LC4—M材料复合型韧断主要影响因素的分析

通过分析LC4－M铝合金材料在不同复合比载荷下的断裂试验结果,参照常规断裂现象,修正了一般断裂试验中认定裂纹启裂方向的方法,结合不同复合比下裂尖附近应力三维、主应力方向的计算分析,得到：在裂端的钝化变形区域、应力三维度的极大值处,对应于裂纹的启裂位置,即使在高韧性材料中发生剪切断裂的情况下也是如此;裂纹的启裂方向在拉伸断裂时与启裂点最大拉应力方向有关,在剪切断裂时启裂点最大剪应力方向有关,引起两种形式断裂的主要因数和破坏机理有很大不同。     

Ⅰ－Ⅱ复合型韧性断裂研究进展

本文主要针对Ⅰ＋Ⅱ型裂纹问题，论述了这一领域近几十年研究工作的现状及最新进展．对该领域研究的趋向及存在的有关问题作了分析，讨论．指出：韧性材料在近Ⅰ型和近Ⅱ型时启裂及扩展的机理可能不同，目前所用的一些单参数判据要同时对两种不同机理作恰当描述有困难，可考虑采用双参数判据．同时，材料微结构及特征对断裂机理的影响也不可忽视     

Ⅰ－Ⅱ复合型韧性断裂研究进展

本文主要针对Ⅰ＋Ⅱ型裂纹问题，论述了这一领域近几十年研究工作的现状及最新进展．对该领域研究的趋向及存在的有关问题作了分析，讨论．指出：韧性材料在近Ⅰ型和近Ⅱ型时启裂及扩展的机理可能不同，目前所用的一些单参数判据要同时对两种不同机理作恰当描述有困难，可考虑采用双参数判据．同时，材料微结构及特征对断裂机理的影响也不可忽视     

几种金属材料断裂条件的试验研究

考察了几种金属材料在常规破坏试验与拉-扭双轴破坏试验中，随受力条件不同，材料不同形式断裂破坏变化规律和相应的断裂条件；利用几种韧性材料复合型断裂试验结果，分析了随应力三维度变化，材料中孔洞成核形状与聚合方式的变化规律，分析了不同断裂形式时启裂点、启裂方向变化规律及主要影响因素。研究表明，从材料断裂物理机制来看，裂纹体与无裂纹体断裂破坏实质是相同的，随材料塑性因素与应力三维度变化的影响。材料内孔洞成核形状由椭球形逐渐变化为细长形，材料断裂由正拉断转向剪断，裂纹体与无裂体材料的断裂形式、断裂危险点、危险点上断裂方向等宏观量也有着相同的变化规律；区分不同物理机制建立断裂条件，可能适合解决金属材料不同形式的断裂力学问题。     

韧性断裂裂纹尖端的物理特征和力学行为

本文综述了金属材料发生韧性断裂的裂尖钝化,孔洞成核和长大,孔洞-孔洞或孔洞-裂尖汇合导致裂纹扩展的物理特征,和描述这些特征的本构理论及物理模型。      

Ⅰ＋Ⅱ复合型弹塑性断裂的COD分析

以Ｒｉｃｅ的裂纹尖端钝化模型为基础定义了复合载荷下裂纹尖端的位移ＣＯＤ，ＣＴＯＤ和ＣＴＳＤ，ＣＴＯＤ和ＣＴＳＤ是复合型裂尖位移ＣＯＤ的Ⅰ和Ⅱ型分量。对铝合金Ｌｙ１２复合Ⅰ＋Ⅱ型弹塑性断裂行为进行了ＣＯＤ分析，并对复合载荷下ＣＯＤ与Ｊ积分关系进行了讨论。结果表明：（１）随Ⅱ型分量的增加，Ｌｙ１２启裂的ＣＯＤ值增加，纯Ⅱ型的启裂ＣＯＤ值理纯Ⅰ型的６倍：（２）Ｌｙ１２复合载荷下的ＣＯＤ与复合Ｊ积分值ＪＭ     

压剪条件下预埋椭圆裂纹三维扩展实验研究

试制出两种不同性质的脆性类岩石材料：透明的低温树脂材料和非透明的砂浆类材料。实验研究了这两种材料内置椭圆形裂隙的三维始裂、扩展过程及其破裂过程中声发射信号特征,并采用三维断裂理论确定了内部裂纹的三维始裂状态。实验结果表明,在单轴压缩荷载作用下,两种材料中内置裂隙初期破裂面形态基本一致,均为一对反对称的包裹状翼裂纹,但初始起裂位置有所不同。透明树脂试样中,初始的新生裂纹几乎在预制裂纹长轴端部附近同时起裂,但起裂点并不在裂隙长轴端部,而在砂浆类材料内的起裂位置则靠近短轴端部,亦不在短轴端部。相同条件下,两种材料的最终破裂状态明显不同,透明树脂试样是以宏观劈拉破裂为主,而砂浆类试样则以宏观剪切破裂为主,这可能与材料性质和三维裂隙的起裂位置不同有关。三维断裂分析结果与实验结果一致。二维简化模型仅为三维模型的主法平面上的特征解,无法反映出III型断裂模式在三维裂隙的起裂和扩展中的作用。三维断裂机制分析应加强对III型断裂模式及其相关的复合模式的深入分析。     

压应力对压剪裂纹扩展的影响研究

本文针对压剪裂纹的启裂及扩展问题,研究了脆性材料中裂纹面压应力变化对其扩展的影响规律.借助双轴加载试验机可自由调节两个轴位移和力的优势,设计了一种单边对称双裂纹压剪试样.试验中,施加裂纹面压应力至不同的预设值后,使剪应力单调增大直至裂纹启裂及扩展,得到不同预设压应力下压剪裂纹启裂及扩展规律.随着预设压应力增大,启裂角增大,裂纹扩展路径与初始裂纹的偏角也增大.但随着压应力增大,启裂角增大至一定值后趋于稳定,实验发现,依据裂纹是否闭合,压应力对压剪裂纹扩展的作用大致可分为两个阶段:闭合前,压应力对裂纹启裂载荷及启裂角、扩展路径均有影响,预设压应力增大,裂纹启裂载荷增大、启裂角增大,扩展路径愈来愈偏离初始裂纹方向;闭合后,压应力虽然增大,启裂角和临界压剪应力比始终恒定,压应力对临界剪力和扩展路径存在一定影响.研究表明,裂纹启裂角与启裂时的压剪应力比存在一定的对应关系.启裂时的压剪应力比增大,启裂角增大,启裂时的压剪应力比恒定,启裂角不变.     

压应力对压剪裂纹扩展的影响研究

本文针对压剪裂纹的启裂及扩展问题,研究了脆性材料中裂纹面压应力变化对其扩展的影响规律.借助双轴加载试验机可自由调节两个轴位移和力的优势,设计了一种单边对称双裂纹压剪试样.试验中,施加裂纹面压应力至不同的预设值后,使剪应力单调增大直至裂纹启裂及扩展,得到不同预设压应力下压剪裂纹启裂及扩展规律. 随着预设压应力增大,启裂角增大,裂纹扩展路径与初始裂纹的偏角也增大.但随着压应力增大,启裂角增大至一定值后趋于稳定,实验发现,依据裂纹是否闭合,压应力对压剪裂纹扩展的作用大致可分为两个阶段:闭合前,压应力对裂纹启裂载荷及启裂角、扩展路径均有影响,预设压应力增大,裂纹启裂载荷增大、启裂角增大,扩展路径愈来愈偏离初始裂纹方向;闭合后,压应力虽然增大,启裂角和临界压剪应力比始终恒定,压应力对临界剪力和扩展路径存在一定影响.研究表明,裂纹启裂角与启裂时的压剪应力比存在一定的对应关系.启裂时的压剪应力比增大,启裂角增大,启裂时的压剪应力比恒定,启裂角不变.      

白桦材断裂韧度的各向异性性质

木材可视为正交各向异性材料，表征木材抵抗裂纹扩展能力的断裂韧度硒。是木材的基本力学性质之一，它具有明显的各向异性．对白桦材试样断裂韧度硒。测试结果表明，LT试样的断裂韧度明显高于TL，TR试样的断裂韧度，TL和TR试样的断裂韧度相接近．无论哪种试样类型，起裂均发生在裂纹尖端．TL，TR试样裂纹扩展方向与原裂纹初始方向一致，LT试样与前两不同，裂纹沿着几乎平行于纤维的方向扩展．并且含水率对各个方向木材断裂韧度的影响趋势是一致的．     

Mixed mode (I and II) crack tip fields in bulk metallic glasses

Stationary crack tip fields in bulk metallic glasses under mixed mode (I and II) loading are studied through detailed finite element simulations assuming plane strain, small scale yielding conditions. The influence of internal friction or pressure sensitivity on the plastic zones, notch deformation, stress and plastic strain fields is examined for different mode mixities. Under mixed mode loading, the notch deforms into a shape such that one part of its surface sharpens while the other part blunts. Increase in mode II component of loading dramatically enhances the normalized plastic zone size, lowers the stresses but significantly elevates the plastic strain levels near the notch tip. Higher internal friction reduces the peak tangential stress but increases the plastic strain and stretching near the blunted part of the notch. The simulated shear bands are straight and extend over a long distance ahead of the notch tip under mode II dominant loading. The possible variations of fracture toughness with mode mixity corresponding to failure by brittle micro-cracking and ductile shear banding are predicted employing two simple fracture criteria. The salient results from finite element simulations are validated by comparison with those from mixed mode (I and II) fracture experiments on a Zr-based bulk metallic glass.     

Stress and energy density fields near a blunted crack front in power hardening material

Using Jaumann and Dienes rates of Euler stress in elastic-plastic constitutive equations of finite deformation, plane strain finite element analysis for a compact tension specimen with a blunted crack front is made. The Euler stress, Kirchhoff stress and volume strain energy density near a blunted crack tip are computed. Constitutive relations with different deformation rates affect the the near crack tip solution in a region within an order of magnitude of the crack opening displacement. The results differed from the corresponding solution of deformation plasticity (or nonlinear elasticity) with increasing deformation. They are smaller in a local region of about 2 to 10 times of the crack opening distance.The volume energy density near the crack tip is computed, the stationary values of which determine the locations of extensive yielding and possible sites of crack initiation. It remained nearly constant with increasing deformation. Such a character tends to support the volume energy density criterion as a means for quantifying the ductile fracture behavior of metals.     

Strip model plasticity analysis of mixed mode crack opening displacement in aluminum alloy LY12

Under mixed mode loading, the crack tip blunts and undergoes displacements in two directions, the normal and shear component corresponding to Mode I and Mode II loading, respectively. These local displacements are determined by the duplicated film method and used to analyze the behavior of mixed mode fracture in aluminum alloy LY12. The mixed mode resultant crack opening displacement (COD) at fracture initiation tends to increase more rapidly with increase of the Mode II shear component. The fracture initiation value of COD for pure Mode II loading is six (6) times greater than that for Mode 1 loading. The same applies to the maximum effective plastic strain crack growth near the crack front. Observed are two typical morphologies, the equal-axes dimples and the parabolic dimples with evidence of slippage as dominated, respectively, by Mode I and Mode II loading.     

Cracking characteristics of mixed mode dislocations near a lip-like mode crack

This work is concerned with the cracking characteristics of mixed mode dislocations near a lip-like mode crack, stress intensity and strain energy density factor are obtained by using conformal mapping, singularity analysis and Cauchy integrals. Shielding effect generated by screw dislocation near a lip-like mode crack decreases with the increment of the distance between screw dislocation and crack tip. Larger distance between two faces of the crack leads to the shielding effect waning. The strain energy density factor of mode III decreases with the increment of the distance between dislocation and crack tip. Larger distance between two faces of lip-like mode crack also leads to the strain energy density factor waning and encourages crack initiation; the shielding effects generated by edge dislocation near the crack decrease with the increment of the distance between edge dislocation and crack tip.     

Micro-crack tip fracture of commercial grade aluminum under mixed mode loading

In situ tensile tests were made in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to investigate the deformation and micro-fracture in the immediate vicinity of a micro-crack tip in commercial pure aluminum with large-size crystal. Examined are the slip line field, stress intensity factor, strain energy density factor and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) for mixed mode loading. Blunting and sharpening effects are observed. The latter is controlled by localized slip while the former by uniformed slip of the operating slip system with the highest crack tip Schmid factor. The operating slip system depends on the crystallographic orientation of crystal containing micro-cracks.The damage and fracture take place in the blunted region and depend on the coarsening and spacing of uniformed slip lines. The mixed mode micro-crack propagates along the direction where the voids grow and coalesce into the micro-crack. The direction also depends on the orientation of the applied loading. This suggests that the formation of macro-fracture mechanics could be applied. In particular, the minimum strain energy density criterion is suitable for determining the direction of micro-crack instability in the mixed mode. The in situ data were used to yield a nearly constant critical, minimum strain energy density factor for onset of micro-cracking.     

基于神经网络的界面裂纹尖端场分析

通过构造反向传播神经网络，对裂纹尖端的应力场进行模拟，进而实现对裂纹尖端应力场甬数的逼近。得到的网络具有较高的联想、记忆能力和相当的稳定性，并且可以快速、准确地得到带裂纹构件的裂纹尖端应力场，从而确定裂纹尖端的塑性区和分析裂纹的扩展。数值计算给出了LY12-CZ材料裂纹扩展方向的计算结果，与实验结果吻合较好，还给出了两相材料含界面裂纹在复合型载荷作用下的塑性区形状的变化情况，并对两相材料含界面裂纹在复合型载荷作用下裂纹的扩展方向进行了预测。     

Continuing crack-tip deformation and fracture for plane-strain crack growth in elastic-plastic solids

Analysis of the deformation field consistent with a Prandtl stress distribution travelling with an advancing plane-strain crack reveals the functional form of the near tip crack profile in an elastic-plastic solid. The crack opening δ is shown to have the form δ ～ r In (const./r) at a distance r from the tip. This observation coupled with data generated from finite element investigations of growing cracks in small-scale yielding permits the construction of a relation characterizing the deformation at an extending crack tip. A ductile crack-growth criterion consisting of the attainment of a critical opening at a small characteristic material distance from the tip is adopted. Predictions of the stability of a growing crack for both small-scale yielding specimens and those subject to general yielding are discussed.