压电智能梁的阻抗分析与损伤识别

压电陶瓷具有正、逆压电效应,可以用作自驱动传感器．该文对表面粘贴有单片压电陶瓷的压电智能钢梁进行了阻抗分析．讨论了单压电片驱动下钢粱的纵向振动和弯曲振动,得到了压电智能梁的机械阻抗．介绍了压电片与基梁的机电耦合作用及基于压电阻抗技术的结构损伤识别机理．以两端自由钢梁为例对压电智能梁的压电阻抗进行了数值与实验验证,结果表明数值计算结果与实验结果基本相符．利用压电阻抗技术对两端自由的裂纹钢梁进行了损伤识别实验研究,实验结果发现,裂纹的出现引起高频段压电阻抗实部和虚部曲线出现了明显的变化;随着裂纹尺寸的增大,曲线谐振频率和反谐振频率逐渐减小．由此可见,通过测量钢梁损伤前后压电陶瓷片的电阻抗变化能够识别梁中的裂纹损伤．     

压电结构的热弹性比拟建模方法

通过比较逆压电效应本构方程和热弹性本构方程,在线性范围内建立逆压电效应和热弹性效应的比拟关系:将驱动电压比拟为温度载荷,压电应变系数比拟为热膨胀系数,用热弹性有限元方法分析逆压电效应,并采用热弹性比拟方法求解基于长度伸缩逆压电效应和厚度剪切逆压电效应的驱动器问题,给出了平面结构“热-机-电”耦合问题的热弹性比拟求解方法。热弹性比拟方法为快速建立复杂压电结构的有限元模型提供了一种有效的途径,可缩短复杂压电主动结构的设计周期,降低设计成本。最后给出数值算例说明文中方法的有效性。     

强电场作用下简支压电层合梁的非线性动力分析

研究可移简支压电弯曲层合梁在交变强电场作用下的非线性动力学行为．考虑材料的电致伸缩和电致弹性压电效应以及几何非线性导出压电层合梁的数学模型．导出简支压电执行器的弯曲振动控制方程,并得到它的刚度是关于时间的慢变函数关系．利用非定常振动的渐近理论和Galerkin方法对具有慢变系数的非线性动力方程进行求解,得到了可移简支压电层合梁的动力特征．最后得到了可移压电简支梁的共振频率、固有频率和电场频率三者之间的变化关系以及谐振幅度与作用电场强度的关系．     

一种高灵敏度石英微机械陀螺敏感器件

针对石英晶体各向异性的特点,设计了一种驱动梁为双"W"截面形状的石英音叉微机械陀螺,通过在驱动梁表面凹槽两端设置深凹槽,有效提高了凹槽侧壁的陡直性,进而提高了驱动梁内部电场的激励效率和陀螺灵敏度。采用有限元仿真的方法,分析了不同截面形状的驱动梁压电激励力的相对大小,优化设计了陀螺芯片结构参数。依据陀螺芯片的结构,设计了合理的工艺方案并在3英寸石英圆片上制作出了三种驱动梁截面形状的陀螺器件,测试结果表明,相对于矩形驱动梁截面的陀螺芯片,双"W"形驱动梁截面的陀螺芯片的灵敏度提高约60%。     

逆压电效应对双稳态压电俘能器的性能影响研究

为了研究逆压电效应对压电俘能效果的具体影响，本文首先分析了双稳态压电俘能器的分布参数型能量表达式，然后应用广义Hamilton变分原理推导了该俘能系统的动力学方程，最后采用谐波平衡法获得了动力响应解析解。通过对比不同激励频率下的数值仿真结果，讨论了逆压电效应对俘能系统动力响应的影响规律。结果表明，逆压电效应在不同工况下对俘能效果的影响并非单纯起抑制作用，在一定激励强度的高频激励下，逆压电效应对俘能效果的影响起增强作用；弱强度激励下的俘能效果则全程受到抑制作用。     

非线性压电效应下压电弯曲执行器的动力分析

研究压电弯曲执行器在强电场作用下的非线性动力行为．考虑电致伸缩和电致弹性的非线性压电效应，导出了压电悬臂执行器变刚度的弯曲振动控制方程．利用非定常振动的渐近理论，讨论了弯曲压电执行器的动力特征．根据目前的非线性模型可以计算压电悬臂执行器的固有共振频率与电场的变化关系．结果表明压电执行器端头挠度谐振幅度随作用电场振幅的增大而增大，以及力学品质因数随电场振幅的增大而减少，并且与实验结果非常吻合．通过数值比较得到在电场频率随时间变化非常缓慢的情况下非定常振动问题可以近似地用定常振动来处理．     

强电场和机械荷载联合作用下压电层合梁的非线性变形

本文研究简支,固支和悬臂压电层合梁在强电场和机械荷载联合作用下的非线性变形。考虑材料的电致伸缩和电致弹性压电效应以及几何非线性导出压电层合梁的数学模型。并求得在电场和均布力联合作用下各种边界条件梁的挠度和位移解析表达式。通过对双压电晶片梁和单压电晶片梁的数值计算及分析得到线性与非线性模型之间的差别和适用范围。     

非线性压电效应下压电层合板的弯曲

考虑非线性压电效应,即电致弹性和电致伸缩效应情况下压电层合板的弯曲。从非线性压电方程和几何方程导出了压电层合板合应力、合力矩与应变之间的广义本构关系,这些关系关于电场是非线性的。利用Ritz法和双傅立叶级数得到四边简支对称压电层合板在高电场作用下的非线性解并进行计算。结果表明,只考虑线性压电效应只能适应于作用电场较低或基础层的刚度比压电层的刚度要大得多的情况。     

振动测量仪器(续)

四、压电式测振仪器 1.压电效应与压电材料 压电式变换器的工作原理是以某些物质的压电效应为基础的。某些电介质物体,在沿一定方向对其施加压力或拉力而使之变形时,在它们的表面上会产生电荷。当将外力去掉时,它们又重新回到不带电的状态。这种现象,就称为压电效应。具有这种压电效     

压电介质二维边界积分方程中的基本解

由于压电介质的变形－电场耦合效应及压电响应的各向异性，使解析求解压电介质问题的工作变量十分复杂，若采用边界元数值方法求解，必须具备积分方程中的基本解，本文根据电磁场方程及连续介质力学的耦合性质论层出了二维无限域中分别在单位力及单位电荷载作用下的位移场，电势场、应力场和电位移场的解，从而确立了边界积分方程中所必需的八个基本解。     

A piezoelectric material strip with a crack perpendicular to its boundary surfaces

A cracked piezoelectric material strip under combining mechanical and electrical loads is considered. The crack is vertical to the top and bottom edges of the strip. The edges of the strip are parallel to the x-axis and perpendicular to the z-axis. When a piezoelectric ceramic is poled, it exhibits transversely isotropic behavior. Among many possible poled axis orientations, a particular orientation when the poling direction lies parallel to x-axis is examined in this paper. Both impermeable crack and permeable crack assumptions are considered. Numerical results are included for three kinds of fracture mechanics specimens, namely an edge-cracked strip, a double edge-cracked strip, and a center-cracked strip, subjected to uniform tensions and uniform electric displacement loads simultaneously, at the far ends. In addition, an edge-cracked strip under pure bending and uniform electric displacement loads at the far ends is also investigated in this paper.     

压电层合梁静动力学分析的高精度梁单元

给出了一个对复合材料压电层合梁进行数值分析的高精度压电层合梁单元。基于Shi三阶剪切变形板理论的位移场和Layer-wise理论的电势场,用力-电耦合的变分原理及Hamilton原理推导了压电层合梁单元列式。采用拟协调元方法推导了一个可显式给出单元刚度矩阵的两节点压电层合梁单元,并应用于压电层合梁的力-电耦合弯曲和自由振动分析。计算结果表明,该梁单元给出的梁挠度和固有频率与解析解吻合良好,并优于其它梁单元的计算结果,说明了本文所给压电层合梁单元的可靠性和准确性。研究结果可为力-电耦合作用下压电层合梁的力学分析提供一个简单、精确且高效的压电层合梁单元。     

Design of lightweight robots for over-snow mobility

Snowfields are challenging terrain for lightweight (<50 kg) ground robots. Deep sinkage, high snow-compaction resistance, traction loss while turning and ingestion of snow into the drive train can cause immobility within a few meters of travel. However, for suitably designed vehicles, deep snow offers a smooth, uniform terrain that can obliterate obstacles. Key requirements for good over-snow mobility are low ground pressure, large clearance relative to vehicle size and a drive system that tolerates moist, compactable snow.A small robot will invariably encounter deep snow relative to its ground clearance and thus must travel over the snow rather than gain support from the underlying surface. This can be accomplished using low-pressure tracks (<1.5 kPa). Even still, snow-compaction resistance can exceed 20% of vehicle weight. Also, despite relatively high traction coefficients for low track pressures, differential or skid steering is difficult because the outboard track can easily break traction as the vehicle attempts to turn against the snow. Short track lengths (relative to track separation) or coupled articulated robots offer steering solutions for deep snow.This paper presents guidance to design lightweight robots for good mobility over snow based on tests of two custom-designed over-snow robots, SnoBot and SnoBot-2, and driving experience with two commercially available robots, PackBot and Talon. Moreover, we used the present guidance to design SnoBot-2, and it displays excellent over-snow mobility. Because many other considerations constrain robot designs, this guidance can also help with development of winterization kits to improve the over-snow performance of existing robots.     

微结构片外弯曲测试装置及试样设计

硅是微电子机械系统（简称微机电系统）中最常见的功能结构材料,可靠性是制约硅微构件小尺度加工和大规模制造的瓶颈问题．为研究硅微构件的力学特性,本文开发了一套以压电驱动、微力测量、位移检测为核心组件的片外测试系统．设计了一种将四个弯曲测试梁集于一体的微结构,借助有限元方法确定其尺寸,并用理论方法验证有限元分析的合理性．本文着重确保了四个关键设计目标：一、每根测试梁最大应力应位于其与外框架结合处;二、未断裂测试梁的最大应力受其他梁的断裂的影响应足够小;三、各个测试梁的最大应力的差别应足够小;四、支撑梁的最大应力应明显小于测试梁．最后测试了试样的弯曲强度,实验加载曲线和有限元分析基本吻合,表明测试装置和试样设计是合理的,为后续的硅微构件可靠性测试奠定了基础．     

基于惯性-摩擦驱动的球基微驱动器逆转现象分析

在压电陶瓷等效电学模型的基础上,结合外加驱动信号波形分析了基于惯性-摩擦驱动的球基微驱动器在工作过程中金属球产生逆转现象的原因,建立了金属球的转速及位移模型,采用快速放电回路和加速压电陶瓷放电的方法减小金属球的逆转位移及振动;利用压电陶瓷管作为微驱动元件,设计了基于惯性-摩擦驱动的球基微驱动器,并采用不同频率的三角波信号对所设计微驱动器进行试验测试.结果表明:驱动信号频率越高,微驱动器的振动现象越明显;当驱动信号频率接近、等于或大于微驱动元件(压电陶瓷管)的固有放电周期时,金属球出现无规律运动,导致微驱动器失效;根据1 Hz低频信号时的试验结果与计算所得结果基本吻合,证明了所建立的逆转理论模型的合理性.     

Coulomb traction on a penny-shaped crack in a three dimensional piezoelectric body

The axisymmetric problem of a penny-shaped crack embedded in an infinite three-dimensional (3D) piezoelectric body is considered. A general formulation of Coulomb traction on the crack surfaces can be obtained based on thermodynamical considerations of electromechanical systems. Three-dimensional electroelastic solutions are derived by the classical complex potential theory when Coulomb traction is taken into account and the poling direction of piezoelectric body is perpendicular to the crack surfaces. Numerical results show that the magnitude of Coulomb tractions can be large, especially when a large electric field in connection with a small mechanical load is applied. Unlike the traditional traction-free crack model, Coulomb tractions induced by an applied electric field influence the Mode I stress intensity factor for a penny-shaped crack in 3D piezoelectric body. Moreover, compared to the current model, the traditional traction-free crack model always overestimates the effect of the applied electric load on the field intensity factors and energy release rates, which has consequences for 3D piezoelectric fracture mechanics.     

Coupled refined layerwise theory for dynamic free and forced response of piezoelectric laminated composite and sandwich beams

This work extends a previously presented coupled refined layerwise theory to dynamic analysis of piezoelectric laminated composite and sandwich beams. Contrary to most of the available theories, all the kinematic and stress boundary conditions are satisfied at the interfaces of the piezoelectric layers with the non-zero longitudinal electric field. Moreover, both electrical transverse normal strains and transverse flexibility are taken into account for the first time in the present theory. In the presented formulation a high-order polynomial, an exponential expression and a layerwise term containing the electric field are included in the describing expression of the in-plane displacement of the beam. For the transverse displacement, the coupled refined model uses a combination of continuous piecewise fourth-order polynomials with a layerwise representation of electrical unknowns. The electric field is also approximated as linear across the thickness direction of piezoelectric layers. One of advantages of the present theory is that the mechanical number of the unknown parameters is very small and is independent of the number of the layers. For validation of the proposed model, various free and forced vibration tests for thin and thick laminated/sandwich piezoelectric beams are carried out. For various electrical and mechanical boundary conditions, excellent correlation has been found between the results obtained from the proposed formulation with those resulted from the three-dimensional theory of piezoelasticity.     

DAP增强梁结构形状控制的机理研究

对称粘贴在梁结构上下表面上的压电元件在外部电场的作用下能使梁结构发生弯曲变形，通过分析驱动构件与结构中的应变分布，采用定向固定的压电元件(DAP，即directional attached piezoelectric)来代替传统的压电元件(CAP，即conventional attached piezoelectric)，减小了驱动构件的横向效应，提高了压电驱动的效率，并进行了实验对比验证。     

Fracture behaviors of piezoelectric materials

Theoretical analyses and experimental observations of the failure and fracture behaviors of piezoelectric materials are presented. The theoretical analyses are based on the Stroh formalism. A strip dielectric breakdown model is proposed to estimate the effect of electrical non-linearity on the piezoelectric fracture of electrically insulated cracks. The reviewed experiments include the indentation fracture test, the bending test on smooth samples, the fracture test on pre-notched or pre-cracked samples, the environment-assisted fracture test, etc. For electrically insulated cracks, the experimental results show a complicated fracture behavior under combined electrical and mechanical loading. Fracture data are greatly scattered when a static electric field is applied. For electrically conducting cracks, the experimental results demonstrate that static electric fields can fracture poled and depoled lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics. A charge-free zone model is introduced to understand the failure behavior of conducting cracks in the depoled lead zirconate titanate ceramics under electrical and/or mechanical loading. These theoretical and experimental results indicate that fracture mechanics concepts are useful in the study of the failure behaviors of piezoelectric materials.