类金刚石涂层在不同载荷和湿度下的摩擦特性

利用磁过滤阴极弧等离子体沉积装置在单晶硅基底上制备了类金刚石涂层，采用原子力显微镜和纳米压痕仪测定了其表面形貌及硬度，在DF－PM型动－静摩擦系数精密测定仪上考察了涂层在不同载荷及湿度下同GCr15钢对摩时的摩擦性能。结果表明，在不同环境湿度条件下DLC涂层的摩擦性能明显不同，这主要归因于转移膜形成机理的不同；在3N载荷下，DLC涂层同GCr15钢对摩时的摩擦系数相对较小，且较为稳定；当环境湿度增大至100％时，摩擦系数显著增大，并发生类似于含氢类金刚石涂层的灾难性磨损。     

热处理对类金刚石碳薄膜力学和摩擦性能的影响

利用直流磁分离及脉冲阴极双激发源等离子弧薄膜沉积装置制备了含Ti底层和无Ti底层的类金刚石碳薄膜(DLC);采用纳米硬度计、原子力显微镜和X射线光电子能谱仪分析了薄膜的力学性能和结构;采用УСК-1型球-盘滑动摩擦磨损试验机考察了薄膜的摩擦性能.结果表明,同无Ti底层的DLC薄膜相比,含Ti底层的DLC薄膜的硬度和弹性模量较低;含Ti底层的DLC薄膜经真空400℃退火后表面层中存在TiO2,内部存在TiC;而无Ti底层的DLC薄膜经真空500℃退火处理后硬度、弹性模量和表面形貌几乎保持不变;无Ti底层的DLC薄膜经空气中500℃退火后摩擦系数明显降低,这是由于DLC薄膜在空气中热处理时更易发生石墨化所致.     

中频磁控溅射沉积含铝类金刚石碳膜结构及其摩擦磨损性能研究

采用中频磁控溅射技术在单晶硅表面制备含铝类金刚石(Al-DLC)薄膜,利用原子力显微镜、X射线光电子能谱仪、红外光谱仪、纳米压痕仪和微摩擦磨损试验机等考察薄膜表面形貌、结构及其摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:所制备的Al-DLC薄膜均匀、致密,表面粗糙度小,应力较低,硬度较高;薄膜与Si3N4陶瓷球对摩时显示出良好抗磨减摩性能;加基底偏压所制备薄膜的摩擦系数明显降低, 耐磨寿命显著提高.     

基体材料特性对涂层抗微动磨损性能的影响

研究了不同硬度基底上离子渗硫层和磁控溅射ＭｏＳ２涂层的抗微动损伤能力。结果表明：在高硬度基底上沉积低摩擦系数的减摩涂层,有效提高减磨效果、持久性和耐磨性;当基底硬度较低时,在低载和低循环次数下减摩涂层的效果明显;在高载和高循环次数下,涂层的耐磨性明显降低。     

Cr12MoV钢表面磁控溅射Ti/TiN涂层的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用非平衡磁控溅射方法在Cr12MoV钢表面制备了厚度约为3 μm的Ti/TiN涂层,测定了涂层的显微硬度,并通过划痕试验和摩擦磨损试验考察了涂层同基体的结合强度及其摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:Ti/TiN涂层能够显著提高Cr12MoV钢的表面硬度和承载能力;涂层同Cr12MoV钢基体的结合强度较高,划痕临界载荷高于60 N;与此同时,磁控溅射Ti/TiN涂层可以显著改善Cr12MoV钢的耐磨性能.这是由于磁控溅射Ti/TiN涂层硬度高且与Cr12MoV钢基体的结合强度较高所致.     

Ti6A14V表面微弧氧化陶瓷涂层的结构和摩擦学特性

采用交流微弧氧化法，在Na2SiO3-(NaPO3)6-Na3MoO4溶液中制备了Ti6A14V表面氧化物陶瓷涂层，用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和球-盘摩擦磨损试验机研究了涂层的结构、形貌及摩擦学性能，用纳米压痕仪测定了涂层致密层的硬度，用扫描电子显微镜观察涂层磨损表面形貌，用能谱仪分析涂层磨屑的元素组成．结果表明：厚约20pm的涂层致密均匀，主要由锐钛矿和金红石相氧化钛组成；涂层致密层的硬度约为13．5GPa；在0．5N低载荷和摩擦循环次数小于2000次条件下，涂层同GCrl5钢对摩时的摩擦系数仅为0．18～0．20，较基底Ti6A14V与其对摩的摩擦系数低得多．摩擦过程中较软的GCr15钢球材料向涂层表面转移，涂层的磨损机制主要是轻微磨粒磨损与粘着磨损．     

相结构对氮化钛硼薄膜摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用直流非平衡磁控溅射系统在单晶硅片表面制备TiBxNy薄膜,采用X射线衍射仪和X射线光电子能谱议测定TiBxNy薄膜的相结构和成分,采用销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机研究TiBxNy薄膜的滑动干摩擦磨损性能,并采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱仪表征薄膜的磨痕表面结构及其化学特征.研究表明:TiBxNy薄膜的相结构与N含量有关,在TiB0.65薄膜中加入N能够促使纳米晶TiN的形成;薄膜的摩擦系数和磨损率与其相结构有关,随着薄膜中TiN的体积分数增加,摩擦系数增大,磨损率降低;当薄膜中N含量约为37at.%时,TiN的体积分数和摩擦系数最高,磨损率最低;增加N含量促使h-BN相形成,且h-BN相的体积分数随N含量的增加而增大,h-BN相的形成降低了摩擦系数,增加了磨损率;在摩擦过程中磨屑发生氧化而生成钛的氧化物TiO、Ti2O3、TiO2以及少量硼(B)的氧化物.     

磁过滤真空弧源沉积技术制备C/C多层类金刚石膜及其摩擦磨损性能研究

采用磁过滤直流阴极真空弧源沉积技术在Si基体和GCr15基体表面制备了C/C多层DLC膜,通过X射线光电子能谱仪分析薄膜结构特征;用原子力显微镜观察C/C多层DLC膜的表面形貌;采用台阶仪测试薄膜厚度;利用纳米硬度仪测试薄膜纳米硬度;在销盘式摩擦磨损试验机上进行C/C多层DLC膜在大气下的摩擦性能评价,同时比较了单层DLC膜、TiN膜和C/C多层DLC膜的耐磨性能.结果表明:C/C多层DLC膜表面光滑、致密,厚度达0.7 μm,硬度高达68 GPa,与SiC球对摩时的摩擦系数为0.10左右,耐磨性明显优于单层DLC膜和TiN膜.     

偏压对高功率脉冲磁控溅射法沉积MoN涂层结构及性能的影响

采用高功率脉冲磁控溅射(HiPIMS)方法在9Cr18钢基材上制备了MoN涂层.系统研究了不同偏压对其结构、力学性能以及摩擦学性能的影响，并优化出耐磨性优异的MoN涂层.采用场发射扫描电镜分析涂层的表面和截面形貌，采用X-射线衍射仪分析涂层的晶相结构，采用纳米压痕仪测量涂层的硬度和弹性模量，采用摩擦磨损试验机(CSM)评价涂层的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明：随着偏压的增加，涂层由柱状晶体结构向致密无特征晶体结构转变，相结构以面心立方Mo₂N相为主. HiPIMS方法制备的MoN涂层均表现出较高的硬度(28 GPa以上)和较好的膜基结合力(60 N左右).摩擦学性能方面，在120 V偏压下沉积得到的涂层摩擦系数最低，为0.24；而在160 V偏压下沉积的涂层磨损率最低，为1.4×10^-8 mm³/(N·m).     

不同载荷下钛合金激光熔覆Ni60/h-BN自润滑耐磨复合涂层的摩擦学性能

为提高钛合金的摩擦学性能,以金属陶瓷Ni60和固体润滑剂h-BN复合合金粉末为原料,采用激光熔覆技术在钛合金表面制备出了以硬质Ti C、Ti B2、Cr B等为耐磨增强相、以h-BN为固体润滑相的自润滑耐磨复合涂层.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)分析了涂层的显微组织结构及物相;在室温条件下分别在不同载荷(2、5和8 N)下以Si3N4陶瓷球为对偶件测试了复合涂层与基体的干滑动磨损性能,并分析了其磨损机理.结果表明:复合涂层的平均硬度为HV0.21 013.75,约是基体(HV0.2360)的3倍,在所有试验载荷下,复合涂层的摩擦系数和磨损率均比基体的低.随着载荷的增加,涂层的摩擦系数和磨损率均先减小后升高,说明涂层在5 N载荷下显示出最好的自润滑和耐磨性能.     

一种基于直接计算高阶奇异积分的断裂力学双边界积分方程分析法

相对于有限元法,边界单元法在求解断裂问题上有着独特的优势,现有的边界单元法中主要有子区域法和双边界积分方程法.采用一种改进的双边界积分方程法求解二维、三维断裂问题的应力强度因子,对非裂纹边界采用传统的位移边界积分方程,只需对裂纹面中的一面采用面力边界积分方程,并以裂纹间断位移为未知量直接用于计算应力强度因子.采用一种高阶奇异积分的直接法计算面力边界积分方程中的超强奇异积分;对于裂纹尖端单元,提供了三种不同形式的间断位移插值函数,采用两点公式计算应力强度因子.给出了多个具体的算例,与现存的精确解或参考解对比,可得到高精度的计算结果.      

汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡 碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析

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2008年5月12日,汶川M80地震在四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟内诱发一巨型滑坡。通过现场调查得知,滑坡前后缘高差455m,厚度20～30m,滑面为基岩层面,初始方量2750×107m3。滑体在运动中转化为碎屑流。滑坡-碎屑流总的水平运动距离为4022m,垂直运动距离为1443m,遗留的堆积物体积达5×107m3。滑坡距映秀—北川断裂仅36km,位于其下盘,地震烈度达XI度。滑坡导致文家沟中48人遇害,并形成一条完整的地震次生地质灾害链。初步分析表明滑坡启动速度快,滑坡向碎屑流转化过程明显、地点明确。碎屑流运动过程复杂,伴有强烈的“气垫效应”和“前缘气浪冲击效应”。作者认为,文家沟滑坡的高启动速度是长持时强烈地震动作用的结果,与山体的猛烈碰撞是导致滑体解体并转化为碎屑流的原因。     

Preface: Orbits around asteroid

One of the core issues in modern celestial mechanics is the orbital dynamics in the near-regime gravitational field of as- teroids, which provides deep insights into the mathematical nature of a class of nonlinear systems, and plays as a critical basis for in situ explorations of different science goals. Lots of efforts have been made to reveal the characteristics of orbital motion in the vicinity of asteroids, and to improve the skills of asteroid research in methodology.     

Effet de l'anisotropie élastique cristalline sur la distribution des facteurs de Schmid à la surface des polycristauxInfluence of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals

Experimental studies of the plasticity mechanisms of polycrystals are usually based on the Schmid factor distribution supposing crystalline elasticity isotropy. A numerical evaluation of the effect of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on the apparent Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals is presented. Cubic elasticity is considered. Order II stresses (averaged on all grains with the same crystallographic orientation) as well as variations between averages computed on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are computed. The Finite Element Method is used. Commonly studied metals presenting an increasing anisotropy degree are considered (aluminium, nickel, austenite, copper). Concerning order II stresses in strongly anisotropic metals, the apparent Schmid factor distribution is drifted towards small Schmid factor values (the maximum Schmid factor is equal to 0.43 instead of 0.5) and the slip activation order between characteristic orientations of the crystallographic standard triangle is modified. The computed square deviations of the stresses averaged on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are a bit higher than the second order ones (inter-orientation scatter). Our numerical evaluations agree quantitatively with several observations and measures of the literature concerning stress and strain distribution in copper and austenite polycrystals submitted to low amplitude loadings. Hopefully, the given apparent Schmid factor distributions could help to better understand the observations of the plasticity mechanisms taking place at the free surface of polycrystals. To cite this article: M. Sauzay, C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Nonlinear behavior of matrix-inclusion composites under high confining pressure: application to concrete and mortar

This paper is devoted to a micromechanics-based simulation of the response of concrete to hydrostatic and oedometric compressions. Concrete is described as a composite made up of a cement matrix in which rigid inclusions are embedded. The focus is put on the role of the interface between matrix and inclusion which represent the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). A plastic behavior is considered for both the matrix and the interfaces. The effective response of the composite is derived from the modified secant method adapted to the situation of imperfect interfaces. To cite this article: T.H. Le et al., C. R. Mecanique 336 (2008).     

Dynamics and Breakup of Viscoelastic Liquids (A Review)

The phenomena of hydrodynamic breakup of liquid jets, drops, films, bridges, and filaments are reviewed for liquids with viscoelastic properties. The reasons for breakup are capillary instabilities, collisions with rigid obstacles, and other forms of dynamic action. The relationship between the properties of the liquids and the features of the breakup process is discussed.     

Flow stability analysis and excitation using pulsating jets

Classical flow stability applied to transition from laminar to turbulent flow may also describe the behavior of vorticity fluctuations created by a pulsating jet placed along a solid boundary. A numerical laminar flow experiment involving a pulsating jet placed along the surface of a duct with flow separation downstream, resulted in eliminating most part of the separated flow region. Applying the same approach to a turbulent flow, it was possible to develop a turbulent stability flow formulation and apply successfully turbulent pulsating jet flow separation control. To cite this article: D. Skamnakis, K. Papailiou, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).