测量,获得高分辨率的全局矢量场。本文首先通过研究积分最小化光流测速理论和算法,采用C++编写光流速度测量程序;然后通过三种典型的人工位移图像对光流计算程序进行了验证,并将结果和标准位移分布进行比对分析,以指导如何在实际应用中获得高精度光流速度场;最后进行小型风洞后向台阶实验,利用高速相机拍摄示踪粒子图像,使用光流计算程序获得速度矢量场,同采用互相关算法的粒子图像测速计算结果相比较,体现出光流计算方法像素级分辨率的矢量场测量优势。     

基于BDS的导弹脱靶量数据处理方法

研究利用导弹过靶前的测量数据解算脱靶量参数。针对导弹过靶时刻BDS(北斗系统)不能定位和测量数据丢失等问题,采用最优滤波平滑处理技术,建立过靶瞬间弹道外推数学模型,对导弹飞行轨迹外推,获得过靶时的完整弹道参数。为解决靶船上合作目标部位不一致问题,利用导弹射向、弹道偏角、靶船航向信息和靶船上BDS天线相位中心相对于角反射体中心的位置,对合作目标部位进行修正,解算相对于角反射体中心的脱靶量参数。通过建立过靶痕迹方向判别坐标系,利用脱靶量参数,判别导弹过靶痕迹方向性。测试数据处理结果表明该方法精度高,脱靶量精度达到0.5 m。     

用PVDF实时测量激光诱导的冲击波压力

本文用自己研制的ＰＶＤＦ（ｐｏｌｙｖｅｎｙｌｉｄｅｎｆｌｕｏｒｉｄｅ）压电传感器测量了０．２ｍｍ厚铝和２．０８ｍｍ厚Ｔ３００／环氧复合材料中激光诱导的冲击波压力，首次获得了这些材料中激光冲击波压力的时间演化波形。实验在中国科大强激光实验室的ＹＡＧ脉冲激光器上进行，激光波长１．０６μｍ，脉宽３３ｎｓ，靶面平均功率密度为１０９Ｗ／ｃｍ２量级。从所得数据估计了表面入射压力，其值与已有结果符合良好。实验结果证实，ＰＶＤＦ压电传感器频响高，量程宽，多次使用重复性好，可有效应用于激光冲击波压力的实时测量     

一种基于直接计算高阶奇异积分的断裂力学双边界积分方程分析法

相对于有限元法,边界单元法在求解断裂问题上有着独特的优势,现有的边界单元法中主要有子区域法和双边界积分方程法.采用一种改进的双边界积分方程法求解二维、三维断裂问题的应力强度因子,对非裂纹边界采用传统的位移边界积分方程,只需对裂纹面中的一面采用面力边界积分方程,并以裂纹间断位移为未知量直接用于计算应力强度因子.采用一种高阶奇异积分的直接法计算面力边界积分方程中的超强奇异积分;对于裂纹尖端单元,提供了三种不同形式的间断位移插值函数,采用两点公式计算应力强度因子.给出了多个具体的算例,与现存的精确解或参考解对比,可得到高精度的计算结果.      

汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡 碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析

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2008年5月12日,汶川M80地震在四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟内诱发一巨型滑坡。通过现场调查得知,滑坡前后缘高差455m,厚度20～30m,滑面为基岩层面,初始方量2750×107m3。滑体在运动中转化为碎屑流。滑坡-碎屑流总的水平运动距离为4022m,垂直运动距离为1443m,遗留的堆积物体积达5×107m3。滑坡距映秀—北川断裂仅36km,位于其下盘,地震烈度达XI度。滑坡导致文家沟中48人遇害,并形成一条完整的地震次生地质灾害链。初步分析表明滑坡启动速度快,滑坡向碎屑流转化过程明显、地点明确。碎屑流运动过程复杂,伴有强烈的“气垫效应”和“前缘气浪冲击效应”。作者认为,文家沟滑坡的高启动速度是长持时强烈地震动作用的结果,与山体的猛烈碰撞是导致滑体解体并转化为碎屑流的原因。     

Preface: Orbits around asteroid

One of the core issues in modern celestial mechanics is the orbital dynamics in the near-regime gravitational field of as- teroids, which provides deep insights into the mathematical nature of a class of nonlinear systems, and plays as a critical basis for in situ explorations of different science goals. Lots of efforts have been made to reveal the characteristics of orbital motion in the vicinity of asteroids, and to improve the skills of asteroid research in methodology.     

Effet de l'anisotropie élastique cristalline sur la distribution des facteurs de Schmid à la surface des polycristauxInfluence of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals

Experimental studies of the plasticity mechanisms of polycrystals are usually based on the Schmid factor distribution supposing crystalline elasticity isotropy. A numerical evaluation of the effect of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on the apparent Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals is presented. Cubic elasticity is considered. Order II stresses (averaged on all grains with the same crystallographic orientation) as well as variations between averages computed on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are computed. The Finite Element Method is used. Commonly studied metals presenting an increasing anisotropy degree are considered (aluminium, nickel, austenite, copper). Concerning order II stresses in strongly anisotropic metals, the apparent Schmid factor distribution is drifted towards small Schmid factor values (the maximum Schmid factor is equal to 0.43 instead of 0.5) and the slip activation order between characteristic orientations of the crystallographic standard triangle is modified. The computed square deviations of the stresses averaged on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are a bit higher than the second order ones (inter-orientation scatter). Our numerical evaluations agree quantitatively with several observations and measures of the literature concerning stress and strain distribution in copper and austenite polycrystals submitted to low amplitude loadings. Hopefully, the given apparent Schmid factor distributions could help to better understand the observations of the plasticity mechanisms taking place at the free surface of polycrystals. To cite this article: M. Sauzay, C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Nonlinear behavior of matrix-inclusion composites under high confining pressure: application to concrete and mortar

This paper is devoted to a micromechanics-based simulation of the response of concrete to hydrostatic and oedometric compressions. Concrete is described as a composite made up of a cement matrix in which rigid inclusions are embedded. The focus is put on the role of the interface between matrix and inclusion which represent the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). A plastic behavior is considered for both the matrix and the interfaces. The effective response of the composite is derived from the modified secant method adapted to the situation of imperfect interfaces. To cite this article: T.H. Le et al., C. R. Mecanique 336 (2008).     

Dynamics and Breakup of Viscoelastic Liquids (A Review)

The phenomena of hydrodynamic breakup of liquid jets, drops, films, bridges, and filaments are reviewed for liquids with viscoelastic properties. The reasons for breakup are capillary instabilities, collisions with rigid obstacles, and other forms of dynamic action. The relationship between the properties of the liquids and the features of the breakup process is discussed.     

Flow stability analysis and excitation using pulsating jets

Classical flow stability applied to transition from laminar to turbulent flow may also describe the behavior of vorticity fluctuations created by a pulsating jet placed along a solid boundary. A numerical laminar flow experiment involving a pulsating jet placed along the surface of a duct with flow separation downstream, resulted in eliminating most part of the separated flow region. Applying the same approach to a turbulent flow, it was possible to develop a turbulent stability flow formulation and apply successfully turbulent pulsating jet flow separation control. To cite this article: D. Skamnakis, K. Papailiou, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).