任意斜裂纹转子的耦合振动研究

对包含不同类型裂纹(横裂纹、横-斜裂纹以及任意斜裂纹)的转子的耦合振动进行研究,以揭示裂纹转子在不同方向上刚度参数的变化规律及其交叉耦合机理,特别是由此引发的振动特征.对于包含不同类型裂纹的转子轴段,采用六自由度Timoshenko梁单元模型对其进行单元建模,并基于应变能理论推导计算柔度参数和刚度矩阵.在此基础上,采用纽马克-β数值算法求解裂纹转子的运动方程,获得裂纹转子在单故障或多故障激励(不平衡激励、扭转激励或不平衡激励加扭转激励)作用下的耦合振动响应,进而分析耦合振动谱特征.与横裂纹和横-斜裂纹相比,任意斜裂纹使转子刚度矩阵的交叉耦合效应更显著,导致转子发生更强烈的弯-扭耦合甚至是纵-弯-扭耦合振动.无论是在不平衡激励还是扭转激励作用下,弯曲振动与扭转振动幅度都更大.而且,包含不同类型裂纹的转子的耦合振动特征频率,例如旋转基频与二倍频、扭转激励频率及其边带成分的幅值,对裂纹面方向角具有不同的敏感性.所得的这些研究结果,可以为转子裂纹的特征参数辨识与诊断提供理论依据.     

开闭裂纹转子的弯扭耦合振动研究

以水平放置的Jeffcott裂纹转子为研究对象，建立了开闭裂纹转子弯扭耦合振动的非线性运动微分方程，并用数值方法分析了纯弯曲振动与弯扭耦合振动情况下转子的动力响应。结果表明：弯扭耦合振动是由转子质量的偏心和转子自重的共同作用而产生的，当质量偏心很小时可以不考虑扭转振动的影响，当偏心较大时，扭转对弯曲振动的影响主要体现在高转速部分，且由于裂纹开闭的作用，使扭转的耦合作用存在一个范围，随裂纹深度的增加，扭振影响的转速下限就会越低，但当裂纹较深、转速较快时，扭转对弯曲振动在作用范围内有明显的影响，使频谱图和轴心轨迹都发生较大的变化，且对转速的变化极为敏感，因此在故障诊断时必须对扭转的耦合作用高度重视。     

裂纹转子的弯扭耦合振动特性分析

研究了裂纹转子的弯扭耦合振动特性,分析了扭转对弯曲振动的影响,数值分析结果表明,在某些情况下扭转振动的耦合使变曲振动转子的裂纹特征消失,对转子水裂纹故障的早期预报与诊断不利,     

裂纹转子振动特性分析

以具有刚性支承的水平Jefcott裂纹转子为研究对象,考虑涡动的影响,建立了裂纹转轴在固定坐标系中的刚度矩阵,推导了裂纹转子振动的运动方程,并通过数值方法分析了其动态特性。数值分析表明：裂纹转子振动响应中出现1X、2X、3X……分量,且当Ω=1/2,1/3…时,2X,3X…分量分别达到最大值;转子的中心轨迹形状随Ω变化而变化,当β=0-π逐渐增大时,响应中1X分量显著减小。考虑弯扭耦合振动时,振动响应中出现一些新的频率成分。同步激励的情况下,当ω＝ωN／n(n=2,3,4,…）时,扭转振动响应中nX分量也达到最大值。     

裂纹转子的振动响应研究

本文研究了裂纹转子的振动响应。文章首先通过应力强度因子积分得到含裂纹轴单元的刚度矩阵；建立了裂纹转子的运动微分方程。进而研究了裂纹转子的振动响应，得出了裂纹转子的振动响应随裂纹位置和深度的变化关系。为工程上早期诊断微小裂纹提供了理论根据。     

弯扭耦合振动对次同步谐振响应的影响

建立了考虑弯扭耦合作用时 ,大型气轮发电机组转子轴系与电网耦合次同步谐振 ( SSR)的 1 9维非线性模型。运用数值方法 ,确定系统平衡位置稳定性的转变点 ,着重分析了在不同偏心条件下 ,弯曲振动与扭转振动之间的相互影响 ,同时给出了轴系弯曲刚度对系统稳定性的影响 ,证明在正常情况下 ,由偏心引起的弯扭耦合作用是非常弱的 ,可以不予考虑     

单向偏心粘弹性梁弯扭耦合振动复模态分析

对单向偏心等截面粘弹性梁,考虑偏心引起的弯扭耦合作用.将运动方程写成状态方程形式,利用复模态正交性将其解耦成为若干个广义复振子的求解和叠加问题;使用跟踪结构边界条件矩阵行列式零点的方法求得复频率和复模态,进而可以求得粘弹性偏心梁在任意初始条件和外部激励下的动力响应.通过算例,从结构复频率、复模态幅值和幅角、在不同频率简谐集中力作用下结构动力响应等方面综合分析了粘弹性阻尼和弯扭耦合的影响.计算结果表明,在粘弹性阻尼作用下,衰减系数随振型阶数而增大,振动频率随之不断减小;单纯弯曲和扭转振动的固有频率分布影响各阶复模态中弯扭耦合作用的强弱.通过与有限元法计算结果比较,验证了本文方法的合理性.     

齿轮箱非线性耦合系统的动力学分析

分别建立了啮合齿轮子系统弯扭耦合振动模型、弹性轴子系统的弯曲振动和扭转振动模型以及齿轮箱弹性箱板子系统的横向振动模型,通过轴承多维刚度矩阵和子结构之间的受力变形协调关系将各子结构的振动模型联立起来,从而得到整个齿轮箱耦合系统的动力学模型。结合相图和庞加莱映射图分析了系统的运动特性,采用功率流方法研究了系统振动能量传递特性及其影响因素,揭示了外部激励和轴承刚度等因素对系统特性的影响,为齿轮箱系统的振动控制与结构设计提供了新的分析方法和理论依据。     

确定性载荷作用下Timoshenko薄壁梁的弯扭耦合动力响应

建立了一种普遍的解析理论用于求解确定性载荷作用下Timoshenko薄壁梁的弯扭耦合动力响应。首先通过直接求解单对称均匀Timoshenko薄壁梁单元弯扭耦合振动的运动偏微分方程，给出了计算其自由振动的精确方法，并导出了Timoshenko弯扭耦合薄壁梁自由振动主模态的正交条件。然后利用简正模态法研究了确定性载荷作用下单对称Timoshenko薄壁梁的弯扭耦合动力响应，该弯扭耦合梁所受到的荷载可以是集中载荷或沿着梁长度分布的分布载荷。最后假定确定性载荷是谐波变化的，得到了各种激励下封闭形式的解，并对动力弯曲位移和扭转位移的数值结果进行了讨论。     

空间曲梁单元的扭转修正系数研究

三维空间曲梁有限单元模型是模拟曲梁结构的有效数值方法,可以考虑曲梁的弯扭耦合特性,最为符合曲梁的几何和受力特征.由于有限元法采用梁理论的平截面假定,空间曲梁单元上的扭转剪应力分布与实际曲梁截面上的扭转剪应力不同,从而会导致扭转刚度和扭转变形的计算失真.本文基于剪切应变能等效原理,推导了不同长宽比的矩形截面空间曲梁单元的扭转刚度修正系数η和截面边中点处扭转剪应力的修正系数λ,并采用曲线悬臂梁进行了验证.验证结果表明,根据本文提出的η作为校正因子的空间曲梁单元模型,对任意矩形截面曲梁计算的扭转变形均与实体单元模型的结果吻合良好;且只有截面为正方形时,扭转剪应力修正系数η才恰好与弯曲剪应力修正系数(1.2)一致.     

A novel method for slant crack detection in rotors based on turning in two directions

This paper presents a novel way to detect fatigue slant cracks in rotors based on theoretical discussion. Hence, the dynamic behaviour of a Jeffcott rotor system with a mid-span slant crack under arbitrary crack orientations is studied. First, using concepts of fracture mechanics, the flexibility matrix and subsequently the system’s stiffness matrix are calculated. A symmetric relation for a global stiffness matrix is presented and proved. Next, the motion equations of the system that are obtained in four directions, two transverse, one torsional and one longitudinal, are solved using the Runge–Kutta numerical method. The characteristics of crack orientations for angles greater than 90° (transverse crack) are investigated in detail and their influence on the elements of the crack compliance matrix is presented. Also, slant crack characteristics with complementary angles are compared to each other. It is shown that the difference between cracked systems with complementary angles is only in 3rd row (3rd column) of the crack compliance matrix, and also it is shown that due to the presence of a slant crack, the system responses in forward and backward motion are different. Using the frequency responses of the shaft obtained, a technique to detect the existence of slant cracks on the shaft was proposed. This novel method is a simple way that can be used for slant crack detection in rotors.     

Detection of a slant crack in a rotor bearing system during shut-down

Abstract

The transient response of a slant-cracked rotor system during shut-down has been analyzed while it is decelerating through the critical speed. Vibration response has been simulated by using finite element method (FEM) for flexural vibrations. An unbalance force and a harmonically-varying torque is applied on the rotor system. Subharmonic frequency components at an interval frequency corresponding to torsional frequency were found in the frequency domain (Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) plot). These peaks are centered on the critical speed of the rotor system when a slant crack is present and can be used to detect the crack. The fundamental mode shapes of the rotor bearing systems are wavelet transformed to identify the crack location. A peak is observed at the crack location in the spatial variation of the wavelet-transformed fundamental mode shape. A few suggestions for the detection of slant cracks in the rotor during shut-down are described.     

Coupled torsional and bending vibrations of a rotor with an open crack

Summary The influence of transverse cracks on the coupled torsional and bending vibrations of a rotor is presented in this study. A fragment of the shaft of constant cross-section with a crack is modelled by means of a beam finite element. A procedure to calculate the stiffness coefficients in cross-sections weakned by cracks is given. The crack is considered to be open. The stiffness matrix for the above mentioned element is given. The method is illustrated by an example.

---

Über gekoppelte Dreh- und Biegeschwingungen eines Rotors mit offenem Riß

Übersicht Der Einfluß von transversalen Rissen auf die gekoppelte Dreh- und Biegeschwingungen eines Rotors wird vorgestellt. Der Abschnitt einer Welle von konstantem Querschnitt mit Riß wird mit Hilfe der Finite-Element-Methode modelliert. Ein Rechenverfahren zur Bestimmung der Torsions- und Biegesteifigkeitskoeffizienten in durch den Riß geschwächten Querschnitten wird angegeben. Dabei wird der Spalt als offen betrachtet. Eine Steifigkeitsmatrix für das erwähnte Element wird aufgestellt. Die Methode wird mit einem Beispiel veranschaulicht.

     

基于均匀荷载面曲率的简支裂纹梁损伤识别

为了采用模态参数对结构裂纹进行定位与定量,基于集中柔度模型,采用无质量的扭转弹簧模拟裂纹,建立简支裂纹梁的振动微分方程。针对现有柔度曲率指标仅能判断裂纹的大致范围,基于线性插值理论,建立裂纹位置与相邻测点均匀荷载面曲率差的关系,提出裂纹进一步定位公式,实现裂纹位置的精确定位。针对现有大多数损伤识别方法无法实现裂纹的损伤定量,基于位移曲率与结构刚度和弯矩的关系,理论推导了均匀荷载面曲率的结构刚度损伤程度识别方法,基于弹簧串联原理和线刚度思想,首次提出串联等效线刚度模型,建立裂纹深度与均匀荷载面曲率的关系,实现裂纹深度的定量。通过简支裂纹梁数值算例,考虑多裂纹的损伤情况,验证了新方法对裂纹定位与定量的有效性。     

Bending of Timoshenko beam with effect of crack gap based on equivalent spring model

Considering the effect of crack gap,the bending deformation of the Timoshenko beam with switching cracks is studied.To represent a crack with gap as a nonlinear unidirectional rotational spring,the equivalent flexural rigidity of the cracked beam is derived with the generalized Dirac delta function.A closed-form general solution is obtained for bending of a Timoshenko beam with an arbitrary number of switching cracks.Three examples of bending of the Timoshenko beam are presented.The influence of the beam’s slenderness ratio,the crack’s depth,and the external load on the crack state and bending performances of the cracked beam is analyzed.It is revealed that a cusp exists on the deflection curve,and a jump on the rotation angle curve occurs at a crack location.The relation between the beam’s deflection and load is bilinear,each part corresponding to an open or closed state of crack,respectively.When the crack is open,flexibility of the cracked beam decreases with the increase of the beam’s slenderness ratio and the decrease of the crack depth.The results are useful in identifying non-destructive cracks on a beam.     

An investigation on lateral and torsional coupled vibrations of high power density PMSM rotor caused by electromagnetic excitation

Electromagnetic excitation in high power density permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) due to eccentricity is a significant concern in industry; however, the treatment of lateral and torsional coupled vibrations caused by electromagnetic excitation is rarely addressed, yet it is very important for evaluating the stability of dynamic rotor vibrations. This study focuses on an analytical method for analyzing the stability of coupled lateral/torsional vibrations in rotor systems caused by electromagnetic excitation in a PMSM. An electromechanically coupled lateral/torsional dynamic model of a PMSM Jeffcott rotor is derived using a Lagrange–Maxwell approach. Equilibrium stability was analyzed using a linearized matrix of the equation describing the system. The stability criteria of coupled torsional–lateral motions are provided, and the influences of the electromagnetic and mechanical parameters on mechanical vibration stability and nonlinear behavior were investigated. These results provide better understanding of the nonlinear response of an eccentric PMSM rotor system and are beneficial for controlling and diagnosing eccentricity.     

基于等效黏性弹簧的黏弹性Timoshenko裂纹梁弯曲解析解

考虑裂纹的缝隙和黏性效应,将梁中横向裂纹等效为黏弹性扭转弹簧,利用广义Delta函数,给出了Laplace变换域内裂纹梁的等效抗弯刚度,得到了具有任意开闭裂纹数目且满足标准线性固体黏弹性本构的Timoshenko梁在时间域内的弯曲变形显式解析通解．在此基础上,通过两个数值算例,分析了时间、梁跨高比和裂纹深度等参数对黏弹性Timoshenko开裂纹梁弯曲变形的影响．结果表明：裂纹黏性对Timoshenko裂纹梁的弯曲具有显著的影响．相比于裂纹的弹性扭转弹簧模型,考虑裂纹黏性效应的黏弹性Timoshenko裂纹梁在裂纹处挠度尖点和转角跳跃现象十分明显．另外,由于横向剪切引起的附加变形,Timoshenko裂纹梁的稳态挠度与Euler-Bernoulli梁挠度的差值为常数,其大小与裂纹模型、梁跨高比或裂纹深度无关,这些结果对梁裂纹无损检测具有指导意义．     

基于裂纹附加模态Timoshenko梁的裂纹损伤识别

将梁中横向裂纹等效为无质量扭转弹簧，并忽略其对梁剪切变形的影响，得到的具有任意裂纹数目Timoshenko 梁自振模态的统一显示解析表达式．将裂纹梁的自振模态分为基本模态和裂纹附加模态，利用最小二乘拟合，建立了利用裂纹附加模态函数的梁裂纹损伤识别方法．通过数值模拟开展了简支单裂纹梁以及悬臂和固支双裂纹梁等的裂纹损伤识别，考察了测量误差对损伤识别的影响，数值结果表明本文所提出的裂纹损伤识别方法对裂纹位置的识别精度高于对裂纹损伤程度的识别精度；随着测量误差的增加，裂纹位置及裂纹损伤程度的识别误差增加，但仍在可接受的范围内，故该裂纹损伤识别方法在实际工程中具有一定的应用价值．     

A non-linear study of a cracked rotor

The influence of the presence of transverse cracks in a rotating shaft is analyzed. The paper addresses the influence of crack opening and closing on dynamic response during operation. The evolution of the orbit of the cracked rotor near half and one-third of the first critical speed is investigated. The dynamic response of the rotor with a breathing crack is evaluated by expanding the changing stiffness of the crack as a truncated Fourier series and then using the Harmonic Balance Method. This method is applied to compute various parametric studies including the effects of the crack depth and location on the dynamic of a crack rotor. The evolution of the first critical speed, associated amplitudes at the critical speed and half of the critical speed, and the resulting orbits during transient operation are presented and some distinguishing features of a cracked rotor are examined.     

Free torsional vibration of cracked nanobeams incorporating surface energy effects

This paper investigates surface energy effects, including the surface shear modulus, the surface stress, and the surface density, on the free torsional vibration of nanobeams with a circumferential crack and various boundary conditions. To formulate the problem, the surface elasticity theory is used. The cracked nanobeam is modeled by dividing it into two parts connected by a torsional linear spring in which its stiffness is related to the crack severity. Governing equations and corresponding boundary conditions are derived with the aid of Hamilton's principle. Then, natural frequencies are obtained analytically, and the influence of the crack severity and position, the surface energy, the boundary conditions, the mode number, and the dimensions of nanobeam on the free torsional vibration of nanobeams is studied in detail. Results of the present study reveal that the surface energy has completely different effects on the free torsional vibration of cracked nanobeams compared with its effects on the free transverse vibration of cracked nanobeams.