延性起裂COD的尺寸效应

本文通过测定微裂纹扩展阻力曲线,研究了试样尺寸对延性起裂COD、δ_i的影响.所用三点弯曲试样,其尺寸厚度B、裂纹长度a和韧带宽度b,分别减小到2mm、0.8mm和0.8mm.试验结果表明,在所试验范围内,δ_i不受试样尺寸的影响. 通过裂纹顶端附近应变分布的测定,得知断裂过程区,只局限于裂尖一个极小的区域内,该区约为δ_i的1/8到1/6.从而解释了,为什么这么小的试样尺寸仍能满足δ_i判据的有效性.     

基于数字图像相关方法的鲁灰花岗岩断裂特性研究

采用单边直裂纹三点弯曲梁(SC3PB)对鲁灰花岗岩I型裂纹的断裂特性进行了实验研究,得到其断裂韧度为0.9~1.4MN/m1.5。基于数字图像相关方法(DIC)分析了峰值载荷前试件断裂位移场及应变场的演化过程,根据位移场的不连续性给出过程区的扩展轨迹,由应变场得到了高应变区域的变化规律。当局部水平位移梯度发生剧烈变化时,鲁灰花岗岩I型断裂进入过程区;且以水平方向应变达到0.11%~0.20%时作为进入过程区的门槛值;并进一步给出了过程区尖端沿竖直方向的扩展速率与过程区长度呈三次多项式递增关系。     

基于数字散斑相关方法测定Ⅰ型裂纹应力强度因子

提出了一种通过数字散斑相关方法测定金属材料Ⅰ型裂纹尖端位置和应力强度因子的实验方法.实验采用疲劳试验机对含Ⅰ型缺口的Cr12MoV钢试件预制裂纹,通过数字散斑相关方法测试试件在三点弯曲加载条件下裂纹的扩展过程及裂尖区域的位移场.将位移场数据代入裂尖位移场方程组,采用牛顿-拉普森方法求解含未知参量的裂尖非线性位移场方程组,计算裂尖位置和应力强度因子.实验结果表明,采用该方法可以准确地测定金属材料Ⅰ型裂纹应力强度因子、裂尖位置及裂纹扩展长度,解决了以往研究中因不能准确测定裂纹尖端位置,而无法准确计算Ⅰ型裂纹裂尖断裂参数的难题,揭示了金属材料裂纹扩展过程中应力强度因子演化特征.     

氢对体心立方金属裂纹尖端变形过程的影响

利用扫描电镜(SEM)原位拉伸,观察了 Fe-3％Si 单晶体裂尖的变形和断裂过程。用网格法加计算机处理系统测出了裂纹尖端的应变场及氢对应变分布的影响。发现在Ⅰ型载荷下,主裂纹尖端应变呈不对称分布,形变带内应变梯度很大。形变带内应变分布为: ε_(yy)=f(x)exp(-Ar).氢不改变裂纹尖端塑性变形特征,但能明显促进裂纹尖端局部塑性变形的非均匀增加。     

I型裂纹尖端约束应力区模型及其解析解

考虑了I型裂纹尖端损伤区域内三种不同的约束应力分布形式,即右三角分布形式(情况A)、均匀分布形式(情况B)、左三角分布形式(情况C),并采用复变函数方法求得了应力强度因子与裂纹张开位移的解析解;在此基础上,通过数值计算得到了应力强度因子和裂纹张开位移随约束应力区长度、约束应力大小以及分布形式的变化规律。研究结果表明:随裂尖材料损伤程度的增加,裂尖损伤区内约束应力减小,应力强度因子和裂纹张开位移增大;约束应力的分布形式对应力强度因子和裂纹张开位移有显著影响;相对于其他区域,约束应力对裂纹尖端区域裂纹张开位移的影响较大。然而,对于裂尖损伤区域的形成与作用荷载、材料性质、构件几何尺寸之间的关系,还需要进行更为深入的研究。     

加载角度对层理页岩裂纹扩展影响的实验研究

采用分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）系统对页岩进行冲击实验,研究层理角度对页岩动态断裂过程的影响,在裂尖设置裂纹扩展计,借助高速摄影和数字图像相关（DIC）技术对页岩中心切槽半圆盘弯曲（NSCB）试件断裂的全过程进行研究,得到了不同加载角度下页岩的动态起裂韧度、裂纹扩展速度、断裂过程中应变场和水平位移场的变化规律。实验发现:不同加载角度下,页岩的动态起裂韧度具有显著的各向异性,加载角度与动态起裂韧度呈正相关;加载角度对试样的裂纹扩展速度具有显著影响,与裂纹扩展速度呈负相关;当冲击速度较低时,切槽方向是裂纹扩展的优势方向,而当冲击速度较高时,试样会产生沿层理弱面的次生裂纹,次生裂纹对试样的断裂具有显著影响。     

脆性固体中内聚断裂点阵列的扩张行为及间隔影响

建立一个一维模型, 分析脆性材料中多个等间距虚拟断裂点在均匀应变率拉伸作用下的扩张断裂过程. 采用线弹性波动方程组描述材料内部动力学关系, 采用线性内聚力断裂模型(linear cohesive fracture model)描述虚拟断裂点的扩张行为, 根据初始均匀拉伸条件和虚拟裂纹等间距假设给出定解条件, 形成一个初边值问题. 采用Laplace变换方法求解控制方程组, 得到虚拟断裂点扩张过程中内聚应力随时间变化曲线, 以及发生完全断裂的临界时间和单位裂纹体(碎片)的临界膨胀位移. 在此基础上分析应变率和裂纹间距对碎裂发生时间及单元裂纹体临界膨胀位移的影响. 在假设脆性材料在自然碎裂过程中单元裂纹体临界膨胀位移最小的基础上,进一步研究应变率对碎片尺度的影响.      

岩石压剪断裂核的试验研究

本文介绍了岩石压剪断裂试件切口端部微裂区的研究成果。通过白光散斑,光弹贴片测试及切片镜检,查明了该微裂区呈不对称的桑叶状,其内部岩石晶粒碎裂,形成多条裂纹,岩石压剪主破裂面沿微裂区边界面扩展。在上述结果基础上,提出了描述该微裂区的岩石压剪断裂核的形状方程。     

金属韧性断裂的细观研究

对三点弯曲试件裂尖及断裂过程分别用 Prandtl-Reuss本构、Gurson本构方程作了大变形弹塑性有限元分析 ,并比较了二者的结果。对裂尖应力分布 ,应变分布和裂尖处空穴演化作了初步研究。计算模拟结果表明裂尖空穴化区域是一个很小量级的区域 ,采用 Gurson本构方程来研究裂尖“过程区”比采用 Prandtl-Reuss本构方程分析“过程区”来的合理 ,更接近材料实际断裂过程。     

应用云纹干涉法测量力电耦合作用下铁电陶瓷的破坏行为

本文采用云纹干涉系统对的电陶瓷在力电耦合载荷作用下裂纹尖端的力学行为进行全场实时非接触动态细观测量,采用三点弯实验获取裂纹尖端区域在力电耦合作用下与电场集中有关的电致伸缩位移场,应变场,通过分析实验取得的云纹图得到了裂尖区域的位移场,应变场,发现裂尖区域就变随着与裂尖距离的增加衰减的速率比没有电场作用下的理论计算结果要快。     

Sufficient criterion of fracture in the case with a complex stress state and non-proportional deformation of the material in the pre-fracture zone

A general case of proportional loading with a complex stress state of the material in the pre-fracture zone, which is typical for polycrystalline solids with plastic deformation, is considered. A sufficient criterion of fracture is proposed for the case of a complex stress state with non-proportional deformation of the material in the pre-fracture zone. Critical parameters of fracture (pre-fracture zone length and load) for cracks propagating in quasi-brittle materials are obtained with the use of a modified Leonov-Panasyuk-Dugdale model. The pre-fracture zone width is determined by solving the problem of the plasticity theory in the vicinity of the crack tip. The proposed modification of the Leonov-Panasyuk-Dugdale model makes it possible to estimate the critical opening of the crack and the critical displacement of the crack flanks. Inequalities that describe different mechanisms of material fracture under proportional loading (predominantly shear fracture mechanism and fracture mechanism through cleavage) are derived.     

Initial kinking of an interface crack between two elastic media

The initial kinking of a thin fracture process zone near the crack tip under plane strain is studied using the Wiener-Hopf method. The crack is located at the interface between dissimilar elastic media. The fracture process zone is modeled by a straight line of normal displacement discontinuity emerging from the crack tip at an angle to the interface. The angle between the process zone and the interface is determined from the condition of strain energy maximum in the process zone. The dependences of the length and angle of the process zone on the external load and other parameters of the problem are studied. The results are compared with theoretical and experimental data obtained by other researchers __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 43, No. 10, pp. 28–41, October 2007.     

Finite deformation analysis of crack-tip opening in elastic-plastic materials and implications for fracture

Analyses of the stress and strain fields around smoothly-blunting crack tips in both non-hardening and hardening elastic-plastic materials, under contained plane-strain yielding and subject to mode I opening loads, have been carried out by use of a finite element method suitably formulated to admit large geometry changes. The results include the crack-tip shape and near-tip deformation field, and the crack-tip opening displacement has been related to a parameter of the applied load, the J-integral. The hydrostatic stresses near the crack tip are limited due to the lack of constraint on the blunted tip, limiting achievable stress levels except in a very small region around the crack tip in power-law hardening materials. The J-integral is found to be path-independent except very close to the crack tip in the region affected by the blunted tip. Models for fracture are discussed in the light of these results including one based on the growth of voids. The rate of void-growth near the tip in hardening materials seems to be little different from the rate in non-hardening ones when measured in terms of crack-tip opening displacement, which leads to a prediction of higher toughness in hardening materials. It is suggested that improvement of this model would follow from better understanding of void-void and void-crack coalescence and void nucleation, and some criteria and models for these effects are discussed. The implications of the finite element results for fracture criteria based on critical stress or strain, or both, is discussed with respect to transition of fracture mode and the angle of initial crack-growth. Localization of flow is discussed as a possible fracture model and as a model for void-crack coalescence.     

低速冲击下混凝土少筋梁断裂性能

动态加载下,混凝土中钢筋的阻裂性能一直是冲击动力学研究领域的难点之一。利用落锤试验机对含缺口的混凝土少筋梁进行三点弯曲试验,分析了不同加载速率下梁的冲击力、跨中挠度、混凝土起裂应变率和钢筋应变。实验结果表明:在一定加载速率范围内（0.885～1.252 m/s）,混凝土预制裂缝尖端的裂纹起裂应变率、冲击力最大值、跨中挠度峰值与加载速率呈线性增长关系,当加载速率增至1.771 m/s时,增长趋势减弱;冲击力卸载时,钢筋部分弹性变形恢复导致裂纹产生闭合,裂纹嘴张开位移逐渐减小至恒定值,对裂纹嘴张开位移峰值前的部分曲线进行拟合后得到裂纹嘴张开位移率,结果表明裂纹嘴张开位移率随加载速率的提高而线性增大。     

非贯通裂隙岩体损伤演化率相关性及变形特征

含非贯通裂隙岩体是自然界中岩体的主要赋存形式，其裂隙几何特征对岩体的强度及变形均产生显著影响。应变率对岩体的损伤演化及黏滞效应也具有显著的率相关性。首先，运用模型元件的方法，将非贯通裂隙岩体动态破坏过程视为具复合损伤、静态弹性特性、动态黏滞特性的非均质点组成，对黏弹性响应的Maxwell体进行改进，将细观损伤体与裂隙损伤演化的宏观损伤体根据等效应变假设并联组成宏细观复合损伤体，构建综合考虑岩体宏细观缺陷的动态损伤模型；其次，基于断裂力学及应变能理论，对岩体宏观裂隙动态扩展的能量机制进行分析，综合考虑初始裂隙应变能、裂隙动态损伤演化过程应变能、裂隙闭合应变能，得到裂隙岩体宏观动态损伤变量计算公式；最后，将模型计算结果与实验结果进行比较，模型计算结果与实验结果吻合较好，证明了模型的合理性，同时利用模型讨论了裂隙倾角、应变率、岩石性质对岩体变形特征的影响规律。     

复合型韧性断裂实验和控制参数

通过对不同韧性材料在各种平面复合载荷形式下裂纹启裂阶段裂端变形、启裂位置和扩展方向的系统的宏微观实验验证及计算分析,考察了韧性断裂参数空穴扩张比的分布特征和裂纹启裂及扩展方向的关系．得到：对于不同韧性的材料,在裂端的钝化变形区域,空穴扩张比的极大值区对应干裂纹的启裂位置,裂纹启裂时钝化裂端前缘空穴扩张比的临界值不敏感于复合比的变化．而对于裂纹启裂后的扩展方向,则需根据具体材料在相应的特定区域中比较空穴扩张比参数极大值的分布特征,需经进一步的分析,从而确定裂纹的扩展方向．实验及计算结果表明,尽管复合型断裂时裂纹启裂及扩展的机理极其复杂,用于韧性材料复合型断裂的空穴扩张比参数仍能很好地预测裂端的启裂及扩展方向,可作为复合型韧性断裂过程的控制参数．     

Stress and energy density fields near a blunted crack front in power hardening material

Using Jaumann and Dienes rates of Euler stress in elastic-plastic constitutive equations of finite deformation, plane strain finite element analysis for a compact tension specimen with a blunted crack front is made. The Euler stress, Kirchhoff stress and volume strain energy density near a blunted crack tip are computed. Constitutive relations with different deformation rates affect the the near crack tip solution in a region within an order of magnitude of the crack opening displacement. The results differed from the corresponding solution of deformation plasticity (or nonlinear elasticity) with increasing deformation. They are smaller in a local region of about 2 to 10 times of the crack opening distance.The volume energy density near the crack tip is computed, the stationary values of which determine the locations of extensive yielding and possible sites of crack initiation. It remained nearly constant with increasing deformation. Such a character tends to support the volume energy density criterion as a means for quantifying the ductile fracture behavior of metals.     

Finite deformation analysis of crack tip fields in plastically compressible hardening–softening–hardening solids

Crack tip fields are calculated under plane strain small scale yielding conditions. The material is characterized by a finite strain elastic–viscoplastic constitutive relation with various hardening–softening–hardening hardness functions. Both plastically compressible and plastically incompressible solids are considered. Displacements corresponding to the isotropic linear elastic mode I crack field are prescribed on a remote boundary. The initial crack is taken to be a semi-circular notch and symmetry about the crack plane is imposed. Plastic compressibility is found to give an increased crack opening displacement for a given value of the applied loading. The plastic zone size and shape are found to depend on the plastic compressibility, but not much on whether material softening occurs near the crack tip.On the other hand, the near crack tip stress and deformation fields depend sensitively on whether or not material softening occurs. The combination of plastic compressibility and softening(or softening–hardening) has a particularly strong effect on the near crack tip stress and deformation fields.     

Initial kinking of an interface crack between two elastic media under tension and shear

The initial kinking of a thin fracture process zone near the tip of an interface crack between two elastic media under plane strain is studied using the Wiener–Hopf method. The zone is modeled by the discontinuity plane of the normal displacement. This plane is assumed to emerge from the crack tip at an angle to the interface. The angle between the fracture process zone and the interface is determined from the condition that the potential energy is maximum in the zone. The dependence of the length of the zone and its angle on the external load and other parameters is analyzed in the cases of biaxial tension and pure shear. The results obtained are compared with theoretical and experimental data reported by other researchers     

Interfacial mixed-mode fracture of adhesive bonds undergoing large deformation

Interfacial fracture of adhesive bonds undergoing large-scale yielding is studied using a combined experimental/finite-element approach. The full range of in-plane mode mixity is produced over bond thickness ranging from 30 to 500 μm using the scarf and the ENF joint geometries. Novel techniques for introducing pre-cracks and surface decoration, together with in situ observations, facilitate accurate determination of the bond-average and the local shear strains at the crack tip during the onset as well as the rest of the crack propagation event. The crack generally grew along one of the two interfaces of the bond, although the failure was always fully cohesive. The local shear strain at the crack tip is independent of the bond thickness, and, under quasi-static conditions, it remains constant throughout the growth, which make it a viable fracture parameter. This quantity strongly depends on the mode mixity, the sign of the phase angle (i.e., shearing direction) and the crack speed, however.A finite-element analysis is used to obtain the crack tip deformation field for an interface crack in adhesively bonded scarf and ENF joints. Large-strain and quasi-static conditions are assumed. A distinct material model in the fracture process zone that allows for volume change in the post-yield regime is incorporated into the analysis. The local deformation is characterized by a pair of bond-normal and tangential displacements corresponding to the nodal points adjacent to the crack tip. The critical values of these quantities are obtained when the FEM bond-average shear strain at the crack tip becomes equal to its experimental counterpart. The so defined critical local displacements, after an appropriate normalization, seem to conform to a single-valued, linear type interrelationship over the entire range of mode mixity. The fact that this relationship is independent of the bond thickness, and furthermore it encompasses both cases of positive and negative phase angles, makes it a viable candidate for characterizing mixed-mode interfacial fracture under large-deformation conditions.