685均质钢静动态断裂韧性实验研究

为了解685均质钢的裂纹在静态加载和动态加载下的裂纹起裂和扩展情况,分别在静态试验机和基于Hopkinson杆技术改进的动态加载装置上采用三点弯曲试样对685均质钢的静、动态断裂韧性进行了研究。685均质钢中存在的少量孪晶马氏体组织对其断裂韧性造成了不利影响,可以适当降低碳含量来改善685均质钢的断裂韧性性能。当加载率KI≤1.8778×106MPa（m）^1/2/s时,685均质钢的动态断裂韧性值都随加载率的增加而下降。当加载率KI>1.8778×106MPa（m）^1/2/s时由于裂纹尖端热软化效应的影响,使得该材料的动态断裂韧性值又上升。采用高速摄影技术记录了裂纹的起裂和扩展,测得了裂纹的扩展速率。发现用裂纹嘴张开位移（Crack Mouth Opening Displacement,CMOD）法计算得到的动态断裂韧性值与用电阻应变片计算的结果相一致。     

预静态加载后的混凝土动态受压特性试验

进行了混凝土在应变速率分别为10-5/s、10-4/s、10-3/s的条件下,经历极限抗压强度分别为0、40%、60%、75%和85%的单调荷载作用的动态单轴压缩试验,在此基础上分析了经历不同单调加载历史和应变速率下混凝土的峰值应力、峰值应变和弹性模量的变化规律。试验结果表明,随着应变速率的提高,动态单轴抗压强度明显增加;当单调加载应力水平高于某一应力阈值时,混凝土极限抗压强度明显降低;混凝土弹性模量随着应变速率的提高而增加,随着单调加载幅值的增加表现出先增大后减小的趋势;混凝土峰值应变随着应变速率的提高而增加,随着单调加载幅值的增加而减少。     

混凝土材料的层裂特性

利用Hopkinson压杆作为实验设备,通过试件后面吸收杆上应变波形研究了混凝土材料的层裂特性。不同强度混凝土在不同加载率下的实验结果表明,混凝土层裂强度与其压缩强度以及加载速率有关,给出了层裂强度和压缩强度以及加载率之间关系的经验公式,并指出不同加载速度下混凝土裂纹扩展方式不同是层裂强度率效应的主要原因。加载压缩波损伤的影响、重复加载实验以及多次层裂的顺序都表明,损伤对混凝土的层裂过程有重要影响。     

含预制单裂隙石膏裂纹孕育与能量演化的应变率效应研究

基于高速相机和MTS万能试验机对含预制裂纹石膏样品进行了单轴压缩应变率效应试验研究,在应变率10~(-5)/s～10~(-3)/s之间选取6种应变率进行单轴压缩试验,对应力应变曲线、裂纹扩展路径、起裂应力、起裂角、弹性模量、峰值强度等与裂纹扩展相关的信息进行了应变率效应分析,并基于岩石材料破坏能量演化原理对其进行解释。试验表明:应变率在10~(-5)/s～2×10~(-4)/s范围时,石膏样品应力应变曲线台阶式上升或回落,波动较多,翼型裂纹发展充分,起裂应力、弹性模量、峰值强度等相差不大,裂纹起裂角82°左右,验证了最小应变能密度因子理论;应变率在5×10~(-4)/s、 10~(-3)/s时,石膏样品应力应变曲线峰前斜率较大,峰后跌落快,表现出岩石类材料典型的脆性特征,起裂应力、弹性模量、峰值强度等力学参数明显增大,起裂角为105°,此时应变能密度因子理论不再适用。     

三向受压混凝土的动态特性研究

为探究混凝土在三向受压状态下的动态特性,利用自行研制的大型多功能三轴材料试验机,进行不同应变速率(10^-5/s、10^-4/s、10^-3/s、10^-2/s)下混凝土不同定侧压比(1:1、2:1、3:1、4:1)的动态真三轴抗压试验,研究了混凝土在动态抗压下的强度和变形特性。结果表明:混凝土在三向受压状态下表现出明显的应变率效应,峰值应力随着应变速率的增加先减小后增大,峰值应力减小最大幅度为5.42%而后开始增大,最大增幅为18.22%。而峰值应力随着侧压比的增大而增大,到达3:1时应力速率敏感性降低。混凝土的峰值应变在低侧压比(1:1和2:1)时随着应变速率的增加而减小,而在侧压比较高(3:1和4:1)时先减小再增大。随着应变速率的增加,裂纹开始从骨料处产生,塑性应变增大,导致峰值应变增大;在动态加载条件下,峰值应变随着侧压比的增大有先增大后减小的趋势。较高侧压比时混凝土的弹性模量随着应变速率的增加具有增大的趋势,最大增幅为240.66%。应力-应变曲线上升段随着应变速率增大越来越陡峭。试件的破坏形态随着侧压比的增大从柱状破坏变为斜剪破坏。     

应力波载荷作用下线弹性断裂过程的动态分析方法研究

利用Hopkinson单压杆实验装置 ,对材料的线弹性动态断裂特性进行了研究 ,建立了应力波载荷作用下动态裂纹起裂及扩展过程的动态分析方法 ,采用该方法可同时测得材料的动态裂纹起裂时间、断裂韧性和裂纹扩展速度。40Cr钢三点弯曲试样的实验结果表明 :该钢的动态裂纹扩展过程主要是减速过程 ,在2 2 5TPam /s的加载速率下 ,起裂时间为 2 8 0 0 s,最大裂纹扩展速度为 478 91m/s ,动态断裂韧性为6 3 12MPam。     

石墨烯裂纹扩展行为研究

基于分子动力学方法对含预制裂纹石墨烯进行扶手椅向拉伸断裂模拟。使用连续介质理论结合分子动力学计算石墨烯能量释放率,确定石墨烯能量释放率GIC为10.25 J/m2;应力强度因子KIC为 3.33MPam^1/2。进一步对影响石墨烯裂纹扩展速率的因素-初始裂纹长度与加载速率进行讨论。结果表明：裂纹初始长度与加载率会在一定程度上影响石墨烯中裂纹扩展速率。裂纹扩展速率会随着初始裂纹长度的增加而降低;但随着初始裂纹长度的增加,裂纹扩展速率对其敏感度降低。裂纹扩展速率会随着加载率的升高而增大。 初始裂纹长度与加载率对裂纹扩展速率的影响有一定的关联性,加载率的升高会降低裂纹扩展速率对初始裂纹长度变化的敏感度。在此基础上确定了石墨烯中裂纹扩展极限速率为8350 m/s。关联性,加载率的升高会降低裂纹扩展速率对初始裂纹长度变化的敏感度。在此基础上确定了石墨烯中裂纹扩展极限速率为8350 m/s。     

花岗岩的加载速率效应及能量机制研究

加载速率对岩石的力学性质以及变形破坏方式具有重要的影响。基于MTS810电液伺服材料试验系统与PCI-2声发射仪对岩样进行不同加载速率作用下的单轴压缩和声发射试验。研究结果表明：（1）在各级加载速率作用下,岩样单轴压缩应力-应变曲线大致经历了压密、弹性、屈服、破坏四个阶段。岩样峰后曲线在加载速率为0.001~0.01 mm/s时出现台阶型分段跌落状,在加载速率为0.01~0.1 mm/s时呈现光滑、陡峭的连续曲线。（2）岩样峰值强度、弹性模量随加载速率的增加而增大,与加载速率对数均呈现三次多项式拟合关系。峰值应变随加载速率的增加而减小,与加载速率对数呈现线性拟合关系。（3）随着加载速率由0.001mm/s增加至0.1mm/s,岩样吸收的总应变能 具有波动性,可释放的弹性应变能 增幅60.42%,耗散应变能 降幅 66.38%, 增幅43.33%, 降幅66.67%,岩样破裂模式由拉剪破坏逐渐向张拉劈裂破坏过渡,岩样破裂块数增多。（4）加载速率为0.001~0.1 mm/s时,岩样破坏方式有所不同,但破坏为同一类损伤过程。单轴压缩状态下,能量耗散使得岩样损伤致使强度丧失,而能量释放使得岩样宏观破裂面贯通,并向着能量释放的方向张裂或弹射破坏。     

应变率对光圆钢筋与混凝土“粘结-滑移”行为影响的实验研究

为研究应变率对钢筋与混凝土界面粘结性能的影响，利用高速拉伸试验机进行了光圆钢筋的动态拔出实验。通过合理设计加载夹具和测试方法，得到不同应变率下光圆钢筋的“粘结-滑移”全程曲线。实验结果表明:随着应变率的增大，钢筋-混凝土界面的粘结强度显著提高，且界面失效形式由拔出失效为主转变为混凝土试件的破裂破坏为主；粘结强度的动态增强因子（f _DIF）随应变率的增长斜率明显可以分为低应变率和高应变率两个区段。低应变率下，f_DIF增长较为缓慢；而高应变率下，f _DIF快速增长；转变应变率约为33 s?1。     

钢筋再生混凝土梁高温后受弯承载力试验及计算

为研究高温后钢筋再生混凝土梁的受弯性能,以温度、再生粗骨料取代率、混凝土强度为变化参数,设计了17个试件进行高温后的静力加载试验,观察了高温后试件的受力破坏过程,绘制出荷载-挠度、截面应变分布曲线,分析了各变化参数对高温后钢筋再生混凝土梁受弯性能的影响规律,并探讨了其抗弯承载力和挠度计算方法。研究结果表明:钢筋再生混凝土梁在历经高温后的受弯破坏形态基本与常温下相同;随着温度的升高,试件的剩余承载力先增大后减小,刚度逐渐降低,损伤退化速度变快,延性降低,耗能能力和峰值挠度减小;随着再生粗骨料取代率的增加,试件加快进入损失残余阶段,耗能能力和峰值挠度增大;混凝土强度等级的提高,能有效提高高温后再生混凝土梁的承载力和增大峰值挠度。     

Fracture Properties of Concrete–Concrete Interfaces Using Digital Image Correlation

The mode I and mode II fracture toughness and the critical strain energy release rate for different concrete–concrete jointed interfaces are experimentally determined using the Digital Image Correlation technique. Concrete beams having different compressive strength materials on either side of a centrally placed vertical interface are prepared and tested under three-point bending in a closed loop servo-controlled testing machine under crack mouth opening displacement control. Digital images are captured before loading (undeformed state) and at different instances of loading. These images are analyzed using correlation techniques to compute the surface displacements, strain components, crack opening and sliding displacements, load-point displacement, crack length and crack tip location. It is seen that the CMOD and vertical load-point displacement computed using DIC analysis matches well with those measured experimentally.     

通过裂纹开口位移(CMOD)对J积分预测的方法研究

讨论推导J积分和裂纹开口位移(CMOD)的关系,提出了一种通过测量裂纹开口位移(CMOD)估算J积分的方法．以三点弯曲试件冲击断裂试验为例,借助试验高速摄影机对断裂过程的记录影像提取的压头下压位移和裂纹开口位移,运用ABAQUS软件做有限元仿真分析对比,较好的说明了J积分与CMOD的存在正比关系．通过公式可以看出在材料和几何形状不变的情况下其正比关系中因子β是固定值,与远场载荷无关．应用因子β有助于用一个简单加载情况估测受力情况复杂的部件裂纹处的J积分．算例表明,因子β对于J积分的估算偏于保守,这一结论在工程实际应用中有着参考价值．     

爆炸加载下混凝土表面的裂纹扩展

为深入研究内爆加载下岩土类材料的破坏机理，提出了一种新的爆炸裂纹检测算法，采用数字图像相关方法测量表面位移场和应变场，建立了裂纹扩展和扩张模型，并通过混凝土内爆试验观测裂纹扩展过程，研究了裂纹长度扩展与宽度扩张规律。结果表明，裂纹长度扩展是应力波和爆生气体共同作用的结果，裂纹最大扩展速度为225.95 m/s，平均速度为122.27 m/s，裂纹总长159.92 mm，长度扩展止于1.75 ms；裂纹的张开由气体主导，最大宽度1.59 mm，作用时间长达4.5 ms；拉应变集中区先于裂纹出现，其形状决定了裂纹的走向和趋势，爆炸加载下断裂过程区长度为骨料粒径的8～9倍。     

Mode I Fracture at Spot Welds in Dual-Phase Steel: An Application of Reverse Digital Image Correlation

Strain fields in 600 grade dual-phase steel V-notch tensile specimens, both with and without a spot weld, were measured after mode I fracture initiation. Starting with the final image of a fully developed crack, a novel reverse digital image correlation (DIC) analysis was used to determine the path that the crack followed at the onset of fracture as well as the crack tip deformation field. This gave the pixel coordinates of grid points on both sides (i.e. fracture surfaces) of the crack path in the undeformed image. Strain fields that develop in the base material regions surrounding the two fracture surfaces were subsequently measured with forward DIC analysis. Steady state values of the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) and crack tip opening angle (CTOA), which are important fracture parameters, were measured for the base DP600 metal. Notch tip opening displacement (NTOD) and notch tip opening angle were also measured. It was found that steady state values of the CTOD and CTOA are reached within 2 mm or so of crack growth following completion of the flat-to-slant transition of the fracture surface and stabilization of the crack tunneling effect.     

预置圆孔膨胀环动态断裂行为研究

利用中心线起爆膨胀环加载技术,采用分幅摄影技术观测了20号钢圆环在准一维拉伸作用下,预置圆孔缺陷临近区域的动态断裂特征。获得了高应变率下圆孔的变形、裂纹的萌生及扩展过程。并采用LS-DYNA3D有限元程序分步建模,将驱动器对膨胀环的冲击压力简化为直接作用于圆环内壁的压力历史,以此模拟了整个断裂过程。通过实验图像,得到裂纹尖端的位移以及速度随时间变化的曲线。结果表明,宏观可见裂纹出现于应力集中最大处,裂纹扩展速度随时间振荡,数值模拟与实验结果吻合较好。     

Determination of dynamic fracture-initiation toughness using three-point bending tests in a modified Hopkinson pressure bar

We present a procedure for measuring the dynamic fracture-initiation toughness of materials. The method is based on three-point bending tests at high loading rates, performed in an experimental device which is a modification of the classical split Hopkinson pressure bar. Coupled with the loading device, a high-speed photography system was used to measure the crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) directly on the specimen. The stress intensity factor was calculated by three different simplified methods and the time to fracture was obtained from an appropriate specimen instrumentation. To evaluate the results derived from the simplified methods, a two-dimensional full-numerical analysis of the dynamic bending fracture test was made. The model includes the specimen, the input bar, the impacting projectile and the supporting device and takes into account the possible loss of contact during the experiment between the input bar and the specimen and between the specimen and its supports. From the tests and numerical results, it can be concluded that the CMOD procedure, together with the knowledge of the time to fracture determined using crack gages, seems to be the best method for measuring dynamic fracture-initiation toughness.     

Quasi-static tensile deformation and fracture behavior of a highly particle-filled composite using digital image correlation method

Polymer bonded explosives (PBXs) are highly particle-filled composite materials. This paper experimentally studies the tensile deformation and fracture behavior of a PBX simulation by using the semi-circular bending (SCB) test. The deformation and fracture process of a pre-notched SCB sample with a random speckle pattern is recorded by a charge coupled device camera. The displacement and strain fields on the observed surface during the loading process are obtained by using the digital image correlation method. The crack opening displacement is calculated from the displacement fields, the initiation and propagation of the crack are analyzed. In addition, the damage evolution and fracture mechanisms of the SCB sample are analyzed according to the strain fields and the correlation coefficient fields at different loading steps.     

Microcracking and Fracture Process in Cement Mortar and Concrete: A Comparative Study Using Acoustic Emission Technique

This article reports the acoustic emission (AE) study of precursory micro-cracking activity and fracture behaviour of quasi-brittle materials such as concrete and cement mortar. In the present study, notched three-point bend specimens (TPB) were tested under crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) control at a rate of 0.0004 mm/sec and the accompanying AE were recorded using a 8 channel AE monitoring system. The various AE statistical parameters including AE event rate $ \left( {\frac{dn }{dt }} \right) $ , AE energy release rate $ \left( {\frac{dE }{dt }} \right) $ , amplitude distribution for computing the AE based b-value, cumulative energy (ΣE) and ring down count (RDC) were used for the analysis. The results show that the micro-cracks initiated and grew at an early stage in mortar in the pre peak regime. While in the case of concrete, the micro-crack growth occurred during the peak load regime. However, both concrete and mortar showed three distinct stages of micro-cracking activity, namely initiation, stable growth and nucleation prior to the final failure. The AE statistical behavior of each individual stage is dependent on the number and size distribution of micro-cracks. The results obtained in the laboratory are useful to understand the various stages of micro-cracking activity during the fracture process in quasi-brittle materials such as concrete & mortar and extend them for field applications.     

周边切口短圆柱试件的杆杆型冲击拉伸试验系统的弹塑性有限元分析

基于一维试验原理提出了用带有周边切口的短金属圆柱试件进行平面应变型弹塑性动态断裂韧度的测试方法；对该复杂的动力学系统进行了轴对称的弹塑性有限元分析，并计算了动态围道^J积分；根据对试件功能转换关系的分析和Rice公式的物理意义，提出了用试件两端平功载荷－两端相对位移曲线（P^-△）推广Rice公式计算试件的远场J积分，由此得到的P^-△曲线基本上消除了与裂纹运动无关的质心运动动能的影响。论证了J积分作为裂端的表征参量，且当切口深度比大于70％时，Rice公式有较高的计算精度，为平面应变型弹塑性动态断裂韧度的表征与测试提供了依据。     

Dynamic Fracture Properties of Titanium Alloys

Fatigue precracked specimens of three titanium alloys (6Al-4V, ELI, and Timetal 5111) were dynamically loaded in a drop weight tower system while the dynamic fracture toughness was inferred using Coherent Gradient Sensing, crack opening displacement, or strain gage methods. A comparison of the initiation toughness of the three materials as a function of loading rate and specimen thickness is made.