数字图像相关法观测剪切应变场教学实验

基于上海大学自行研制的数字图像处理系统,开发了观测板状试样剪切应变场的实验教学项目,可测得应变的全场分布情况,并将数字图像相关法的实验结果与引伸计法进行了比较。该教学实验有助于加深学生对剪切应变概念的理解,培养科研兴趣,有利于提高学生的综合素质。     

激光光通量位移计在Hopkinson杆中的应用

简要介绍了激光位移测试技术的基本原理及实现方案,准静态和动态标定结果表明该系统可以用 于动态测试。给出了激光光通量位移计在Hopkinson杆实验中的3种应用:(1)用激光光通量位移计可以监 测试样的横向变形,从而得出试样的动态泊松比;(2)在动态断裂实验中,激光光通量位移计可以监测裂尖张 开位移,结合应变片的信息可以得出试样的动态断裂能;(3)将激光光通量位移计和石英晶体应力计相结合可 以直接在试样两端得到应力应变信息,用来测量超软材料在中应变率下的力学响应。     

剪切散斑:一种光学测量技术及其应用

本文综述了剪切散斑测量技术及其成功的应用领域。剪切散斑技术是一种基于激光的全场、非接触表面变形(位移或应变)测量技术,它无需特殊的隔震装置,克服了因参考光束给全息干涉技术所带来的诸多限制。因此,它是用于现场测量的一个有效工具。剪切散斑测量技术已经得到了工业界的普遍认同,尤其是在工业无损检测方面更显示出了它的极大优势,它可以通过识别被诱发的异常变形来显示物体的内部缺陷。剪切散斑的应用还包括应变测量、材料特性表征、残余应力评估、泄漏探测、振动分析和三维形貌测量等。     

数字全息干涉相位导数计算的研究

应变测量对材料评估与分析非常重要。通过计算数字全息干涉的相位导数可实现应变测量。本文针对数字全息干涉相位导数提取问题,对数字剪切法和基于二维伪维格纳法进行研究。数字剪切法通过对干涉复相量的数字平移实现剪切,确定干涉相位导数,而二维伪维格纳法则通过对干涉复相量的二维伪维格纳分布变换,由变换模极值对应的频域参数确定相位导数。数字剪切法需干涉复相量的数字剪切过程,还需相位去包裹。由于激光散斑噪声的影响,直接数字剪切法处理效果较差,通过对剪切干涉复相量滤波,能较好消除散斑噪声影响。二维伪维格纳法无需数字剪切和相位去包裹,就可同时得到2个方向的干涉相位导数,但处理时间较长,处理效果较差。最后,用数字全息干涉法对四周固定、中心加载铝圆盘进行了实际测量,并分别用数字剪切法和二维伪维格纳法进行了分析。结果表明,滤波数字剪切法处理时间适中,处理效果较好。     

新型汽车结构胶剪切实验研究

利用数字图像相关方法(DICM),分别测定了准静态单向剪切拉伸试验条件下,新型汽车结构胶粘接试件和传统点焊连接试件粘接部分的剪切力学性能。实验采用了非接触测量物体应变的方法,运用CCD及其计算机图像处理系统,实时获取变形前后试件表面图像。利用数字相关软件对变形前后的图像进行分析,从而获得试件该时刻的应变。最后确定了试件拉伸过程中的力-位移曲线及应力-应变关系曲线。测试结果及分析表明:采用新型结构胶粘接试件的力学性能与点焊结构相比有明显的优势。这为该结构胶进一步改进提供了一定的实验依据。测试中的数字图像相关法是非接触测量物体应变的方法,在实际应用中有很大的意义。     

四孔散斑剪切干涉法

散斑剪切干涉法是一种直接测量表面全场应变的方法,它取消了由测定位移而计算微分的要求。本文叙述了它的基本原理,采用离焦方法获得光学剪切,对其在测量面内应变值方面的应用,进行了实验论证。     

基于超高速相机的数字图像相关性全场应变分析在SHTB实验中的应用

基于超高速相机和数字图像相关性全场应变分析方法对传统的分离式Hopkinson拉杆(SHTB)实验系统进行改进,获得尼龙和铝合金材料的动态拉伸应力应变曲线,验证了数字图像相关性全场应变分析在SHTB实验中的有效性。实验结果显示:该方法测量的平均应变与应变片测量结果一致性很好, 而传统的SHTB实验原理计算的应变结果则明显偏大,需要对试件原始标距进行修正后才能获得有效的试件应变,并且在试件的材料和几何尺寸不变的条件下标距修正不依赖于应变率。基于数字图像相关性全场应变测量,讨论了应变均匀性问题:脆性的尼龙试件在标距范围内应变均匀性良好,而韧性的铝合金试件表现出比较严重的应变不均匀性,归因于颈缩变形的影响。     

激光金属沉积GH4169在不同应变率下的剪切特性及破坏机理研究

为了能在传统的分离式Hopkinson压杆上准确可靠地测试激光金属沉积GH4169的动态剪切特性，基于数值模拟方法对比分析了三种不同动态剪切试样形式及尺寸对剪切区应力分布的影响，结果表明:经过尺寸优化后的双剪切试样的剪切区剪应力占主导地位，可实现近似纯剪切的动态剪切实验。利用此试样形式，系统测试了不同取向（扫描方向、沉积方向）的LMD GH4169试样在不同应变率下的剪切应力应变曲线，并对破坏后试样进行了SEM分析观察。结果表明:(1) 本文中选用的试样形式剪切纯度高，应力沿剪切区宽度厚度分布均匀，可以更好地得到材料的动态剪切特性；(2) 对实验所得剪应力-剪应变曲线进行分析，发现本材料在扫描路径方向和沉积方向并没有表现出明显的各向异性，但随着应变率的增加，具有明显的应变率强化效应；将单轴压缩和动态剪切应力应变曲线同时转换为等效应力应变曲线，对比证实了试样形式能很好反应材料的剪切特性；(3) 通过对LMD GH4169剪切变形破坏试样的微观分析发现，随着应变率升高，断口韧窝尺寸和深度减小，韧性降低，在更小的变形量下容易剪切失效。初始微观缺陷容易导致材料的动态剪切破坏。     

横向撞击下短梁的剪切破坏研究

应用实验和数值模拟手段研究了 2 0 # 钢梁在横向撞击下的双剪破坏问题。实验中通过测量加速度 ,分析了梁破坏需要吸收的能量 ;数值分析中采用Cauchy应力对数应变Cowper Symonds过应力本构方程模拟材料率相关行为 ,累积塑性应变破坏准则与单元死活技术结合模拟材料弱化行为 ,数值分析给出的结构破坏吸收能量与实验结果基本吻合 ,由计算得到的剪切塑性铰长度与S .B .Menkes等的实验结果基本一致。     

球形压痕的残余变形分析(英文)

球形压痕技术在材料力学属性,诸如硬度,弹性模量等的测量中得到了广泛的应用。应用Twyman-Green及云纹干涉法并配合相移技术,本文对IN783合金进行了一系列的球形压痕实验研究,并对残余压痕的面内(u, v)及离面( w)变形场进行了定量测量和分析。应用面内变形测量结果,进一步对试件表面的应力-应变分布进行了分析和计算,并在离面变形场的基础上,确立了压痕周围的弹塑性边界,从而进一步应用面内的分析结果,得到材料的屈服强度。应用压痕实验的接触半径和压力并配合Tabor经验公式,本文进一步得到了材料的应力应变曲线。实验结果与已知的IN783合金相吻合。对所涉及的一系列压痕实验,本文也进行了二维有限元分析并得到了比较一致的结果。     

单搭接胶接接头拉伸剪切性能的数值模拟与实验研究

采用数值模拟和光测技术对单向拉伸载荷作用下单搭接胶接接头中的剪切性能进行分析,研究了不同厚度胶层中切应力的变化规律。用有限元方法(FEM)对不同胶层厚度的试件进行建模,得到了拉伸载荷下胶粘剂中的切应力分布及其统计参数。利用数字图像相关(digitalimage correlation,DIC)方法对试件的变形场进行测量。结果表明,当胶粘剂的厚度较小时,胶粘剂中的切应力的分布统计参数随着其厚度的增加会有显著的变化,但是当厚度超过一定的数值时,统计参数对厚度的变化不再敏感。     

中应变率材料试验机的研制

本文全面介绍了自行研制的中应变率材料试验机的基本情况,此试验装置可在0.1s^-1-50s^-1应变率范围内对哑铃状圆柱试件和哑铃状扁平试件进行拉伸及加卸载实验,对圆柱状态 试件进行了压缩及加卸载试验,通过采用液压驱动、分级调速、缓冲撞击等技术产生上升沿陡峭的平衡加载脉冲,从而实现中应变率试验;通过自定心夹具、液压缸的精密共轴保证试验的可靠性;辅以定位装置实现对试件的加卸载;同时通过力传感器及配套研制的高动态应变仪、光学引伸仪完成应力、应变的测量,经实验考评,表明装置是可靠的。     

A parameter investigation of shear-induced coalescence in semidilute PIB–PDMS polymer blends: effects of shear rate, shear stress volume fraction, and viscosity

In this work, drop coalescence of polymer blends under shear flow in a parallel flow apparatus was investigated by optical sectioning microscopy. In each experiment, shear rate was set at values low enough to avoid any break-up phenomena. The time evolution of the drop size distribution was determined by motorized sample scanning and iterative acquisition of stacks of images along sample depth. Drop size and location in the acquired images was found by automated image analysis techniques. A systematic experimental campaign to investigate the effects of shear rate (in the range 0.1–0.5 s⁻¹), volume fraction (2.5–10%), and viscosity of the two phases (3–63 Pa s) at different viscosity ratio (0.1–2.3) was carried out. By comparing data from different experiments, it was found that at any strain value, the average drop size decreases monotonically with the shear stress, calculated as the product of shear rate and matrix viscosity. Furthermore, the coalescence rate slowed down with increasing viscosity ratio. Overall, these results provide an extensive set of data, which can be used as a benchmark for modeling shear-induced coalescence in polymer blends.Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the European Society of Rheology, Grenoble, April 2005.     

两相介质剪切变形的实验研究

对(Mgx，Ni1-x)2GeO4橄榄石尖晶石两相混合物进行了剪切变形实验．实验在Paterson内伺服控制气体介质试验机中进行，围压为400MPa，温度为T＝1473K，应变率在10^—4到10^—5之间．剪切实验所用试件分为两种，一种试件为单层同结构比，其化学成分为(Mg0．9，Ni0，1)2GeO2，橄揽石和尖晶石的比例为77：23．另一种是两层不同结构比试件，其化学组成分别为(Mg0．9，Ni0，1)2GeO2和(Mg0．8，Ni0，1)2GeO2，试件中橄揽石和尖品石的比例分别为75：25和26：74．在单层同结构比试件的剪切变形实验中观测到，仅70％的总剪切变形就产生了很强的剪切带；而在两层介质的剪切试验中则观测到：一个小的化学成分的改变(10％)，引起了大的相成分的改变(10％)，同时产生了更大的剪切应变的差别(145％)．     

A NOVEL APPROACH TO TESTING THE DYNAMIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF Ti-6Al-4V

Modifications were made on the traditional split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system to conduct dynamic shear tests. The shear response of Ti-6Al-4V was acquired at a shear strain rate of 10 4 s 1 by using this modified apparatus. The geometry as well as the clamping mode of the double-notch specimen was optimized by commercial FEM software ABAQUS, and the feasibility of the experiment set-up was validated. A shear stress calibration coefficient of τ = 1.03 and a shear strain calibration coefficient of Γ = 0.50 were obtained.We have employed high-speed photography to record the deformation process, especially the initiation and propagation of adiabatic shear band (ASB), during the dynamic shear test. The frames show that the time duration from ASB initiation to its completion is less than 2 μs, from which we can estimate that the propagation speed of ASB within Ti-6Al-4V is more than 1250 m/s under such loading conditions. The temperature rise within ASB is also estimated to be T 2 ≈ 1460℃ based on energy balance. Such high temperature has led to softening of the material within the ASBs, and has intensified the shear localization and finally resulted in fracture of the material.     

Experimental investigation on fracture of viscoelastic materials under biaxial-stress fields

Fracture behavior of viscoelastic materials under various biaxial-stress fields was studied experimentally in a specially developed apparatus. The biaxial stresses were applied at various time rates of stress to study the effects of rate of loading on fracture behavior. Examination of experimental data indicated that a simple relationship could be established between octahedral shear stress and octahedral shear strain at fracture corresponding to various biaxial stresses. Finally, a criterion of failure based on the total strain energy at fracture was suggested. The strain energy at fracture predicted from the linear viscoelastic theory agrees reasonably well with that determined experimentally.     

The Effect of Temperature on Anisotropy Properties of an Aluminium Alloy

The temperature influence on the mechanical behaviour during plastic deformation of an AA5754-O aluminium alloy has been investigated by several experimental tests. First, monotonous tensile tests were carried out from room temperature up to 200°C with a classical tensile machine and with a less conventional testing apparatus involving the heating of the sample by Joule effect. With this second testing apparatus, the strain fields and tensile curves were obtained in function of temperature by means of a non-contacting optical 3D deformation measuring system. Moreover, shear tests were performed in the same temperature range. It is shown that the anisotropy coefficients are rather constant within this temperature range, with a relative variation less than 8%. For both tensile and shear tests, the stress levels are similar at the beginning of straining at room temperature and 150°C, except that the Portevin?CLe Chatelier (PLC) phenomenon disappears at elevated temperature, and then evolves differently. At 200°C, the stress level is clearly below whatever the deformation. In the framework of drawing process, the formability of this alloy at temperatures higher than 150°C seems to be improved.     

In situ determination of adhesive shear moduli using strain gages

A new, convenient and cost-effective method of determining in situ adhesive shear moduli using strain gages is proposed and evaluated. Thick-adherend lap shear specimens with stacked gage rosettes at the center of the bond line are loaded in tension for adhesive shear strain measurement. Experimental and numerical results indicate that the test specimen has a nonuniform adhesive shear stress (or strain) distribution in the test section and that this distribution (except at the center point of the bond line) is greatly affected by load eccentricity. In addition to the nonuniformity in the shear stress distribution, the issue of material nonhomogeneity in the gage-covered region affects the strain gage measurement. By taking into account these two issues and assuming linear-elastic behavior, two approaches for converting the gage-measured shear strain into the adhesive shear strain are developed and verified by experiment. It is shown that the strain gage measurement associated with either of two conversion techniques can determine the in situ adhesive shear moduli, which are comparable with moiré experiment and KRG-1 extensometer measurements.     

Hopkinson压杆实验技术的应用进展

SHPB实验装置是研究各类工程材料动态力学性能的最基本实验手段,它不仅可用于测量金属、高聚物等均匀性好、变形量较大材料的冲击压缩(拉伸、剪切、扭转)应力—应变关系,经改进后还可以用于测量质地软、波阻抗小的泡沫介质材料和质地脆、均匀性差的混凝土类材料的冲击压缩应力-应变关系。此外,SHPB实验装置因加载方式简单,加载波形易测易控制,还可以开展混凝土类材料的层裂强度研究,火工品、引信的安全性、可靠性检测,高G值加速度传感器的标定以及炸药材料的压剪起爆临界点的测定等。