白光散斑相关法多尺度分析Portevin-Le Chatelier剪切带变形

在适当的温度、应变率或预变形下,合金材料的拉伸试验中,将会出现伴随雪崩式剪切变形带的锯齿形塑性失稳、即PLC(Portevin-Le Chatelier)效应。本文利用图像相关求位移场的方法,对恒定加载应变率下(10-4/s),拉伸铝合金(A2017)试件时出现的PLC效应从宏观剪切带变形到微观晶粒变形等多尺度进行了观察和定量化的分析。通过对PLC效应发生时采集的试件表面的白光散斑图进行相关运算,得到试件表面剪切变形区域各点的精细位移,并在此基础上计算出剪切带区域的应变分布及剪切带的宽度。实验结果显示,当PLC效应发生时,剪切带区域的应变曲线呈台阶型,带的前后边缘应变梯度较大,中间近似呈平台状,带外区域应变值接近零,塑性拉伸变形主要集中在带内。     

0Cr17Mn5Ni4Mo3Al不锈钢绝热剪切破坏分析

应用分离式Hopkinson压杆（SHPB）装置对0Cr17Mn5Ni4Mo3Al不锈钢圆柱试件进行动态冲击实验。当用300 mm子弹、以50 m/s的速度加载,真应变达到45%时,不锈钢发生以轴线为对称轴的圆锥型破坏。但是用100 mm的子弹以同样的速度进行多次加载,真应变达到80%时,试件仍保持完好。说明试件的破坏与绝热条件有关。对处于破坏临界状态的试件进行金相观察发现：在横截面上,一个圆环形区域内的晶粒被拉长错位;而通过轴线的纵剖面内则有一个与轴线呈45°、宽度约10μm的狭长矩形区域内的晶粒被拉伸成“Z”字形,形成绝热剪切带,晶粒变形从端面到中心逐渐减弱。当高速变形继续进行时,该区域的温度会继续升高,试件将发生绝热剪切破坏。     

高速DSPI研究PLC剪切带成核演化过程

在适当的温度、应变率和预变形下,合金材料的拉伸试验中,将会出现伴随应力锯齿形跌落的雪崩式剪切变形带,即PLC(Portevin-Le Chatelier)效应。本文利用高速(1000 fps)数字散斑干涉法(DSPI),对不同加载应变率下,铝合金(LY10)试件中出现的连续(A-type)、间断(B-type)传播和随机(C-type)出现的三种PLC剪切带的瞬态成核与演化过程进行捕捉,通过对捕捉的试件表面系列散斑干涉图进行顺序相减处理,得到试件表面变形过程中位移的分布和演化系列条纹图。实验结果显示,对应于三种类型的剪切带,有两种主要的成核演化形式:1.A型剪切带的主要成核形式为先形成一个在观察平面上与拉伸轴方向成60°角并且横跨试件宽度的窄带,伴随着应力下落,剪切带开始沿自身宽度方向高速扩展达到最终宽度;2.对应于B、C型剪切带,先在观察平面上试件的一侧形成沿与拉伸轴方向呈60°角、长度约为最终长度一半的窄带。随着应力下落,带的前沿开始向试件的另一侧面沿自身长度方向传播,在传播过程中带逐渐沿自身宽度方向膨胀。带的前沿贯穿试件后,带开始高速膨胀,导致雪崩式剪切变形发生。     

冲击载荷下钨合金圆台试件绝热剪切变形局部化的数值模

采用有限元计算编码ABAQUS模拟了钨合金圆台试件在冲击载荷下的变形和剪切局部化行为。计算采用二维轴对称应变条件下的绝热模型。钨合金的本构方程采用热粘塑性形式的Johnson Cook模型。为了得到不同尺度的变形信息 ,计算中用了两种网格 ;先用粗糙网格分析试件变形局部化的概貌 ;接着 ,用细密网格 (在变形局部化区域 ,网格尺寸达到 10 m)分析绝热剪切带的形成和发展。有限元模拟得到的绝热剪切带位置和方向与实验一致。计算结果表明 ,绝热剪切带的形成和发展与试件的应力状态密切相关。     

冲击载荷下钨合金圆台试件绝热剪切变形局部化的数值模拟

采用有限元计算编码ABAQUS模拟了钨合金圆台试件在冲击载荷下的变形和剪切局部化行为.计算采用二维轴对称应变条件下的绝热模型.钨合金的本构方程采用热粘塑性形式的Johnson-Cook模型.为了得到不同尺度的变形信息,计算中用了两种网格;先用粗糙网格分析试件变形局部化的概貌;接着,用细密网格(在变形局部化区域,网格尺寸达到10μm)分析绝热剪切带的形成和发展.有限元模拟得到的绝热剪切带位置和方向与实验一致.计算结果表明,绝热剪切带的形成和发展与试件的应力状态密切相关.     

921A钢纯剪切帽状试件在SHPB实验中的动态变形

应用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件,开展了一系列基于921A钢纯剪切帽状试件的SHPB数值模拟.结合SHPB系统应力波理论,研究不同加载速率v0(或应力脉冲I(t))下,特别是高应变率(约106 s-1)下的压杆轴向应变波形以及相应的试件动态变形特性,并对高速撞击下压杆中应变波形的适用性作了相关讨论.     

晶体位错尺寸效应的多尺度分析

本文采用准连续介质多尺度方法,分析了面心立方（fcc）晶体铝阶梯孪晶界在不同尺寸情况下（试件尺寸长高比从1：1到8：1）受剪切作用的晶界变形。了解在不同尺寸下,晶界结构位错的成核过程,得到了大试件比值与小试件比值下作用力与应变的关系曲线及不同试件尺寸下应变能的变化曲线。其中随着试件比值的增加,作用力在应变比较小的时候变化情况相似,但当应变达到3％以后,呈现出明显的不同;应变能随试件长高比的增大而减小,各个试件在各自不同的加载阶段,应变能变化趋势同作用力变化趋势相一致。本计算揭示了不同尺寸下阶梯孪晶界在剪切作用下的微观机理,证实其尺寸效应性质。     

压缩-剪切复合应力下PMMA材料的静态力学特性研究

通过压缩具有一定倾斜角(0°,10°,15°,20°和25°)试件和双剪切模型试件,实现了单轴压缩、压缩-剪切复合应力以及纯剪切三种应力状态,得到PMMA(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯)在相应应力状态下的应力-应变曲线,同时对不同应力状态下试件的破坏模式进行了分析。结果表明:在不同受力环境中材料的强度和破坏的机理不同;同单轴压缩状态下相比,材料在压缩-剪切复合应力状态下屈服极限、强度极限以及破坏应变均不同程度的增大,呈现明显的"剪切增强"现象。单轴压缩与压缩-剪切应力状态下试件的破坏模式均为在试件短对角面上出现明显的剪切屈服带,由应力分析得出试件剪应力在短对角面上达到最大,引起在此平面上分子链间滑动从而产生应变软化形成剪切屈服带;双剪切试件的破坏模式为与剪切面呈45°的斜面。     

平纹编织陶瓷基复合材料面内剪切细观损伤行为研究

采用约西佩斯库(Iosipescu)纯剪切试件,研究了平纹编织SiC/SiC和C/SiC复合材料的面内剪切应力-应变行为和细观损伤特性.通过试验获得了材料不同方向上的单调和迟滞应力-应变行为,对比分析了两种材料的剪切损伤特性,结果表明材料的剪切损伤演化规律受热残余应力水平影响严重.由试件断口电镜扫描结果发现剪切加载状态下桥连纤维承受显著的弯曲载荷和变形,据此提出了纤维弯曲承载机制,并结合裂纹闭合效应分阶段阐释了材料的剪切迟滞环形状.基于材料的剪切细观损伤机制,通过两个损伤变量表征了材料的剪切损伤演化进程,得到了材料的面内剪切细观损伤演化模型.对比发现2D-C/SiC复合材料45°方向基体裂纹的起裂应力明显小于2D-SiC/SiC复合材料,而两者0°/90°方向裂纹的起裂应力基本相同.      

不同应变率下45钢的层裂研究

本文在利用轻气炮加载技术，确定击靶速度为500m／s左右的非对称碰撞情况下，利用VISAR测试技术，测得样品后表面的的自由面速度历史，并通过在靶前加不同阻抗的铝和有机玻璃(PMMA)来改变材料的加载应变率，其应变率范围在10^4-10^5／s情况下，测得45钢的层裂强度受应变率的影响．     

镍锗尖晶石扩散域高温蠕变性能的实验研究

利用人工合成的多晶材料研究了镍锗尖晶石在扩散域的高温蠕变性质。材料颗粒尺寸为0．5μm到8μm，压缩试件为圆柱状，使用气体介质围压试验机。常压蠕变试验过程中，围压为300MPa，温度为1123K到1523K，差应力在55－330MPa范围内。从实验结果得到的镍锗尖晶石在扩散域的流动律表明流动机制为颗粒边界的扩散蠕变（Coble蠕变）。将橄榄石和尖晶石的蠕变数据外推到地球内部条件，粗粒时尖晶石强度远大于橄榄石，粒度减小时，尖晶石比橄榄石还要弱。     

Hardening evolution of AZ31B Mg sheet

The monotonic and cyclic mechanical behavior of O-temper AZ31B Mg sheet was measured in large-strain tension/compression and simple shear. Metallography, acoustic emission (AE), and texture measurements revealed twinning during in-plane compression and untwinning upon subsequent tension, producing asymmetric yield and hardening evolution. A working model of deformation mechanisms consistent with the results and with the literature was constructed on the basis of predominantly basal slip for initial tension, twinning for initial compression, and untwinning for tension following compression. The activation stress for twinning is larger than that for untwinning, presumably because of the need for nucleation. Increased accumulated hardening increases the twin nucleation stress, but has little effect on the untwinning stress. Multiple-cycle deformation tends to saturate, with larger strain cycles saturating more slowly. A novel analysis based on saturated cycling was used to estimate the relative magnitude of hardening effects related to twinning. For a 4% strain range, the obstacle strength of twins to slip is 3 MPa, approximately 1/3 the magnitude of textural hardening caused by twin formation (10 MPa). The difference in activation stress of twinning versus untwinning (11 MPa) is of the same magnitude as textural hardening.     

A NOVEL APPROACH TO TESTING THE DYNAMIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF Ti-6Al-4V

Modifications were made on the traditional split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system to conduct dynamic shear tests. The shear response of Ti-6Al-4V was acquired at a shear strain rate of 10 4 s 1 by using this modified apparatus. The geometry as well as the clamping mode of the double-notch specimen was optimized by commercial FEM software ABAQUS, and the feasibility of the experiment set-up was validated. A shear stress calibration coefficient of τ = 1.03 and a shear strain calibration coefficient of Γ = 0.50 were obtained.We have employed high-speed photography to record the deformation process, especially the initiation and propagation of adiabatic shear band (ASB), during the dynamic shear test. The frames show that the time duration from ASB initiation to its completion is less than 2 μs, from which we can estimate that the propagation speed of ASB within Ti-6Al-4V is more than 1250 m/s under such loading conditions. The temperature rise within ASB is also estimated to be T 2 ≈ 1460℃ based on energy balance. Such high temperature has led to softening of the material within the ASBs, and has intensified the shear localization and finally resulted in fracture of the material.     

Influence of deformation path on the strain hardening behavior and microstructure evolution in low SFE FCC metals

Following our recent studies of the influence of mechanical twinning on the strain hardening of low SFE FCC metals deformed by simple compression, the investigation was extended to two different deformation modes. These were plane strain compression and simple shear carried out on 70/30 brass, which exhibits only strain hardening, and on MP35N, a Co–Ni based alloy that also shows secondary hardening by deformation promoted precipitation. It was found that the magnitude of the primary strain hardening in both alloys, and the secondary hardening in MP35N, was dramatically reduced under simple shear compared to the other deformation paths. This reduced hardening in simple shear appears to be a consequence of the bulk of the deformation twins, and also the secondary hardening precipitates, forming on planes that were parallel to the primary {111} slip planes in this deformation path. These hypotheses are supported by deformation path change tests in which the shear samples that show low flow stress under continued shear, when subjected to simple compression showed a significant increase (jump) in the flow stress, reaching values that are similar to those of the alloy continuously compressed to the same equivalent strain. That is, the reduced strain hardening in shear deformation is due not to reduced twinning, but to the twins produced by shear providing only limited barriers to continued strain by simple shear. Shear banding was found to be more marked in plane strain compression than in simple compression after cold working, and particularly after the additional secondary hardening in MP35N.     

超弹性橡胶材料的改进Rivlin模型

讨论了不可压缩橡胶材料的超弹性唯象本构模型。针对典型实验,给出选择应变能函数的原则。从物理机理上,分析了Neo-Hookean模型、Mooney模型、三阶Rivlin模型及Ogden模型的优缺点。在此基础上,将Rivlin模型改进成为 ,这种新形式具有三个优点：①若取前三项（N=1）,则其结果与不可压缩线弹性的应变能相等,能够近似满足剪切的线性关系,但拉伸及压缩的线性关系是精确满足的。②当N≥2时,简单剪切中的应变能及剪应力τxy在小应变情况下是以剪应变γxy为等比的多项式展开;而Rivlin模型只能保证简单剪切实验中的应变能及剪应力τxy是以(γxy)2为等比的级数展开的形式,当取前两项的情况下,Rivlin模型只能精确保证常剪切,拉伸及压缩的线性关系无法得到保证。针对典型实验数据,若取同阶次多项式,本文模型的同类实验数据预测及不同类实验数据间相互预测的精度都比Rivlin模型的高。     

Modelling of adiabatic shear band development from small imperfections

A model of shear banding is presented which shows how a wide shear band develops from a narrow imperfection in an elasto-viscoplastic material subjected to dynamic shear strain. The model predicts that the width of the shear band is (i) independent of the properties of the initial imperfection and (ii) dependent upon thermal conductivity and strain rate. The dependence upon strain rate is verified qualitatively and quantitatively from experimental results. Finally, the model predicts narrowing of the region of rapid straining with ongoing deformation as is observed in experiment.     

载荷和转速对铜合金材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用MMW-1A摩擦磨损试验机,对比研究干摩擦条件下,载荷和转速对QSn7-0.2、CuZn31Si1和Cu9Ni6Sn三种铜合金材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)分析磨损表面形貌及元素成分,讨论了QSn7-0.2、CuZn31Si1和Cu9Ni6Sn的磨损机理. 结果表明:当载荷和转速增大时,平均摩擦系数和磨损率为Cu9Ni6Sn＜CuZn31Si1＜QSn7-0.2. 当载荷增大时,QSn7-0.2的磨损机理由磨粒磨损逐渐加剧转变为黏着磨损;CuZn31Si1的磨损机理由塑性变形磨损加重并伴有轻微的磨粒磨损转变为磨粒、黏着磨损;Cu9Ni6Sn的磨损机理由轻微的磨粒、塑性变形磨损转变为疲劳磨损. 当转速增大时,QSn7-0.2的磨损机理由塑性变形磨损加重转变为黏着磨损,整个过程伴随着轻微的磨粒磨损;CuZn31Si1的磨损机理由磨粒磨损转变为塑性变形磨损;Cu9Ni6Sn的磨损机理由轻微的磨粒磨损转变为磨粒磨损与塑性变形磨损共存.      

激光金属沉积GH4169在不同应变率下的剪切特性及破坏机理研究

为了能在传统的分离式Hopkinson压杆上准确可靠地测试激光金属沉积GH4169的动态剪切特性，基于数值模拟方法对比分析了三种不同动态剪切试样形式及尺寸对剪切区应力分布的影响，结果表明:经过尺寸优化后的双剪切试样的剪切区剪应力占主导地位，可实现近似纯剪切的动态剪切实验。利用此试样形式，系统测试了不同取向（扫描方向、沉积方向）的LMD GH4169试样在不同应变率下的剪切应力应变曲线，并对破坏后试样进行了SEM分析观察。结果表明:(1) 本文中选用的试样形式剪切纯度高，应力沿剪切区宽度厚度分布均匀，可以更好地得到材料的动态剪切特性；(2) 对实验所得剪应力-剪应变曲线进行分析，发现本材料在扫描路径方向和沉积方向并没有表现出明显的各向异性，但随着应变率的增加，具有明显的应变率强化效应；将单轴压缩和动态剪切应力应变曲线同时转换为等效应力应变曲线，对比证实了试样形式能很好反应材料的剪切特性；(3) 通过对LMD GH4169剪切变形破坏试样的微观分析发现，随着应变率升高，断口韧窝尺寸和深度减小，韧性降低，在更小的变形量下容易剪切失效。初始微观缺陷容易导致材料的动态剪切破坏。     

Measurement method of complex viscoelastic material properties

A measurement technique of viscoelastic properties of polymers is proposed to investigate complex Poisson’s ratio as a function of frequency. The forced vibration responses for the samples under normal and shear deformation are measured with varying load masses. To obtain modulus of elasticity and shear modulus, the present method requires only knowledge of the load mass, geometrical characteristics of a sample, as well as both the amplitude ratio and phase lag of the forcing and response oscillations. The measured data were used to obtain the viscoelastic properties of the material based on a 2D numerical deformation model of the sample. The 2D model enabled us to exclude data correction by the empirical form factor used in 1D model. Standard composition (90% PDMS polymer + 10% catalyst) of silicone RTV rubber (Silastic^® S2) were used for preparing three samples for axial stress deformation and three samples for shear deformation. Comprehensive measurements of modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, loss factor, and both real and imaginary parts of Poisson’s ratio were determined for frequencies from 50 to 320 Hz in the linear deformation regime (at relative deformations 10^?6 to 10^?4) at temperature 25 °C. In order to improve measurement accuracy, an extrapolation of the obtained results to zero load mass was suggested. For this purpose measurements with several masses need to be done. An empirical requirement for the sample height-to-radius ratio to be more than 4 was found for stress measurements. Different combinations of the samples with different sizes for the shear and stress measurements exhibited similar results. The proposed method allows one to measure imaginary part of the Poisson’s ratio, which appeared to be about 0.04–0.06 for the material of the present study.