DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AL-ALLOY FOAM BEAM DAMAGED BY COMPRESSIVE FATIGUE

The permanent residual strain in aluminum （Al） alloy foams induced by compressive fatigue gradually increases with the increasing number of loading cycles. Consequently, the progressive shortening of Al-alloy foam degrades the dynamic material performance by the failure and ratcheting of multi-cells in the foam. In this paper, the dynamic properties of Al-alloy foams damaged by compressive fatigue were studied. The beam specimens with various residual strains were made by cyclic compression-compression stress. The dynamic bending modulus and loss factor were evaluated by using a beam transfer function method. As a result, the dynamic bending stiffness of Al-alloy foam turned out to be decreased due to damage while the loss factor was improved because of the increasing energy dissipation of such factors as cracked cell walls formed during the shortening process of the foam. The loss factor shows a manifest dependence on the fatigue residual strain.     

重型车驾驶室结构特性仿真分析与研究

针对某重型车驾驶室结构特性分析与优化的问题进行研究,采用CATIA软件对驾驶室进行几何建模,利用HYPERMESH软件建立有限元模型,并进行自由模态仿真分析;利用试验模态和计算模态分析对比的方法,验证了有限元模型的有效性;结合此款驾驶室的承载特点,利用MSC.Patran/Nastran对驾驶室的弯曲和扭转工况进行刚度和强度仿真计算,利用Fatigue对扭转工况下驾驶室的疲劳强度进行仿真计算,给出了驾驶室的易疲劳破坏位置。研究结果表明:驾驶室固有频率为37.826Hz,避开了激振频率,避免了共振现象;在扭转、弯曲两种工况下,驾驶室产生的最大应力分别为108MPa、38.8MPa,均小于材料许用应力,弯曲、扭转刚度满足要求,驾驶室抵抗变形的能力较好,结构设计合理。     

A new distortion energy-based equivalent stress for multiaxial fatigue life prediction

A new equivalent stress amplitude expression has been developed for the assessment of fatigue life in components under multiaxial loading. The expression was generated by incorporating non-linear/plastic stress–strain relation into a mechanical energy calculation, and then applying the calculation to the distortion energy theory for a cyclic loading case. Therefore, the new uniaxial equivalent stress expression determines an appropriate stress amplitude value for multiaxial cyclic loading. The purpose of the equivalent stress value is to determine multiaxial fatigue failure using an energy-based fatigue life prediction criterion. The governing understanding behind the criterion states that the physical damage quantity for failure is equal to the accumulated strain energy in a monotonic fracture, which is also equal to the accumulated strain energy during fatigue failure. Using the new equivalent stress amplitude expression and the energy-based life prediction method, a comparison is made between prediction results and multiaxial empirical data. The multiaxial data was acquired by a vibration-based biaxial bending fatigue test and a torsion fatigue test with an assumed axial misalignment. The results of the comparison provide encouragement regarding the capability of the newly developed equivalent stress amplitude expression for fatigue life prediction.     

Mechanical behaviour of carbon nanotubes under combined twisting–bending

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the mechanical behaviour (strength and stiffness) of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) under combinations of bending and twisting. In order to achieve this goal, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of bended and twisted CNTs are performed. The LAMMPS code is used, the AIREBO potential is considered for CC bonds, the temperature is kept at 300 K and incremental bending and twisting rotations are imposed to the CNT. Two types of CNTs are analyzed, including zig-zag (8,0) and armchair (5,5) CNTs with similar radius and length. The CNTs are also analyzed for pure bending and pure twisting. The main results are shown in the form of diagrams of energy and moment against imposed rotations. Some relevant conclusions are drawn concerning the influence of loading (bending and twisting) on the stiffness, strength and failure of CNTs: namely, it is concluded that armchair CNTs possess higher strength and fracture toughness under twisting–bending loading than zigzag CNTs; additionally, it is found that both CNTs (armchair and zigzag) still support moderate-to-high bending levels without failure after being extremely twisted and torsionally buckled, even for twisting angles four times those corresponding to torsional buckling; finally, the results prove that CNTs, mostly armchair ones, exhibit very high twisting–bending stiffness and strength and can be used with confidence as torsional spring elements in nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS).     

基于电能耗散的金属材料疲劳损伤测量

根据电磁学原理，提出了基于电能耗散的疲劳损伤定义，指出其较能反映金属材料疲劳损伤的特征。获得了用电阻变化测量疲劳损伤的公式，应用计及疲劳极限和循环应力幅影响的非线性累积疲劳损伤模型，给出了金属材料疲劳损伤的剩余寿命预测公式。通过正火45^#碳钢的旋转弯曲疲劳试验，验证了本文提出的剩余寿命预测公式的可靠性，和韧性耗散测量疲劳损伤相比较；说明了用电阻测量疲劳损伤的合理性。     

Experimental Investigation and Finite Element Analysis of Fatigue Crack Growth in Pipes Containing a Circumferential Semi-elliptical Crack Subjected to Bending

In this paper, a circumferential external surface flaw in a metallic round pipe under cyclic bending loading is considered. Because of very rapid changes in the geometrical parameters around the crack front region, the mesh generation of this region must be done with great care. This may lead to an increase in the run time which makes it difficult to reach valid results and conclusions. Because of the advantages of the sub-modeling technique in problems which need very high mesh density, this method is used. Stress intensity factors in mode I condition are determined using three-dimensional finite element modeling with 20 node iso-parametric brick elements in the ANSYS 9.0 standard code and the singular form of these finite elements at the crack front. In order to estimate the analysis error, the structural parameter error in energy norm criterion was used. Because of the advantages of non-dimensional analysis, this method is employed, and the stress intensity factors are normalized. For the analysis of the fatigue crack growth, the Paris law is used. The propagation path of the surface flaw is obtained from the diagram of aspect ratio versus relative crack depth. The fatigue crack growth analysis (the relative crack depth against loading cycles diagram) of different initial crack aspect ratio under cyclic loading is also considered. Fatigue shape development of initially semi-elliptical external surface defects is illustrated. The effect of the Paris exponent (material constant) on fatigue crack propagation is shown as well. Moreover, the fatigue crack growth of several specimens is assessed experimentally using a manually-constructed experimental set up. Finally, the experimental results obtained by cyclic bending loading tests are compared with the numerical results. The experimental results show good conformity with the finite element results.     

考虑海底接触的钢悬链式立管触地点动力响应以及疲劳损伤分析

基于考虑接触的钢悬链式立管SCR(Steel Catenary Riser)触地点处的结构特性,分别采用了考虑管土分离的线性截断模型以及包含土体吸力效应的帽盖模型来描述P-y曲线。通过改变上端浮体的垂荡运动幅度、土体吸力系数以及海床刚度,对SCR触地点处的动力响应以及疲劳损伤特性进行了分析。分析结果表明,SCR触地点的垂向位移、弯矩、等效应力以及疲劳损伤均随着浮体垂荡运动幅度的增加而呈上升趋势。SCR触地点的垂向位移随着土体吸力系数的增大由高幅低频响应转变为低幅高频响应。SCR触地点的疲劳损伤随着海床刚度的增加呈现先稳定再增加再稳定的趋势。     

沥青混凝土面板低温疲劳破坏的实验研究

我国北方地区的土石坝和水池的防渗沥青混凝土面板,常出现低温裂缝。因此,对沥青混凝土在低温条件下的温度应力疲劳进行实验研究很有必要.本项研究研制了适用于沥青混凝土低温低周大变形的弯曲疲劳试验机,进行了沥青混凝土在不同低温下的疲劳破坏性能试验。对试验结果用粘弹性理论和推广的应变区分法(SRP)和应变能区分法(SEP)进行了分析,首次得出了沥青混凝土的疲劳寿命与弯曲应力、应变和应变能的关系,并试用于实际工程的予测.     

具有随机参数的含裂纹板弯曲应力强度因子的统计分析

本文首次应用随机有限元法研究了具有随机参数的含裂纹板裂纹尖端弯曲应力强度因子的统计性质。文中首先给出了杂交模式的裂纹尖端奇异单元的刚度矩阵,然后基于随机场的局部平均理论和一阶泰勒展开得到了应力强度因子均值和方差的计算公式。作为数例,详细讨论了杨氏模量、泊松比及板厚度的不确定性对应力强度因子的影响。     

弹塑性疲劳微弯裂纹尖端塑性区问题

主要研究疲劳载荷作用下弹塑性裂纹弯曲延伸扩展问题.通过分析论证,比较精确地研究了疲劳载荷作用下弯曲延伸裂纹尖端塑性区域边界上交变应力的分布状况.综合考虑了疲劳作用应力,塑性区域交变应力,利用二阶摄动方法,研究计算了弯曲延伸裂纹尖端塑性区域的范围,并预测了疲劳载荷作用下弹塑性裂纹扩展路径.     

Cyclic stress-strain data analysis under biaxial tensile stress state

A new device was developed to assess fatigue life under biaxial tensile loading at elevated temperatures. It makes use of an annular disk specimen and can be easily mounted onto a standard push-pull machine so that the axial force is converted into radial forces extending across the disk specimen. Therefore, a positive ratio of the tangential to the radial stress can be imposed at the reduced section of the disk specimen; this ratio depends on the specimen configuration and may be fixed to a value ranging from 0.5 to 0.9 by varying the inner diameter of the disk. The proposed device has performed successfully and was used to study the cyclic behavior of Type-304 stainless steel subjected to various biaxial tensile stress states at room temperature and at 200°C. The data obtained from this experimental procedure have been analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of some correlations already available for treating the biaxial cyclic stress-strain response in terms of the uniaxial behavior. This analysis shows that a successful correlation should account for all the stress components. The authors discuss the concept used in the modeling of the material cyclic behavior and the formulation of a biaxial fatigue damage parameter necessary for an effective analytical life prediction methodology.     

考虑Steigmann-Ogden表面的微纳米圆柱解析模型

基于Steigmann-Ogden（S-O）表面理论,研究了圆柱形微纳米材料在轴向对压荷载作用下的力学性能。利用级数展开求解材料内部的弹性控制方程,获得了考虑表面效应时的域内解析表达式。当所得结果忽略表面弯曲参数时可退化为Gurtin-Murdoch（G-M）表面模型。用文献中有限元数值结果对本理论进行退化验证,结果得到良好一致性。在此基础上,讨论了表面弯曲参数和圆柱尺寸大小对材料特性的影响。结果显示：考虑了表面弯曲效应的S-O模型和G-M模型在应力分布中有很大的不同。另外,随着圆柱尺寸的减小,其表面效应对材料的力学特性的影响逐渐增大。     

Microbuckle initiation from a patch of large amplitude fibre waviness in a composite under compression and bending

A finite element couple stress formulation is used to predict microbuckle initiation from a patch of fibre waviness in a unidirectional fibre composite under remote compression and bending. Attention is focused on the knock-down in strength due to large amplitude waviness, with the effects of the physical size of the imperfection included by incorporating the fibre bending resistance within the formulation. The predicted strengths deviate significantly from the simpler kinking theory which neglects the role of fibre bending. Initial imperfections in the form of an infinite band and a circular wavy patch are considered: when these imperfections are of large spatial extent and possess a large misalignment angle, the compressive strength approximates the steady state band broadening stress for an infinite band. The effect of an imposed spatial gradient of stress within the composite is explored by determining the compressive strength of beams of finite height B for the loading cases of pure bending and axial compression. It is found that the compressive strength is sensitive to the magnitude of the imposed stress gradient: the compressive strength of the outer fibres of the beam in bending increases with diminishing height of the beam. This size dependence is much reduced for the case of uniform compression.     

An experimental approach to low-cycle fatigue damage based on thermodynamic entropy

This paper presents an experimental approach to fatigue damage in metals based on thermodynamic theory of irreversible process. Fatigue damage is an irreversible progression of cyclic plastic strain energy that reaches its critical value at the onset of fracture. In this work, irreversible cyclic plastic energy in terms of entropy generation is utilized to experimentally determine the degradation of different specimens subjected to low cyclic bending, tension-compression, and torsional fatigue. Experimental results show that the cyclic energy dissipation in the form of thermodynamic entropy can be effectively utilized to determine the fatigue damage evolution. An experimental relation between entropy generation and damage variable is developed.     

Low-endurance fatigue behavior under combined bending and torsion

Specimens made of thin-walled low-carbon steel tubes are subjected to combined bending and twisting moments of such magnitudes as to lead to fatigue failure within some one-thousand loading cycles. Tests are run, at room temperature, under conditions of controlled angle of twist and constant rate of loading. Experimental results show that the fatigue life is best expressed in terms of the amplitude of equivalent stress and ultimate strength of the material in potential form. For same maximum stress amplitude, test results show, within the scope of present investigations, that conditions of combined bending and torsion lead to lower fatigue life than those of reversed torsion.     

Investigation of the Effects of Environmental Fatigue on the Mechanical Properties of GFRP Composite Constituents Using Nanoindentation

Background

Fatigue failure criteria for fibre reinforced polymer composites used in the design of marine structures are based on the micromechanical behaviour (e.g. stiffness properties) of their constituents. In the literature, there is a lack of information regarding the stiffness degradation of fibres, polymer matrix and fibre/matrix interface regions affected by environmental fatigue.

Objective

The aim of present study is to characterize the stiffness properties of composite constituents using the nanoindentation technique when fatigue failure of composites is due to the combined effect of sea water exposure and cyclic mechanical loads.

Methods

In the present study, the nanoindentation technique was used to characterize the stiffness properties of composite constituents where the effects of neighbouring phases, material pile up and viscoplasticity properties of the polymer matrix are corrected by finite element simulation.

Results

The use of finite element simulation in conjunction with nanoindentation test data, results in more accurate estimation of projected indented area which is required for measuring the properties of composite constituents. In addition, finite element simulation provides a greater understanding of the stress transfer between composite constituents during the nanoindentation process.

Conclusions

Results of nanoindentation testing on the composite microstructure of environmentally fatigue failed composite test coupons establish a strong link to the stiffness degradation of the fiber/matrix interface regions, verifying the degradation of composite constituents identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis.

     

一种FRP累积损伤模型及其在结构疲劳寿命估算中的应用

推荐了一种应变损伤累积模型，能够考虑单向板面内多轴应力和平均应力的影响。只需要单向板在确定应力比下的若干典型疲劳试验结果，就可以预测相同材料体系多向层压结构在不同应力比的循环载荷下的疲劳寿命，有助于降低试验成本和工作量。研究了适用于多向层压结构剩余强度估算和疲劳寿命预测的步骤和程序。针对碳纤维／树脂基T300／QY8911复合材料，试验测定了三组典型单轴循环应力（[0]16拉－拉、[90]16拉－拉和[0/90]4S剪－剪）下的S－N曲线。以此为输入，预测四种多向铺层板在各种拉－拉循环应力下的疲劳寿命，寿命预测结果和相应的试验结果吻合良好。采用了保持计算和试验的载荷／强度比相对等值的方法来近似抵消层合效应对疲劳寿命的影响。强调了进一步发展能够定量估计层间应力影响与分层扩展过程的疲劳损伤模型的重要性。     

FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION OF RC BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH PRESTRESSED CFRP UNDER CYCLIC BENDING LOADS

The application of prestressed carbon reinforced polymer(prestressed CFRP)in reinforced concrete(RC)members can improve the mechanical properties of strengthened structures and strengthening efficiency.This paper proposed a semi-empirical prediction formula of fatigue lives of the RC beams strengthened with prestressed CFRP under bending loads.The formula is established based on the fatigue life prediction method of RC beams and fatigue experimental data of non-prestressed CFRP reinforced beams done before.Fatigue effect coefficient of the formula was confirmed by the fatigue experiments of the RC beams strengthened with prestressed carbon fiber laminate(prestressed CFL)under cyclic bending loads.Fatigue lives of the strengthened beams predicted using the formula agreed well with the experimental data.