多相机3D-DIC及其在高温变形测量中的应用

将基于双目视觉的三维数字图像相关方法 (Three-dimension digital image correlation,3D-DIC)与多相机同步采集系统相结合,形成基于多相机的3D-DIC系统。依据三维空间误差(Three-dimensional residual,3Dresidual)最小原则,确定各点对应的最佳双目视觉系统,获得物体全场三维变形。以四相机3D-DIC系统为例,与测量精度达10~20nm的电子散斑干涉测量系统同时对平板的离面位移进行测量,并对测量得到的离面位移最大值进行了对比分析。结果显示,荷载较小时,四相机3D-DIC与电子散斑干涉测量系统误差稍大,最大达到2.7%;荷载增大,物体变形增大时,两种测量系统结果基本相同。文中讨论了四相机测量系统的不稳定对实验结果的影响。利用该四相机3D-DIC系统对镍合金不锈钢材料在高温场中的变形进行测量,获得了物体的三维变形场,并分析了材料的膨胀系数,得到了试件的热应变-温度曲线和膨胀系数随温度变化的关系式。     

大视场双目投影条纹方法中的相机参数标定与优化研究

投影条纹法具有高精度、高分辨的特点,且实验设备简单,对实验环境要求低,适宜于不同尺度的三维形貌测量。双目投影条纹法通常采用有标准参照物的相机标定方法获取相机参数,以实现物体表面三维形貌重建。然而,在大型结构的三维形貌测量中参照物的相对尺度较小,传统的基于重投影的相机标定方法在特征检测中引入的误差会被放大,从而影响三维表面形貌测量的稳定性和准确性。本文结合双目投影条纹成像原理,提出了一种适用于大面积形貌测量的投影条纹系统标定方法。该方法利用投影条纹控制点以及对极几何约束对张氏标定法结果进行优化,从而可以在大视场标定中保持较高的精度。实验表明,在标定板与测量物大小相当时,本文提出的标定方法与传统标定方法的测量结果基本一致;当标定板远小于待测物时,本文方法的测量精度和稳定性明显优于传统方法。     

电子散斑干涉三维变形测量技术研究

电子散斑干涉技术是一种非接触式,高精度的变形测量方法,适用于许多工业领域。由于其位移灵敏度与光学布置密切相关,因此难以在一次加载条件下实现三个方向的变形测量。针对这一问题,本文开发出一套能够同时测量面内和离面位移的测量装置。该装置采用波长为473nm、532nm和671nm的三种激光为光源,分别构建三组测量光路,使用一台3CCD彩色相机作为感光元件,一次记录三种光路获得的散斑干涉图像。通过对彩色相机的图像进行R、G、B通道分离,结合四步相移法可以同时获取物体的三维位移场。运用光纤技术优化光路设计,研制了集成化的电子散斑三维变形测量仪。通过相关的实验验证,评估了该装置测量物体三维变形的可行性和可靠性。     

一种单相机测量三维运动轨迹的方法

论文提出了一种基于交汇式双目视觉模型的单个CCD相机三维立体测量方法.在CCD相机前放置两面成一定夹角的平面镜,通过一次拍摄,得到两幅存在视差的图像,该图像相当于相机在平面镜中两个虚拟相机对目标从不同角度拍摄所得到图像,根据双目视觉原理可实现三维立体测量.详细介绍了实验系统的布置方法,建立了三维坐标计算的数学模型,对系统的内外参数进行了标定.测量了静态物体的形态和尺寸,验证了系统的可行性与可靠性.并对运动物体进行了动态测量,通过视频记录物体两个虚像的平面运动图像序列,计算还原了物体空间的三维运动轨迹,并应用误差理论对实验误差进行了分析.     

基于体视显微镜的测量系统标定研究

微观三维变形测量系统在工程上有广泛的应用。本文构建了体视显微镜双相机微观图像采集与测量系统,可以实现对微小物体形貌、位移、变形的全场测量。微观三维变形的测量精度与成像系统的畸变模型存在密切的关系。本文采用了考虑多种不确定情况的畸变模型,能很好地表达体视显微镜测量系统的成像误差,并设计了点阵式标定模板和精密的平动平台,实现了基于Tsai标定的自动标定算法。实验表明,体视显微镜测量系统可以在各种放大倍数下稳定工作,标定的精度得到很大的提高,并给出了在不同放大倍数下对规则圆柱体的形貌和直径的测量结果。     

三维数字图像测量系统稳定性的实验研究

基于双目立体视觉原理的三维数字图像相关方法已被广泛应用于平面或曲面物体的表面形貌和三维变形测量。然而因相机自热、环境温度变化等内外部因素的影响,同一三维数字图像相关测量系统在不同时间,其内部参数会不可避免地发生微小改变,从而或多或少地引起额外的形貌和变形测量误差。为获得高精度的测量结果,需对由相机自热或环境温度变化引起的变形测量误差进行表征,并采用措施予以减小或消除此类误差。本文以石英玻璃平板为研究对象,利用三维数字图像相关测量系统对其位移和应变分布进行了连续5小时的测量,分析了测量结果随相机温度变化的关系曲线。研究结果显示,本文所用相机通电后其机壳温度一般约上升8~10℃甚至更高,所搭建的三维数字图像相关测量系统因相机温度变化所引起的应变测量误差在50~200με(约15~21με/℃)之间。本文还给出了相应建议来减小和消除相机或环境温度变化对三维变形测量的影响。     

热障涂层高温失效行为的正射投影-单相机三维数字图像相关实验研究

热障涂层(Thermal Barrier Coating,TBC)作为一种隔热材料,可降低发动机高温部件的表面温度,提高涡轮发动机的整体性能。涂层服役过程中,TBC陶瓷层的失效将导致高温部件中的金属基底直接暴露于恶劣的高温环境中,严重影响发动机的安全性。其高温服役环境下的力学性能研究是备受材料和力学工作者关注的问题。本文结合热障涂层高温检测的需求,实现了涂层-基底异质表面的高对比度高温散斑制作;发展了正射投影-单相机三维数字图像相关方法(正射投影-单相机3DDIC),构建了跨界面形函数,实现了涂层与基底的三维形貌及位移、应变的同时测量;基于涂层结构的高温拉伸实验结果,建立了依据涂层-基底应变方差差值的涂层失效判断方法,得到了热障涂层在室温(27℃)至1000℃的断裂极限应变。实验结果表明,正射投影-单相机3DDIC方法作为一种可靠测试方法,可以应用于涂层结构高温下的力学失效行为研究。     

固连于可控旋转平台相机的外参标定

为了进行大视场角的测量任务,可以将相机安装在运动精确可控的平台上,以平台的姿态运动来扩展相机的视场角。相机相对于平台的位姿关系的精确标定是保证测量结果准确的前提。本文主要利用一维标志物体,根据成像关系,建立了外参标定的约束方程;发展了线性求解外参的方法,以及非线性优化的标定方法。为了克服线性法正交性差,以及非线性优化法不能求解平移向量的缺点,总结出了组合求解法,该方法可以应用于仅能够作旋转运动的平台。数值模拟和实验结果均表明姿态角的标定精度较高,而平移向量则对噪声十分敏感。最后分析了算法偶尔出现奇异的原因。     

回转体三维扫描形貌测量及其应用

本文提出一种测量三维形貌的扫描系统,该系统可被用于测量回转体的三维形貌。激光光刀被投射在被测物体表面,由于被测物体表面的形貌而改变了光刀的弯曲方式,摄像机将变形后的图像采集到计算机中。当被测物体放置在转台上旋转一周时,相应的一系列光刀变形的图片被采集到计算机中,这一系列图片包含了物体表面形貌的全部信息。通过连续扫描采集系列图片并计算,最终可以获得整个被测物体的三维形貌。当被测物体直径在一百毫米左右尺寸范围内的测量灵敏度可到0.01mm,其它尺寸范围要更换成像系统,才能达到相应的灵敏度。本文给出了两个较为复杂模型的三维形貌测量结果。该结果表明,本系统在对回转体表面形貌的测量方面具有一定的技术难度和广泛的工程需求,本文的研究具有重要的参考价值。     

用于物体表面形貌和变形测量的三维数字图像相关方法

使用单个摄像机的二维数字图像相关方法通常仅局限于平面物体的面内变形测量,而使用两个摄像机基于双目立体视觉原理的三维数字图像相关方法克服了这一局限,可对平面和曲面物体表面的三维形貌和载荷作用下的三维变形进行测量。本文介绍了三维数字图像相关方法的基本原理及其关键技术,并用两个典型的实验验证了该方法的有效性。     

Color Stereo-Digital Image Correlation Method Using a Single 3CCD Color Camera

This paper presents a novel color stereo-digital image correlation (stereo-DIC) method using a single 3CCD color camera for full-field shape, motion, and deformation measurements without any sacrifice of the camera sensor spatial resolution. With the aid of a specially designed color separation device using a beam splitter and two optical bandpass filters, images of blue and red colors are simultaneously recorded by the 3CCD camera from two different optical paths. The blue and red channel sub-images extracted from the recorded color images can be analyzed using the regular stereo-DIC algorithm to obtain the full-field three dimensional (3D) information of a test object surface. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed technique are demonstrated by a series of real shape, in-plane and out-of-plane translation, and 3D deformation tests.     

Full-Field Surface 3D Shape and Displacement Measurements Using an Unfocused Plenoptic Camera

Full-field surface 3D shape and displacement measurements using a single commercial unfocused plenoptic camera (Lytro Illum) are reported in this work. Before measurements, the unfocused plenoptic camera is calibrated with two consecutive steps, including lateral calibration and depth calibration. Each raw image of a checkerboard pattern recorded by Lytro Illum is first extracted to an array of sub-aperture images (SAIs), and the center sub-aperture images (CSAIs) at diverse poses are used for lateral calibration to determine intrinsic and extrinsic parameters. The parallax maps between the CSAI and the remaining SAIs at each pose are then determined for depth parameters estimation using depth calibration. Furthermore, a newly developed physical-based depth distortion model is established to correct the serious distortion of the depth field. To realize shape and deformation measurements, the raw images of a test sample with speckle patterns premade on its surface are captured by Lytro Illum and extracted to arrays of SAIs. The parallax maps between the CSAI and the target SAIs are obtained using subset-based digital image correlation. Based on the pre-computed intrinsic and depth parameters and the disparity map, the full-field surface 3D shape and displacement of a test object are finally determined. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach are evaluated by a set of experiments involving the shape reconstruction of a cylinder, in-plane and out-of-plane displacement measurements of a flat plate and 3D full-field displacement measurements of a cantilever beam. The preliminary results indicate that the proposed method is expected to become a novel approach for full-field surface 3D shape and displacement measurements.     

Diffraction Assisted Image Correlation: A Novel Method for Measuring Three-Dimensional Deformation using Two-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation

Digital Image Correlation (DIC) provides a full-field non-contact optical method for accurate deformation measurement of materials, devices and structures. The measurement of three-dimensional (3D) deformation using DIC in general requires imaging with two cameras and a 3D-DIC code. In the present work, a new experimental technique, namely, Diffraction Assisted Image Correlation (DAIC) for 3D displacement measurement using a single camera and 2D-DIC algorithm is presented. A transmission diffraction grating is placed between the specimen and the camera, resulting in multiple images which are then used to obtain apparent in-plane displacements using 2D-DIC. The true in-plane and out-of-plane displacements of the specimen are obtained from the apparent in-plane displacements and the diffraction angle of the grating. The validity and accuracy of the DAIC method are demonstrated through 3D displacement measurement of a small thin membrane. This technique provides new avenues for performing 3D deformation measurements at small length scales and/or dynamic loading conditions.     

High-Accuracy 2D Digital Image Correlation Measurements with Bilateral Telecentric Lenses: Error Analysis and Experimental Verification

By comparing two digital images of a test planar specimen surface recorded in different configurations, two-dimensional digital image correlation (2D-DIC) provides full-field displacements to sub-pixel accuracy and full-field strains in the recorded images. For the 2D-DIC systems using an optical lens, a simple pinhole imaging model is commonly used to describe the linear relationship between the measured sensor plane displacements and the actual displacements in the object surface. However, in a practical measurement, various unavoidable disadvantageous factors, such as small out-of-plane motion of the test object surface occurred after loading, small out-of-plane motion of the sensor target due to the self-heating or temperature variation of a camera, and geometric distortion of the imaging lens, may seriously impair or slightly change the originally assumed linear correspondence. In certain cases, these disadvantages may lead to significant errors in displacements and strains measured by 2D-DIC. In this work, the measurement errors of 2D-DIC due to the above three disadvantageous factors are first described in detail. Then, to minimize the errors associated with these disadvantages, a high-accuracy 2D-DIC system using a bilateral telecentric lens is established. The performance of the established 2D-DIC system and other two 2D-DIC systems using a conventional lens and an object-side telecentric lens are investigated experimentally using easy-to-implement stationary, out-of-plane and in-plane rigid body translation tests. A detailed examination reveals that a high-quality bilateral telecentric lens is not only insensitive to out-of-plane motion of the test object and the self-heating of a camera, but also demonstrates negligible lens distortion. Uniaxial tensile tests of an aluminum specimen were also performed to quantitatively compare the axial and transversal strains measured by the proposed 2D-DIC system and those measured by strain gage rosettes. The perfect agreement between the two measurements further verifies the accuracy of the established 2D-DIC system.     

Research on synchronous measurement technique of temperature and deformation fields using multispectral camera with bilateral telecentric lens

The hot-section parts easily occur the creep-fatigued interaction under the condition of mechanical-thermal coupled load during the period of service, which may lead to the damage of the parts, and therefore, the measurement and characterization of thermal-deformed fields of the parts are important to understand its damage process. Aiming at relevant demand, the bilateral telecentric-multispectral imaging system was established, the research of synchronous measurement technique of the temperature and deformation fields was developed. On the one hand, the measurement technology for surface temperature of the object was developed using the two-color images captured by the multispectral camera with bilateral telecentric lens and combined with colorimetric method. On the other hand, the 2D-DIC measurement technique of the multispectral camera was developed by conducting digital image correlation analysis using the blue light images before and after deformation, which can measure the high temperature deformation field of the object (the blue light images were filtered by multispectral camera). Results showed that the bilateral telecentric lens is used to replace the ordinary optical lens for imaging, which can effectively eliminate the distortion of the multispectral imaging system. Since the temperature measurement process of this measurement system is little affected by the emissivity of the object, therefore, it has excellent robustness. The thermal expansion coefficients of the nickel alloys are evaluated at the temperature ranges of 700–1000 ℃, indicating this system can achieve the synchronous and precise measurement of the temperature and deformation fields of the object.     

A Stereovision Deformation Measurement System for Transfer Length Estimates in Prestressed Concrete

This work proposes a novel, stereo-vision based test setup for the accurate measurement of relatively small surface strain fields that develop in prestressed concrete prismatic beams after strand release, with the goal of providing an effective and accurate alternative to existing measurement techniques. To this end, the enclosed paper discusses the proposed StereoDIC system configuration, introduces the technique for acquiring full-field shape, deformation and strain measurements using 3D Digital Image Correlation (StereoDIC), verifies the proposed technique through high fidelity laboratory and computer simulations and proposes a computational algorithm that automates the calculation of the transfer length using these measurements. Our studies show that the proposed approach is an effective and accurate non-contacting technique for determining the small surface strain fields in full-scale, prestressed concrete beam specimens, providing essential data to reliably estimate the transfer length in prestressed concrete beams. Though implementation of the procedure in industrial scale facilities is beyond the scope of this paper, discussion regarding this extension is provided.     

数字图像相关方法中散斑图的质量评价研究

在利用数字图像相关方法测量物体表面变形时,被测物体表面必需覆盖有灰度随机分布的散斑场,该散斑场作为试件表面变形信息的载体随试件一起变形。在实际情况下,不同的散斑场会显示出完全不同的灰度分布特征,并对数字图像相关方法的测量结果有着重要影响。因此如何定量评价散斑图的优劣是数字图像相关方法中一个重要的基本问题,也是该方法的使用者非常关心的问题。基于最近数字图像相关方法基本理论研究的进展,本文提出平均灰度梯度这一新参数用于散斑图质量的评价。为证实该参数的有效性,本文对五幅明显不同的散斑图进行了精确平移,并将数字图像相关方法测量的位移与预加的平移量进行比较,分析了位移测量结果的均值误差和标准差。结果显示位移测量结果的均值误差和标准差均与散斑图的平均灰度梯度有关,一个好的散斑图应该具有较大的平均灰度梯度。     

剪切散斑:一种光学测量技术及其应用

本文综述了剪切散斑测量技术及其成功的应用领域。剪切散斑技术是一种基于激光的全场、非接触表面变形(位移或应变)测量技术,它无需特殊的隔震装置,克服了因参考光束给全息干涉技术所带来的诸多限制。因此,它是用于现场测量的一个有效工具。剪切散斑测量技术已经得到了工业界的普遍认同,尤其是在工业无损检测方面更显示出了它的极大优势,它可以通过识别被诱发的异常变形来显示物体的内部缺陷。剪切散斑的应用还包括应变测量、材料特性表征、残余应力评估、泄漏探测、振动分析和三维形貌测量等。     

虚位移场方法在石墨材料力学参数测量中的应用

光测实验技术在现代力学研究中得到了广泛的应用。对于材料力学参数如杨氏模量和泊松比的测量,可利用典型加载试验如拉伸试验、弯曲试验并结合光测方法(如云纹和数字图像相关技术)得到位移值,利用载荷信息和应变场信息通过计算获得相关的力学参数。本文利用虚位移场方法测量石墨材料的力学参数。结合石墨材料的三点弯曲实验,由数字图像相关法测量得到试件表面的非均匀变形场。通过选择两组不同的虚位移场,可以反算出材料的力学参数:杨氏模量和泊松比。结果表明这种方法可以有效测量石墨材料的弹性参数。该方法可望在材料力学行为检测中得到推广应用。