云纹／光栅测试技术的几点讨论

本文用信号处理的方法系统地阐述了云纹／光栅测试技术。以面内云纹／光栅测试为例，首先说明了光栅是位移和变形信息的空间载体；位移和应变分别是对载体的相位和频率调制；而云纹现象则是试件栅频谱向零频处平移的结果或说云纹是对光栅载体信号解调的过程；进而讨论了云纹技术与光栅技术的本质区别。其次分析了云纹／光栅测试系统的性能，讨论了条纹分析方法及数字图象处理手段对云纹／光栅系统的测试精度、灵敏度、空间分辨率的影响。     

遥测自动云纹引伸仪——实时位移测量系统

云纹法是一种新的位移场或应变场测试技术，本文采用云纹法论述的遥测自动云纹引伸仪系统包括云纹引伸仪、位移信息转换和传输装置以及显示接收监测台。由于采用了轮形光栅从而使引伸仪突破了传统的测量限制，从理论上讲，量程可达无穷大。     

高温云纹干涉测试系统研究

本文研制了用于高温云纹干涉法的测试系统.所研制的系统包括四光束云纹干涉仪、带观察窗口的高温云纹炉及控温系统、机械加载系统(加载架、测力传感器、冷却装置等)、CCD和计算机图像采集与处理系统.适用不同温度条件下的高温光栅制作技术也将给予介绍.该系统实现了1000℃高温氧化条件下的U、V场的实时测量.     

高灵敏度,高温全息云纹光栅及其应用

本文简要介绍了高灵敏度，高温全息云纹光栅技术，主要包括旋转点光源激光全息干涉制栅系统，折射率介质超高频光栅制作技术，双镀层抗高温氧化制栅技术，耐高温光刻胶模板及转移技术，现场变形栅转移技术。在此基础上还给出了高灵敏度，高温全息云纹光栅的几个典型应用实例     

复合材料断裂力学参量的实验测定

本文采用三维云纹干涉仪同步测量含裂纹复合材料弯曲板的面内位移场及离面位移场，并对离面位移场云纹图进行计算机自动采集和处理，编制了云纹数字图像处理软件。文中推导了正交异性复合材料弯曲问题的离面位移场表达式，得到了弯曲板裂纹尖端位移w与应力场强度因子K1的关系式。通过实测位移，结合裂尖位移场推导出应力强度因子K1值。     

高分辨率电镜微米云纹法及其应用

文中就云纹干涉法,电子束云纹法,原子力云纹法,扫描电镜云纹法,聚焦离子束云纹测量微区变形的原理和适用性进行了讨论.应用1200线/毫米的云纹光栅并结合云纹干涉法,电子束云纹法,原子力云纹法,扫描电镜云纹法测量QFP和BGA型电子封装组件的热变形.提出一种新型聚焦离子束云纹法,在MEMS结构上制栅形成FIB扫描云纹,成功的实验结果表明这种方法的可行性.     

倍增云纹的显微测量及密集云纹场的应变测算

为了提高云纹法的准确度,文中提出了使倍增后的云纹宽度变细并进行显微测量的技术,以及由密集云纹场测算应变的条纹间距插值和小间距均匀法。给出了估计由此法算得的应变的误差及其修正方法。所做的曲杆实验其数据与理论值符合得很好。文中还将云纹法中闪耀光栅与振幅栅相匹配的光学空间滤波系统改进为实时系统,导出其条纹倍增率及云纹图的最佳对比度条件。     

单光束楔形镜云纹干涉法

本文利用单光束楔形镜云纹干涉法代替传统的双光束云纹干涉法进行位移场和应变场的测量.单光束云纹干涉法具有光路简单,不受环境干扰等特点.本文将云纹干涉法的波前理论与近代光学信息技术有机地结合起来,对单光束干涉系统进行了分析,得到了记录的光强和再现的位移应变公式.利用该系统,得到了三点弯矩形梁的全场位移条纹图和应变条纹图.     

硅橡胶光栅在高温力学性能测试中的作用

在光栅制作中,硅橡胶是一种很好的光栅传递材料,而且普通的硅橡胶又具有耐高温性。我们利用硅橡胶的这些特性,通过大量的实验工作,制作了耐热试件光栅,用于材料高温力学性能测试,解决了350℃以下制作耐高温光栅的困难。本文详细地介绍了硅橡胶光栅复制技术,在铝基碳化硅材料的高温力学性能测试中得到了很好地应用。硅橡胶试件光栅的应用,对推广云纹干涉法,特别是高温云纹测试技术都具有重要意义。     

应用相位移法的二维光栅测量

本文介绍了二种二维位移测量的光栅方法。测试系统采用CCD摄象系统记录正交光栅图象,通过调整摄象机变焦镜头的放大倍数来控制采样的空间频率。采样后用数字信号处理的方法,通过软件手段实现水平向和垂直向光栅信号的分离,然后运用了相位移技术及载波—相位移技术得到二维位移。所开发的测试系统除具有高精度、高灵敏度的特点外,还具有较高的空间分辨率。     

基于锁相循环投影的物体形貌检测

本文提出将相位锁定循环技术应用于栅线投影方法,将规则栅线投影到物体表面得到变形栅线,用相位锁定循环法解调含有物体表面高度信息的位相。用该法不需传统的相位去包裹,即可完成对二维栅线图扫描,从而确定其相位。通过对典型试件的检测,得到了比较满意的结果。     

薄壁柱壳的圆度及三维变形测量技术

本文采用一种新的形状位置（Ｐｒｏｆｉｌｉｍｅｔｒｙ）自动测量计算机处理方法,对钢质圆柱壳的椭圆度进行了测试。具体使用投影光栅,于壳体表现形成栅线影象,自动形成栅线光频率线性编码,用ＣＣＤ摄象机采集到频率编码壳体光栅影象,构成形西半球工波图。将载波的图象经过计算机图象系统获得数值图象。计算机经过快速富立叶变换法解码,输出频率位相值,经数据处理可得到精确的壳面尺度。     

激光光栅显微图像检测技术及其应用

介绍一种可以用来测量曲面试件表面应分量（εｚ,εθ,εｚθ）的激光光栅显微图像检测技术（ＩＧＭ）,它能实现从小应变到大应变全过程的高精度定量测量。我们将这一技术成功地应用在铁基形状记忆合金（ＦＳＭＡ）管接头的结构设计中,在这项研究中,首先在管接头结构表面制作了变形的载体－位相型干涉光栅,由结构表面产生的衍射光通宵我学系统后形成新的干涉光栅,我们利用数字图像系统接收了逆相变前后各自的干涉图像,采用带     

Calculation of strain from an object grating on a reseau film

A correlation technique for the automatic calculation of grating coordinates in digital images is presented yielding displacements and strain on plane surfaces with an accuracy of 100 to 300 microstrain. It is shown that a large grating area can be investigated when the object grating is filmed by a reseau camera. Each segment of the negative can be digitized with a high-resolution CCD-camera resulting in a global resolution of about 6000^*6000 pixels in the whole image. To improve the accuracy of the grating coordinates and to avoid segmentation errors at the overlapping edges, the distortion of the CCD-camera and of the digitizing setup is corrected by a two-dimensional polynomial function. This is derived from the distortion of a digitized image of a high-precision reference grating. The strain calculation considers large deformations as well as rigid-body rotation.     

Optical modal analysis using white-light projected fringes

This paper describes a non-contacting optical technique for vibration measurement, which can be used to determine the magnitude and phase of every point of a continuous surface under steady-state conditions. In this method, the vibrating surface to be studied is illuminated by a white-light, sinusoidal grating projected from an oblique angle. A series of precisely timed digital images of the vibrating object is recorded as the grid is moved across the surface. An automated analysis then extracts magnitude and phase data at each pixel in the recorded images. The use of white light makes it possible to study the motion of larger surfaces than might be conveniently possible with more conventional Moiré or holographic techniques, and the optical arrangement used seems relatively insensitive to external disturbances. The method seems particularly well suited to the study of structures undergoing relatively low-frequency, large-amplitude vibrations.     

Residual strain evaluation of curved surface by grating-transferring technique and GPA

This paper investigates an advanced grating-transferring technique combined with geometric phase analysis (GPA) for residual strain evaluation of curved surface. A standard holographic grating is first transferred to a pre-produced epoxy resin film and then consolidated to a test region of curved surface. With a rubber mold and silicone rubber the deformed grating is replicated to a sheet metal after hole-drilling for release of residual stress. After that the grating is transferred from the sheet metal to the glass plate, which would be served as an analyzer grating (specimen grating). By GPA the local strain distributions related to the phase difference between the reference grating and analyzer grating for the released stress can be evaluated. A validation test has been conducted on the weld joint of a stainless steel tube and the obtained results demonstrate the ability of the method in measuring the residual strain of curved surface.     

The use of automated projection interferometry in monitoring aerofoil buckling

Projection moiré is frequently used to examine the out-of-plane displacement of thin-walled shells during buckling. One way of implementing this technique is to use double exposure photography to superimpose the initial and deformed images of a grating projected onto the surface of the specimen. This generates a pattern of fringes representative of points of equal displacement, thus presenting a snapshot of the full-field buckling behavior. This paper outlines a technique to extend this method to provide a computer generated real-time fringe pattern throughout the whole buckling and post-buckling process. This is achieved by using a CCD camera and specially developed processing software to continuously superimpose the initial image of the grating (i.e., the first frame of the captured video) onto subsequent frames in which this grating is deformed due to the displacement. This method produces series of fringes in digital format, which are ideal for further processing.     

光栅大错位数字散斑干涉系统及其应用研究

本文用统计光学理论简要简述了大错位数字散斑干涉的原理及特点,并在此基础上首次提出利用光栅作为错位元件的光栅大错位数字散斑干涉。该方法具有与全息干涉计算相同的灵敏度,光路简单、结构紧凑,波像差小,防震要求低等特点,文中对该方程进行了详细的原理分析与介绍,利用其对典型试件受均布载荷下的离面位移场进行测量,通过理论值与实验结果的比较,表明该方法的可行性,该方法拓宽了散班干涉技术的适用范围,为实际生产中的     

光栅应变法的图象处理技术

本文应用数字图象处理技术，对光栅应变法图象进行处理，提出了一种简捷的重心算法，使整个图象处理过程快速简单，自动化程度高，并能保证测量精度，使光栅应变法便于实际测试应用。     

Accuracy of the Sampling Moiré Method and its Application to Deflection Measurements of Large-Scale Structures

Measuring accurate displacement distributions for large-scale structures is an important issue and a very challenging task. Recently, a simple and accurate phase measurement technique called sampling moiré method [Exp Mech 50–4:501–508, (2010)] has been developed for small-displacement distribution measurements. In this method, the phase distribution of moiré fringes can be analyzed from a single grating image by simultaneously performing down-sampling image processing and intensity-interpolation to generate multiple phase-shifted moiré fringe images. In addition, the phase of the original grating can also be obtained from the phase of the moiré fringe by adding the phase of the sampling grating. In this study, the measurement accuracy of the sampling moiré method was analyzed through computer simulations and a displacement measurement experiment. Four factors of the sampling moiré method were investigated, including the sampling pitch, the order of the intensity-interpolation, random noise, and the form of grating. The results show that determining the optimal sampling pitch is an important factor for obtaining better results but it is not critical. In addition, a practical application of the sampling moiré method is presented that involves a deflection measurement on a 10-meter-long crane. The experimental results demonstrate that submillimeter deflections of the crane can be successfully detected.