床面上直立圆柱的三维湍流数值模拟

从数值预报桥墩等结构物床面局部冲刷的角度发展绕直立圆柱的三维湍流的数值模拟技术. 基于Wilcox的k-ω两方程湍流模式，采用基于有限体积法的压力修正SIMPLE算法, 计算了绕床面直立圆柱的三维湍流流场，分析了光滑和粗糙床面两种情况下的流动情况. 通过系列的验证计算，表明该计算模型能够比较准确地反映不同外来流条件下绕直立圆柱的流场. 计算结果揭示了床面粗糙度对绕圆柱的湍流流动的影响.     

基于DES方法平底水力旋流器内部流场特征的数值分析

采用分离涡模拟方法(Detached Eddy Simulation,DES)针对平底水力旋流器的特殊结构进行了清水流场三维湍流流动的数值模拟.与RNG k-ε模型、雷诺应力模型的计算结果比较后发现,DES方法所预测出的切向速度结果与实验结果吻合最好,从而验证了DES方法在水力旋流器数值模拟方面的可行性.进一步分析了在一定入口流量下平底水力旋流器内部流场的切向速度、轴向速度、径向速度及静压力的分布特征以及局部流动现象,获得了有关平底水力旋流器内流场流动结构的丰富的信息,讨论了圆柱结构内的流动特征对固液分离可能存在的影响.分析表明平底水力旋流器的内流场呈现出兰金涡的特点,并且为非对称分布,其内部的能量损耗主要集中在受强制涡影响的中心轴线附近区域内.本文结果为进一步研究平底水力旋流器的流场特征提供了参考.     

方形钝体受限绕流的三维数值模拟

采用一种具有二阶精度的分裂步有限元方法作为大涡模拟的空间离散格式,经过标准算例的验证后,对Re=1.0×104条件下的方形钝体三维受限湍流绕流流场进行了数值模拟.计算中,为消除初始效应,略去初始段的计算结果.数值分析表明在均匀来流条件下,该湍流场沿槽道轴面对称,并呈现出一定的拟周期特性.在流场特性分析的基础上,进行了湍流能耗场的分析,结果表明,方形钝体受限绕流的能耗主要集中在大涡丰富的流动区段内.计算过程反映出,采用该空间离散格式的大涡模拟方法,能够捕捉到非常丰富的涡系及涡动的时变过程,适用于方形钝体受限绕流的数值模拟.     

薄板坯连铸结晶器中钢液三维流动的数值模拟

采用高 Re数的紊流 K- ε两方程模型 ,且结合壁面函数法对薄板坯连铸结晶器中钢液的紊流流动进行了有限元数值模拟。在数值模拟中 ,考虑了凝固壳厚度分布对流场的影响。在掌握了结晶器内紊流粘性系数分布规律的基础上 ,将流动域在空间进行了分区 ,采用分区选定有效粘性系数的当量层流模型数值模拟了三维紊流流动 ,结果表明 ,当量层流模型可有效的获得与原紊流时均场基本一致的结果 ,但计算效率显著提高 ,为今后工程上计算薄板坯结晶器中的三维流动和考虑流动影响的凝固过程分析提供了实用的方法 ,计算结果也有助于人们对薄板坯连铸结晶器中钢液三维紊流流动特点和与流动有关的板坯质量等问题的理解     

虹吸管道内流场数值模拟研究及分析

以虹吸式坐便器产品中的虹吸管道为研究对象,应用FLUENT软件对虹吸管道冲水过程中的气液两相流进行了三维数值模拟,研究了不同虹吸管道结构对虹吸性能的影响。通过改变管道结构参数(阻水段倾斜角度和爬坡段长度),分别对管道内流场进行对比分析,并依据数值模拟结果提出了虹吸管道结构优化设计的建议。模拟结果表明,虹吸管道结构直接影响虹吸性能,在管道内流场中,管顶驼峰处会产生明显的负压,影响虹吸起始时间;管道出口处均产生正压,且该处气液两相变化变得剧烈;适当缩短爬坡段长度,有利于延长虹吸持续时间;适当增加阻水段倾斜角度,有利于维持虹吸稳定。     

低密度流体界面不稳定性大涡模拟

采用拉伸涡亚格子尺度应力模型对湍流输运中的亚格子作用项进行模式化处理,发展了适用于可压多介质黏性流动和湍流的大涡模拟方法和代码MVFT（multi-viscous flow and turbulence）。利用MVFT代码对低密度流体界面不稳定性及其诱发的湍流混合问题进行了数值模拟。详细分析了扰动界面的发展,流场中冲击波的传播、相互作用、湍流混合区边界的演化规律,以及流场瞬时密度和湍动能的分布和发展。数值模拟获得的界面演化图像和流场中波系结构与实验结果吻合较好。三维和二维模拟结果的比较显示,两者得到的扰动界面位置、波系及湍流混合区边界基本一致,只是后期的界面构型有所不同,这也正说明湍流具有强三维效应。     

气固两相流场的湍流颗粒浓度理论模型

本文进行了气固两相流动颗粒湍流扩散现象的理论分析，提出了颗粒湍流扩散系数和气流弥散效应二个颗粒湍流模化新概念，在此基础上建立了气固两相流场湍流颗粒浓度模型。理论模型包括离心力和其它外加力场作用下颗粒运动和浓度分布的计算方法。运用湍流颗粒浓度模型，对直管气固两相流动、受限射流气固两相流动和９０°弯管气固两相流动等三种流动做了数值模拟，计算获得颗粒速度、颗粒浓度等主要流动参数。讨论了湍流颗粒浓度模型的适用性。     

翼型、机翼非定常运动模式下动态数值模拟

基于RANS方程,通过刚性动网格技术实现对翼型和机翼典型运动模式的描述,采用双时间推进方法和Roe空间离散格式对流场求解,构建了一个非定常气动计算平台;以NACA0012翼型为算倒进行了动态数值模拟可信度验证。数值模拟结果与试验数据吻合较好,升力和俯仰力矩的最大计算误差分别为3％和10％,表明了该平台的可靠性。另外,还数值模拟了M6机翼的动态非定常流场,并分析了两种湍流模型对非定常流场激波的捕捉能力。结果表明非定常流动中S-A湍流模型对激波的捕捉较B-L模型更敏感。文中开发的非定常计算平台对进一步解决三维复杂流场的流动问题有很高的工程应用价值。     

大速差射流预燃室内三维回流两相湍流的数值模拟

本文由多流体两相流模型、气相湍流κ-ε模型和颗粒湍流代数模型出发,成功地模拟了真实形状大速差射流预燃室中三维湍流回流两相流动,得到了这类复杂的气固两相流中不同纵横截面上气相速度场、颗粒速度场及浓度场和两相湍流度场的分布,并且获得了与实验定性一致的合理结果,揭示了预燃室中气固两相流动与混合的主要物理特征,探讨了大速差射流技术稳焰和强化燃烧的两相流动机理。     

大速差射流预燃室内三维回流两相湍流的数值模拟

本文由多流体两相流模型、气相湍流κ-ε模型和颗粒湍流代数模型出发,成功地模拟了真实形状大速差射流预燃室中三维湍流回流两相流动,得到了这类复杂的气固两相流中不同纵横截面上气相速度场、颗粒速度场及浓度场和两相湍流度场的分布,并且获得了与实验定性一致的合理结果,揭示了预燃室中气固两相流动与混合的主要物理特征,探讨了大速差射流技术稳焰和强化燃烧的两相流动机理。     

A numerical exploration of secondary separation in starting flow around a flat plate by the discrete vortex model

In the present work, a further numerical simulation of the starting flow around a flat plate normal to the direction of motion in a uniform fluid has been made by means of the discrete vortex method. The secondary separation occurring at rear surface of the plate is explored, and predicted approximately using Thwait's method. The calculated results show that in the early stages of the flow secondary separation does occur. The evolution of flow field, the vortex growing process and the characteristics of secondary vortices have been described. The time dependent drag coefficients, the vorticity shed from the edges and rear surface, and the separation positions are calculated as well as the distributions of velocity and pressure on the plate. In the case of flow normal to the plate, the calculated secondary vortices are weak. Their existence will change the local velocity distributions and affect pressure distributions. However, the effect on drag coefficient is negligible.     

The influences of jet precession on near field particle distributions

The effects of jet precession on the mean and fluctuating components of the distributions of 20 μm spherical particles in the first 10 nozzle diameters downstream from a simulated pulverised fuel burner have been investigated experimentally. Precessing jets are a class of oscillating flow with application in the combustion of pulverised fuels, especially in rotary kilns. The particle distributions have been determined using planar nephelometry, a laser-based instantaneous concentration technique. The influence of the momentum ratio of precessing jet to co-annular jet flow on the distribution of particles is assessed. Mean and fluctuating components of centreline particle distributions, half-widths and radial profiles are presented. It is found that small amounts of jet precession result in an elongation and narrowing of the overall particle distributions. Further increases of precessing jet momentum leads to a wider distribution of particles.     

抽样定理法重建流场的三维温度分布

结合气流场温度较低，只能得到较少干涉条纹的实际情况，提出了采用轴样定理法重建流场的三维温度分布的模型，并考查了该方法的计算机模拟运算结果，对具体的对象，进行了实验，并采用图像处理方法对条纹进行了一系列处理，最后重建了二个截面上的温度分布。     

用LDA测量U形水槽内的振荡流

本文介绍LDA用于测量U形水槽内的振荡流。水槽直管段为正方形,弯管段内侧弯面及外侧弯面是专门计算设计的。对于水平直管段、竖管段及弯管段共七个截面,测量了边界层外振荡流速的振幅分布。对于水平直管段上底面及下底面各三个截面,测量了边界层內振荡流速的振幅分布及相位分布。测量结果和无限长槽道的理论计算结果作了比较,二者基本符合。     

高速转动圆盘流动数值模拟研究

重点研究高速离心压气机叶轮与机匣间的间隙流动及其温度分布。研究将离心压气机简化为高速转动圆盘,搭建了相关实验平台,并开展了相应的数值模拟研究。通过改变转动圆盘的转速和轴向进入的冷却流的流量,研究了转速和流量对于间隙内温度和速度分布的影响。结果显示,转速是影响温度变化的最主要因素,转速越大,温度越高;同等幅度的流量变化对温度的影响则较小。研究发现,在实验和模拟对应的大雷诺数条件下,无量纲的速度分布基本不受到圆盘转速、冷却流量和温度场的影响。     

Flow around submerged structures subjected to shallow submergence over plane bed

The results of an experimental investigation on the flow field around submerged structures on horizontal plane beds, measured by an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV), are presented. Experiments were conducted for various conditions of submergence, having submergence factors ranging from 1.0 to 2.0 and average flow velocity ranging from 0.25 to 0.51 m/s. The Froude number and the Reynolds number of the approaching flow for different runs are in the range of 0.18–0.42 and 50 000–76 500, respectively. The vertical distributions of time-averaged three dimensional velocity components and turbulence intensity components at different radial distances from the submerged structures are plotted. Deceleration and acceleration of the approaching flow around the submerged body are evident from the vertical distributions of the horizontal velocity component, whereas the lifting and diving nature of the flow are indicated by the vertical velocity component distributions. The vertical distributions of the horizontal velocity component indicate reduction of 30% of the non-dimensional time-averaged horizontal velocity component magnitude for the cylinder of diameter 11.5 cm in comparison to the cylinder of diameter 10 cm. Also, there is an increase of 10–25% in the horizontal velocity component at different radial sections. The flow is three dimensional in the downstream of the submerged structure. The velocity and the turbulent intensity components are also well predicted by FLUENT. The flow characteristics in the wake and the induced bed shear stress are also analyzed with FLUENT.The profiles of non-dimensional shear velocity deviate from the log law in the wake and the far downstream directions. The scour prone regions may be identified from the profiles of the induced bed shear stress around the submerged structure.     

Numerical solution of oscillatory flow of Maxwell fluid in a rectangular straight duct

A numerical analysis is presented for the oscillatory flow of Maxwell fluid in a rectangular straight duct subjected to a simple harmonic periodic pressure gradient.The numerical solutions are obtained by a finite difference scheme method. The stability of this finite difference scheme method is discussed. The distributions of the velocity and phase difference are given numerically and graphically. The effects of the Reynolds number, relaxation time, and aspect ratio of the cross section on the oscillatory flow are investigated. The results show that when the relaxation time of the Maxwell model and the Reynolds number increase, the resonance phenomena for the distributions of the velocity and phase difference enhance.     

Investigation of bubble breakup and coalescence in a packed-bed reactor – Part 1: A comparative study of bubble breakup and coalescence models

In a packed-bed reactor a comparative study of bubble breakup and coalescence models has been investigated to study bubble size distributions as a function of the axial location. The bubble size distributions are obtained by solving population balance equations that describe gas–liquid interactions. Each combination of bubble breakup and coalescence models is examined under two inlet flow conditions: (1) predominant bubble breakup flow and (2) predominant bubble coalescence flow. The resulting bubble size distributions, breakup and coalescence rates estimated by individual models, are qualitatively compared to each other. The change of bubble size distributions along the axial direction is also described with medians. The medians resulting from CFD analyses are compared against the experimental data. Since the predictions estimated by CFD analyses with the existing bubble breakup and coalescence models do not agree with the experimental data, a new bubble breakup and coalescence model that takes account of the geometry effects is required to describe gas–liquid interactions in a packed-bed reactor.     

A NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN HOPPER FLOW

The stress distributions of granular flow in a cylindrical hopper with fiat bottom are investigated by means of a combined approach of discrete element method (DEM) and averaging method. The filling and discharge of the hopper flow are first simulated at a particle level by means of a modified DEM. The results are then used to determine the velocity and stress profiles of the hopper flow by means of an averaging method. The analysis is focused on a central section plane of the hopper due to the relatively perfect axial symmetry. The velocity profiles are illustrated to be consistent with those obtained by the previous experiments, confirming the validity of the proposed approach. The distributions of four components of the planar stress tensor at different heights are quantified. It is shown that the vertical normal stress increases with increasing the height near the central axis, the horizontal normal stress varies more slowly at a higher level and is almost constant when the height is equal to or greater than about 12 particle diameter, and the magnitudes of two shear stresses are equal at the central zone of the hopper but not so at the points near the walls. The dependence of stress distributions on the wall mechanical properties such as sliding resistance and rolling resistance is also discussed.