壁滑移现象对粘弹性流体狭缝流及环隙流的影响

本文利用作者已发展的方法,研究了粘弹性流体在狭缝流及环隙流中壁滑移的影响,文中选用了四参数 oldroyd 模型作为此类流体的本构方程,研究发现当壁滑移现象出现时,其速度分布、体积流量以及压力降均表现异常,因此,可以推断质量和热量传递也将受到影响。     

LATTICE BOLTZMANN SIMULATION OF POWER-LAW FLOW PAST AN ELLIPTIC CYLINDER

基于格子波尔兹曼方法(lattice Boltzmann method) 和幂律流体本构方程, 建立二维流动模型, 将充分发展的速度分布与理论解进行对比, 吻合良好. 对幂律流体的圆柱绕流进行模拟, 采用了反弹格式的无滑移圆柱边界, 并使用应力积分法计算阻力系数, 分析了稳态圆柱绕流时, 阻力系数随幂律指数n 以及雷诺数Re 的变化规律. 分析了椭圆横轴/纵轴长度比和幂律指数n, 对压力系数C_p 和黏度系数C_v 的影响. 得到的变化规律与有限元方法规律一致, 验证了格子波尔兹曼模型的可行性.     

多介质流体非守恒律欧拉方程组的数值计算方法

对多介质流体在界面处满足的Euler方程进行了探讨,方程组中增加了描述材料参数间断性质的对流形式非守恒律方程组 .以波传播算法为基础,通过Roe方程近似求解Riemann问题,同时采用相同的数值差分格式求解流体动力学Euler方程组和界面方程组.该方法可以有效消除多介质流体在界面处压力、速度可能出现的非物理振荡.给出了部分典型一维和二维数值计算结果.     

多介质流体非守恒律欧拉方程组的数值计算方法

对多介质流体在界面处满足的Euler方程进行了探讨 ,方程组中增加了描述材料参数间断性质的对流形式非守恒律方程组。以波传播算法为基础 ,通过Roe方程近似求解Riemann问题 ,同时采用相同的数值差分格式求解流体动力学Euler方程组和界面方程组。该方法可以有效消除多介质流体在界面处压力、速度可能出现的非物理振荡。给出了部分典型一维和二维数值计算结果。     

虚拟区域法在流固耦合问题中的应用

将多相流领域内的虚拟区域法引入到流固耦合问题的分析中,将固体视为应变率为零的虚拟流体,对流体和虚拟流体均以速度和压强作为基本变量,采用Navier-Stokes方程作为控制方程,同时求解流体域和虚拟流体域, 得到整个计算域的流场分布,应用分布式拉格朗日乘子法在虚拟流体域上施加刚体约束, 以保持虚拟流体的刚体外形和运动形式,最终建立一种流固耦合模型及其数值求解方法. 通过对粒子流问题和流固耦合问题进行数值模拟,验证了此模型的正确性和求解大变形/运动流固耦合问题的有效性.      

粘弹性结构动力稳定性分析的谐波平衡法

本文分析了线粘弹性结构的长期动力稳定特性。设材料具积分型本构关系，且其松弛模量能用Prony级数描述，将微分-积分型控制方程化成微分型方程，应用谐波平衡法确定动力稳定区域，着重讨论了材料参数及系统振动频率对动力稳定区域的影响发现该类粘弹性结构具有与一般阻尼系统不同的动力稳定特性。文中也将系统平衡法直接应用于微分-积分型控制方程，忽略卷积积分运算后产生的随时间衰减的非谐波项来得到决定动力稳定边界的特征方程，并对两种应用所得结果进行了比较。     

中等Reynolds数平板绕流的动理论分析

郭永怀先生1953年给出的中等Reynolds数下、不可压缩流体有限长平板绕流的解析解是边界层理论中的经典工作.许多研究者对平板绕流阻力系数的郭永怀公式以及后续工作进行了 评估,评估的依据是Janour与Schaaf和Sherman的实验数据.本文的动理论分析和计算表 明: Schaaf和Sherman在低亚声速条件下(郭永怀先生1953年给出的中等Reynolds数下、不可压缩流体有限长平板绕流的解析解是边 界层理论中的经典工作. 许多研究者对平板绕流阻力系数的郭永怀公式以及后续工作进行了 评估, 评估的依据是Janour与Schaaf和Sherman的实验数据. 本文的动理论分析和计算表 明: Schaaf和Sherman在低亚声速条件下(郭永怀先生1953年给出的中等Reynolds数下、不可压缩流体有限长平板绕流的解析解是边 界层理论中的经典工作. 许多研究者对平板绕流阻力系数的郭永怀公式以及后续工作进行了 评估, 评估的依据是Janour与Schaaf和Sherman的实验数据. 本文的动理论分析和计算表 明: Schaaf和Sherman在低亚声速条件下(郭永怀先生1953年给出的中等Reynolds数下、不可压缩流体有限长平板绕流的解析解是边 界层理论中的经典工作. 许多研究者对平板绕流阻力系数的郭永怀公式以及后续工作进行了 评估, 评估的依据是Janour与Schaaf和Sherman的实验数据. 本文的动理论分析和计算表 明: Schaaf和Sherman在低亚声速条件下(郭永怀先生1953年给出的中等Reynolds数下、不可压缩流体有限长平板绕流的解析解是边界层理论中的经典工作.许多研究者对平板绕流阻力系数的郭水怀公式以及后续工作进行了评估,评估的依据是Janour与Schaaf和Sherman的实验数据.本文的动理论分析和计算表明:Schaaf和Sherman在低亚声速条件下(0.16相似文献   

基于修正偶应力理论和微分变换法的输流微管自由振动

考虑黏性流体在微管道内作层流运动，给出了黏性流体在微圆管中的速度分布方程。利用修正偶应力理论和Euler梁模型建立细长微管模型，根据虚功原理推导输流微管流-固耦合振动方程，应用微分变换法计算微管道系统的固有频率。通过与有限差分法求解结果对比，证明微分变换法具有较高的精度。随后，研究了流体黏性、微管材料内禀特征尺寸和预应力对固有频率的影响。最后，分析了流体临界流速与预应力的关系。数值结果表明：在流体平均速度相同的条件下，考虑流体黏性时微管各阶固有频率偏低，并且平均速度越大，这一趋势越明显。     

基于WDQ法的粘弹性输流管道稳定性分析

在微分求积法（DQ法）基础上,根据多分辨分析理论,以尺度函数为基础构造插值基函数,形成小波微分求积法（WDQ法）,用该方法研究了简支Kelvin型粘弹性输流管道的稳定性问题,给出了不同参数下管道复频率随内部流速的变化关系,分析了外部流速对Kelvin型粘弹性输流管道在不同延滞时间下的振动特性及稳定性的影响。     

二维细胞在剪切流中的运动特性

主要模拟二维细胞在剪切流中的运动特性.计算过程采用浸入边界法,将细胞模化成Navier-Stokes方程中的力源,而不是真实物体.假设细胞的初始形状为椭圆,细胞内外流体粘性相同,细胞膜的弹性力模型选用E-S模型.本文模拟四种不同真圆度情况下细胞的形变情况,观测到初始阶段细胞沿着长轴方向做拉伸和旋转运动,达到稳定状态后细胞作类坦克履带式运动;并且发现细胞达到稳定状态所需要的时间随真圆度的增加而增加,而细胞的稳态倾角随真圆度的增加而减少.     

幂律流体圆柱绕流的格子波尔兹曼模拟

基于插值补充格子波尔兹曼方法和幂律流体的本构方程,建立了贴体坐标系下适用于幂律流体的格子波尔兹曼模型,模拟了幂律流体的圆柱绕流问题,采用非平衡外推格式处理圆柱表面的速度无滑移边界,利用应力积分法确定曳力系数和升力系数,并与基于标准的格子波尔兹曼方法和有限容积法获得的数值数据进行对比,吻合良好. 进行了网格无关性验证之后,分析了稳态流动时,不同雷诺数下幂律指数对于尾迹长度、分离角、圆柱表面黏度分布、表面压力系数及曳力系数的影响,以及非定常流动中,幂律指数对于流场、曳力系数、升力系数和斯特劳哈尔数的影响. 获得的变化规律与基于其他数值模拟方法得到的结果相一致,充分验证了模型的有效性和正确性. 结果表明:插值补充格子波尔兹曼方法可以用来模拟幂律流体在具有复杂边界流场内的流动问题,通过引入不同的非牛顿流体本构方程,该方法还可以进一步应用于其他类型的非牛顿流体研究中.      

幂律流体圆柱绕流的格子波尔兹曼模拟简

基于插值补充格子波尔兹曼方法和幂律流体的本构方程,建立了贴体坐标系下适用于幂律流体的格子波尔兹曼模型,模拟了幂律流体的圆柱绕流问题,采用非平衡外推格式处理圆柱表面的速度无滑移边界,利用应力积分法确定曳力系数和升力系数,并与基于标准的格子波尔兹曼方法和有限容积法获得的数值数据进行对比,吻合良好. 进行了网格无关性验证之后,分析了稳态流动时,不同雷诺数下幂律指数对于尾迹长度、分离角、圆柱表面黏度分布、表面压力系数及曳力系数的影响,以及非定常流动中,幂律指数对于流场、曳力系数、升力系数和斯特劳哈尔数的影响. 获得的变化规律与基于其他数值模拟方法得到的结果相一致,充分验证了模型的有效性和正确性. 结果表明：插值补充格子波尔兹曼方法可以用来模拟幂律流体在具有复杂边界流场内的流动问题,通过引入不同的非牛顿流体本构方程,该方法还可以进一步应用于其他类型的非牛顿流体研究中.     

Active control of flow past an elliptic cylinder using an artificial neural network trained by deep reinforcement learning

The active control of flow past an elliptical cylinder using the deep reinforcement learning (DRL) method is conducted. The axis ratio of the elliptical cylinder $\Gamma$ varies from 1.2 to 2.0, and four angles of attack $\alpha=0^\circ, 15^\circ, 30^\circ$, and $45^\circ$ are taken into consideration for a fixed Reynolds number $Re=100$. The mass flow rates of two synthetic jets imposed on different positions of the cylinder $\theta_1$ and $\theta_2$ are trained to control the flow. The optimal jet placement that achieves the highest drag reduction is determined for each case. For a low axis ratio ellipse, i.e., $\Gamma=1.2$, the controlled results at $\alpha=0^\circ$ are similar to those for a circular cylinder with control jets applied at $\theta_1=90^\circ$ and $\theta_2=270^\circ$. It is found that either applying the jets asymmetrically or increasing the angle of attack can achieve a higher drag reduction rate, which, however, is accompanied by increased fluctuation. The control jets elongate the vortex shedding, and reduce the pressure drop. Meanwhile, the flow topology is modified at a high angle of attack. For an ellipse with a relatively higher axis ratio, i.e., $\Gamma\ge1.6$, the drag reduction is achieved for all the angles of attack studied. The larger the angle of attack is, the higher the drag reduction ratio is. The increased fluctuation in the drag coefficient under control is encountered, regardless of the position of the control jets. The control jets modify the flow topology by inducing an external vortex near the wall, causing the drag reduction. The results suggest that the DRL can learn an active control strategy for the present configuration.     

Deformation of a fluid-filled compliant cylinder in a uniform flow

We investigated surface compliance effects of a fluid-filled object in flow on its shape and internal flow through numerical simulation. A two-dimensional compliant cylinder containing fluid in a flow is a simple model of a cell, e.g. an erythrocyte, leukocyte or platelet. The thin membrane of the cylinder consisted of a network of mass-spring-damper (MSD) systems, representing its mechanical characteristics. We assumed that the stiffness and damping coefficients were those of latex gum. The two-dimensional flow inside and outside the membrane was obtained by solving the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations by using the finite element scheme at Re=400, based on the external flow velocity and diameter of an initial circular cylinder. The deformation of the membrane was calculated by solving the equation of motion for an MSD system by using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The compliant cylinder deformed more if its stiffness was smaller than that of latex gum. The initial circular section of the cylinder became oval, with a flat front and a convex rear. The aspect ratio of the lateral to streamwise axis length of the oval became larger than unity, and increased with decreasing stiffness. The drag coefficient of the oval cylinder became larger than that of the circular cylinder, and increased with decreasing stiffness. The partial vibration at the rear, caused by shedding vortices, induced oscillating internal flows between two antinodes of the vibrating membrane. Since the object with smaller stiffness had higher ductility, velocity fluctuations of the external flow influenced the internal flow of the compliant object through deformation of the membrane.     

GROUND EFFECT OF FLOW AROUND AN ELLIPTIC CYLINDER IN A TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER

The flow characteristics around an elliptic cylinder with an axis ratio of AR=2 located near a flat plate were investigated experimentally. The elliptic cylinder was embedded in a turbulent boundary layer whose thickness is larger than the cylinder height. For comparison, the same experiment was carried out for a circular cylinder having the same vertical height. The Reynolds number based on the height of the cylinder cross-section was 14000. The pressure distributions on the cylinder surface and on the flat plate were measured for various gap distances between the cylinder and the plate. The wake velocity profiles behind the cylinder were measured using hot-wire anemometry. In the near-wake region, the vortices are shed regularly only when the gap ratio is greater than the critical value of G/B=0·4. The critical gap ratio is larger than that of a circular cylinder. The variation of surface pressure distributions on the elliptic cylinder with respect to the gap ratio is much smaller than that on the circular cylinder. This trend is more evident on the upper surface than the lower one. The surface pressures on the flat plate recover faster than those for the case of the circular cylinder at downstream locations. As the gap ratio increases, the drag coefficient of the cylinder itself increases, but the lift coefficient decreases. For all gap ratios tested in this study, the drag coefficient of the elliptic cylinder is about half that of the circular cylinder. The ground effect of the cylinder at small gap ratio constrains the flow passing through the gap, and restricts the vortex shedding from the cylinder, especially in the lower side of the cylinder wake. This constraint effect is more severe for the elliptic cylinder, compared to the circular cylinder. The wake region behind the elliptic cylinder is relatively small and the velocity profiles tend to approach rapidly to those of a flat plate boundary layer     

Numerical solution for the flow of viscoelastic fluids around an inclined circular cylinder.

Finite difference solutions have been obtained by the perturbation method to investigate the influence of shear thinning and elasticity on the flow around an inclined circular cylinder of finite length in a uniform flow. In this numerical analysis a generalized upper-convected Maxwell model, in which the viscosity changes according to the Cross model, has been used.The local flow over the cylinder is only slightly deflected. However, in the wake flow behind the cylinder the particle path is remarkably influenced by the axial flow and rapidly flows up parallel to the cylinder's axis. Then it gradually rejoins direction of the incoming flow. It is found that viscoelastic fluids are prone to flow axially in the vicinity of the cylinder. The numerical predictions generally agree with the flow visualization results.The numerical solutions also demonstrate that elasticity has a strong effect on the velocity profile especially around both ends of the cylinder; elasticity increases the asymmetric profiles of both circumferential velocity and axial velocity with respect to equal to 90° and decreases a difference in the circumferential velocity between the windward end and the leeward end.For non-Newtonian fluids, the length of the wake flow is influenced by not only the Reynolds number but also the cylinder diameter and it is larger for the cylinder with the smaller diameter at the same Reynolds number.Partly presented at the 9th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, University of Auckland, New Zealand, 8–12 December, 1986     

基于浸入边界-格子Boltzmann通量求解法的椭圆柱流动特性分析

基于浸入边界-格子Boltzmann通量求解法,开展了雷诺数Re=100不同几何参数下单椭圆柱及串列双椭圆柱绕流流场与受力特性对比研究。结果表明,随长短轴比值的增加,单椭圆柱绕流阻力系数先减小后缓慢上升,最大升力系数则随长短轴比值的增大而减小;尾迹流动状态从周期性脱落涡到稳定对称涡。间距是影响串列圆柱及椭圆柱流场流动状态的主要因素,间距较小时,串列圆柱绕流呈周期性脱落涡状态,而椭圆柱则为稳定流动;随着间距增加,上下游圆柱及椭圆柱尾迹均出现卡门涡街现象,且串列椭圆柱临界间距大于串列圆柱。串列椭圆柱阻力的变化规律与圆柱的基本相同,上游平均阻力大于下游阻力;上游椭圆柱阻力随着间距的变大先减小,下游随间距的变大而增加,当间距达到临界间距时上下游阻力跃升,随后出现小幅度波动再逐渐增加,并趋近于相同长短轴比值下单柱体绕流的阻力。     

Flow around a cylinder at the beginning of the critical region

Results of experiments with a turbulent flow around a transversely aligned circular cylinder located at identical distances from the walls of a rectangular channel are reported. Data on averaged velocity fields around the cylinder are obtained by means of particle image velocimetry (PIV). Based on these fields, the near wake behind the cylinder is studied, and the kinematic characteristics for flow regimes with and without cavitation are compared. Based on the vector fields of averaged velocity, the angles of separation of the boundary layer from the cylinder surface in the considered flow regimes are determined. The drag coefficients of the cylinder for different flow regimes are calculated. It is demonstrated that the vortex region behind the cylinder and the drag coefficient of the cylinder increase in the case with cavitation. It is also shown that vortex shedding from the cylinder may be irregular, despite the fact that this process is quasi-periodic for most of the time.     

Near wall characteristics of flow over grooved circular cylinder

An experimental investigation was made of the flow over a grooved circular cylinder of different aspect ratios. Based on the drag coefficient, Strouhal number and mean shear stress, three flow regimes of subcritical, critical and supercritical were found, all of which are below the subcritical Reynolds number of a smooth cylinder. Boundary layer characteristics within the different flow regimes were measured. The shift of the boundary layer away from the grooves and an estimated change in the virtual origin are used to establish the similarity of the flow characteristics of grooved and smooth cylinders.Now at Development and Planning Division, Hong Kong Electric Co. Ltd., Hong Kong