Calculation of energy characteristics of adsorption of metals

Within the framework of the electron density functional, a technique is developed for calculation of the adsorption energy and variation in the electron work function for metal substrates due to metal atom adsorption. The corrections to the local density approximation, which are associated with non-uniformity of the electron density in the subsurface region and discontinuous ion charge distribution over the crystal lattice sites, are included into consideration. It is shown that adsorption of alkali metal atoms results in lower electron work function, while that of transition metals (cobalt, iron, and chromium) might both decrease and increase the electron work function. Formation of a variety of adsorption structures from metal atoms depending on the temperature is discussed. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 14–19, July, 2007.     

Effect on zero drift of accuracy of reciprocal tuning of elements of fiber-optic interferometer

The effect of the accuracy of reciprocal tuning of the elements of a fiber-optic interferometer (FOI) — laser, polarizer, and eigenaxes of single-mode-fiber (SMF) birefringence — is examined. It is shown that zero drift in the FOI consists of two parts — a constant part and a temperature-related variable part. Both of these parts are functions of the polarization state of the radiation at the entrance to the polarizer, the extinction coefficient of the polarized, and the orientation of the SMF eigenaxes with respect to the polarizer. The variable part of the zero drift is also a function of the birefringence and h-parameter of the SMF and the width of the radiation-source spectrum. Numerical estimates of FOI zero drift are made.Institute of Applied Physics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 34, No. 7, pp. 817–824, July, 1991.     

Statistics of partitions of the kinetic energy of small nanoclusters

In Aquilanti, Lombardi, and Sevryuk, J. Chem. Phys. 2004, V. 121, No. 12, P. 5579 and Sevryuk, Lombardi, and Aquilanti, Phys. Rev. A. 2005, V. 72, No. 3, P. 033201, we defined several partitions of the total kinetic energy of a system of classical particles into terms corresponding to various motion modes. In this work, we study the statistics of these terms for clusters with the number of particles N from 3 to 100 (at randomly selected particle coordinates and velocities). Some new kinetic energy components are defined and studied. Two limiting situations are considered, those of particles of equal masses and particles whose masses vary randomly. With equal masses, the mean values of almost all cluster kinetic energy components are expressed in terms of N with the use of very simple equations.     

Influence of rate of change of frequency on the overall pitch of frequency-modulated tones

The mechanism(s) determining pitch may assign less weight to portions of a sound where the frequency is changing rapidly. The present experiments explored the possible effect of this on the overall pitch of frequency-modulated sounds. Pitch matches were obtained between an adjustable unmodulated sinusoid and a sinusoidal carrier that was frequency modulated using a highly asymmetric function with the form of a repeating U or inverted U shaped function. The amplitude was constant during the 400-ms presentation time of each stimulus, except for 10-ms raised-cosine onset and offset ramps. In experiment 1, the carrier level was 50 dB SPL and the geometric mean of the instantaneous frequency of the modulated carrier, fc, was either 0.5, 1, 2, or 8 kHz. The modulation rate (fm) was 5, 10, or 20 Hz. The overall depth (maximum to minimum) of the FM was 8% of fc. For all carrier frequencies, the matched frequency was shifted away from the mean carrier frequency, downwards for the U shaped function stimuli and upwards for the repeated inverted U shaped function stimuli. The shift was typically slightly greater than 1% of fc, and did not vary markedly with fc. The effect of fm was small, but there was a trend for the shifts to decrease with increasing fm for fc = 0.5 kHz and to increase with increasing fm for fc = 2 kHz. In experiment 2, the carrier level was reduced to 20 dB SL and matches were obtained only for fc = 2 kHz. Shifts in matched frequency of about 1% were still observed, but the trend for the shifts to increase with increasing fm no longer occurred. In experiment 3, matches were obtained for a 4-kHz carrier at 50 dB SPL. Shifts of about 1% again occurred, which did not vary markedly with fm. The shifts in matched frequency observed in all three experiments are not predicted by models based on the amplitude- or intensity-weighted average of instantaneous frequency (EWAIF or IWAIF). The shifts (and the pitch shifts observed earlier for two-tone complexes and for stimuli with simultaneous AM and FM) are consistent with a model based on the assumption that the overall pitch of a frequency-modulated sound is determined from a weighted average of period estimates, with the weight attached to a given estimate being inversely related to the short-term rate of change of period and directly related to a compressive function of the amplitude.     

混合物物态方程的计算

 在采用体积相加原理计算混合物物态方程的基础上,建立了一种物理模型确定混合物温度。根据混合物中各组分温度和压强平衡条件,采用压强-密度迭代方法计算给出混合物物态方程,编制了两种组分的混合物物态方程计算程序。为检验建立的温度模型的合理性及程序的有效性,分析了不同密度、温度状态的氢（H2）和钨（W）组成的混合物状态参量,计算了以下情形及其组合情形的混合物物态方程：H₂和W以不同质量比混合;质量比固定,单组分状态不同;温度区间和密度区间不同。研究表明:实际应用中在建立的混合物温度模型基础上确定的混合物物态方程是合理的。     

BSA-SDS-Ag聚合物纳米微粒的制备及其水凝胶性质的研究（Ⅰ）

报道了BSA－SDS－Ag聚合物纳米微粒的制备及水凝胶的性质,用X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）、傅里叶变换红外（FT－IR）光谱考察了这种聚合物微粒的结构,微粒粒径32nm左右,用UV／Vis光谱及SEM考察了冰凝胶的性,表明Ag^ 离子先与BSA产生化学键合,再学原了Ag粒,进行聚合成网状结构的聚合物。     

应用振动光谱技术检测鉴定微生物的研究进展

振动光谱（红外光谱和拉曼光谱）技术与化学计量学相结合的方法对微生物进行分类、鉴定和无损检测,该方法快速简便、准确度高、仅需微量样品和少量化学试剂、对样品本身没有损害。介绍了振动光谱技术在微生物鉴定检测中的工作原理、关键技术和应用,并对该方法存在的问题和研究前景进行了分析和展望。     

混合物状态方程的计算

多介质流体动力学过程的数值模拟往往涉及混合物状态方程的计算. 做图法和Newton 法是混合物状态方程计算常采用的方法, 前者虽直观精度却差, 后者计算效率高却只具有局部收敛性, 当解与其初始猜测值相差较远时Newton法不一定能够获得收敛解. 为此, 本文给出一种具有大范围收敛性的嵌入算法(imbedding method)求解混合物状态方程, 其基本思想是通过引入嵌入参数, 将待解的混合物状态方程和易解的混合物状态方程线性组合, 构成嵌入方程组, 当嵌入参数从0连续地变化到1 时, 嵌入方程组的解由易解的混合物状态方程的解连续地变化为待解的混合物状态方程的解. 嵌入方程组可由Newton法迭代求解, 也可转化为以嵌入参数为自变量的常微分方程组, 从而易于由成熟的计算方法如梯形法等进行求解. 进一步利用热力学基本关系, Maxwell形式的微分方程描述了压力和温度随嵌入参数的演化速率与应变速率和组分质量分数演化速率的关系. 对铅锡混合物热力学量的计算表明了本文算法的有效性.     

傅里叶望远镜外场实验性能改进和结果分析

为了实现对傅里叶望远镜成像系统更接近实际的仿真,改进了外场实验系统结构。采用反射式目标,利用准直扩束镜替代空间滤波器和准直透镜,使用大靶面电荷耦合器件作为监视器。在无大气和包含200m水平大气两种情况下,分别对2.5mm的4种不同空间频谱分布目标进行实验。实验选用9×9,17×17,33×33和65×65傅里叶分量分别进行重构。最高成像角分辨率为3.5″。结果表明含大气与无大气重构结果的Strehl比值相近,从而证明傅里叶望远镜成像系统能够克服下行链路低阶大气扰动的影响。     

星光掩星探测技术的轨道模拟结果分析

星光掩星技术是利用恒星光谱进行地球及其他行星大气痕量成分密度、温度、气溶胶等测量的有效手段。该探测原理主要是根据不同的大气成分在恒星光谱的不同位置上表现出不同的吸收特征,具体表现在:紫外波段可进行臭氧、氧气、氢气等的测量,可见光谱段可探测二氧化氮、三氧化氮、氧气等,红外可探测水蒸气、气溶胶、甲烷、二氧化碳、氧气等。星光掩星的实现过程为:当LEO卫星和恒星分别位于地球的两侧时,恒星发射的光经过地球大气的吸收、散射等作用,被另一侧的LEO所接收,即构成掩星观测。根据光谱流量得到恒星的视星等范围,给出恒星在天球坐标系中的分布和不同的光谱型,以及利用各光谱型可探测的大气成分,再利用恒星和LEO卫星在地固坐标系中的相对位置,进行恒星-LEO星光掩星轨道观测模拟,基本流程为:首先读取LEO卫星的轨道位置以及目标恒星的位置,设置24 h的模拟时间,其次判断是否处于掩星状态,当掩星开始时,计算并输出掩星发生的经纬度、速度等,直至模拟时间结束。其中涉及恒星从天球坐标系转换到地固系的过程, LEO卫星轨道、掩星切点经纬度等的计算。根据模拟流程,计算并分析掩星事件的日观测量、全球分布、持续时间以及漂移速度等,得到以下结果:(1)目标恒星在全天区都有一定数量的分布且具有不同的光谱型,可进行臭氧、二氧化氮等成分的探测;(2)在对星光掩星进行24 h的轨道模拟过程中,日观测量为5 563次,其中包括2 737次上升掩星, 2 826次下降掩星;(3)从全球分布来看,掩星事件主要分布在低纬度,两极最少,其他纬度数量相当,且经度方向分布均匀;(4)根据方位角的分布,正常掩星占比为78.25%,持续时间平均为1.5 min,切点水平漂移在18~600 km;(5)21.75%的侧面掩星事件,其较正常掩星来说,持续时间长,切点的水平漂移速度大,方位角变化也大。该结果为卫星轨道设计和探测载荷设计提供理论指导。     

在磁场作用下水的特性的变化和它的变化机理

我们研究了在磁场作用下水的光学性质和电学性质等的变化,实验发现它们的这些特性和未受磁场作用的水有重大改变特别是在红外光谱和拉曼光谱中的变化更加明显,这种现象就称为水的磁化。我们从水的中红外光谱得知在3000~3800 cm-1的范围内有奇特的六个峰值存在,从水分子结构和红外光谱的特性出发了解到它们分别代表了自由水分子的OH键的对称与反对称的振动,众多水分子通过氢键连接而成的线性链和环形链的OH键的对称与反对称振动,于是从这个实验我们看到了在这个水中存在有众多水分子结合成的环形氢键链的存在。我们用水分子的极化特性,一阶相变的特性和实验进一步证实了这些环形链的客观存在,根据质子或氢离子在氢键系统中传递理论得知在磁场的罗仑兹力作用下处于水中环形氢键链中质子能够进行传导产生环形电流.这些环形电流象一个分子电流或是个小磁体,它们能彼此相互作用或与外加磁场相互作用,从而改变了水分子的分布和结构状态,导致了水的一些特性的变化,这就是水的磁化的分子机理,我们用这个机理解释了我们从实验中所发现的磁处理过的水的特性如饱和效应和记忆效应等,因此这是非常有趣的实验和现象.     

Study of non-contact sensors of biophysical parameters of the human organism and the development of methods of coherent diffractometry of biological micro-objects

In this paper, we present the results of the study of laboratory mockups of optoelectronic sensing elements of speckle sensors of the velocity of the capillary blood flow in the human skin, pulse wave dynamics, and skin pathologies. Furthermore, the model of a multipurpose optical Fourier processor, which makes it possible to obtain information on objects under study simultaneously in the spectral form and as an image, is considered.     

物联网技术研究进展

目前,物联网因其巨大的应用前景而受到各国政府、学术界和工业界的广泛重视,成为国内外信息通信领域的新研究热点;物联网产业己经成为推动世界经济增长的重要新兴产业,我国已将物联网的发展列为信息产业发展的下一个战略高点;首先总结了物联网的国内外研究进展,其次对物联网的概念、实现原理与体系结构进行了分析,归纳了物联网涉及的关键技术,然后介绍了物联网的一些典型应用,最后指出了物联网进一步研究的方向以及制约国内物联网发展的问题及解决对策。     

Z-dependences of atomic parameters of autoionization states of two-electron systems

On the bais of two programs, calculations are carried out for energies, probabilities of radiative transitions and nonradiative decays, and lifetimes of levels of two-electron systems 2l.4l. The results of the two calculations are compared for a wide range of Z. Possible channels of radiative transitions and nonradiative decays are discussed. Their relative contribution to the total probability is evaluated. This evaluation is compared with data obtained by calculations, on the basis of which a conclusion is made about the contribution of correlation and relativistic effects. The Z-dependences are investigated for each of the parameters under consideration. A comparison is made with the results of other calculations.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 8, pp. 55–72, August, 1990.     

The effect of hydration of ions of inorganic salts on the shape of the Raman stretching band of water

The shape of the Raman stretching band of water molecules in aqueous solutions of electrolytes KBr, KCl, KI, NaCl, and NaI is studied. It is confirmed that the characteristics of the stretching band strongly depend on the concentration and type of salt. The behavior of different parameters of the band is explained in terms of the theory of hydration of salts.     

Model of stochastization of the oscillatory regime of superradiance

Based on the analysis of the experimental data on the observation of the fluorescence and superradiance of praseodymium ions in a matrix of lanthanum trifluoride, a model of superradiance of three-level radiators with two close upper levels is developed in the mean-field approximation and studied. The uppermost level is coherently pumped by an ultrashort pulse of electromagnetic field, after which the excitation is transferred to the close energy level, from which the superradiance transition occurs to the lower level. In limiting cases, the considered model is reduced to the known models of superradiance and describes the ordinary regimes of monopulse and multipulse (oscillatory) superradiance. However, in a certain region of parameters, the model under discussion describes such a multipulse superradiance signal in which electromagnetic field spikes composing it follow in time with random intervals and amplitudes, so that the regime of regular chaotic dynamics is demonstrated in a single superradiance signal. In a certain time interval, the proposed model can be described by the Lorenz equations with the parameters corresponding to the chaotic dynamics of spikes composing the superradiance signal. The presented results of the numerical simulation of the model equations qualitatively correspond to the picture of stochastic pulsations observed experimentally.     

Possibility of geometrization of electrodynamics

We consider a metric model of 4-space with the conformai Weyl parameter depending on the state of the charged matter. We show that there exists a version of the theory that allows unification of gravitation and electrodynamics based on geometry with an additional dynamical connection. We give equations for geodesies, curvature tensors, and the Ricci and scalar curvatures. Within the framework of the model, we obtain the Einstein equations as well as Maxwell-type equations that contain a nonlinearity analogous to the nonlinearity of the Einstein equations. We find an exact solution for the case of a static, homogeneous spherical charge distribution. The internal solution has a region of singular attraction and repulsion of like-charged matter.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 11, pp. 85–91, November, 1991.     

浮游植物吸收光谱特征分析

文章选取了东海9个典型浮游植物赤潮种、优势种,在实验室2个温度(20,15 ℃)和2个光照(7 000, 1 100 lux)条件下进行培养,对不同温度、光照和生长周期条件下9种浮游植物的吸收光谱进行了研究。首先,将归一化的光谱数据组成的矩阵进行奇异值分解,采用第一特征值与所有特征值的和之比来衡量浮游植物吸收光谱的相似性,选取了25条能够表征9种浮游植物吸收光谱基本特征的代表谱。其中,等鞭金藻和柔弱角毛藻各1条,岛国大扁藻和旋链角毛藻各2条,裸甲藻3条,塔玛亚力山大藻、东海原甲藻、中肋骨条藻和聚球藻各4条。然后,进一步提取代表谱中具有较大判别能力的波长点,总共得到7个特征波长段(点),它们是340.5～420.5 nm波段、423.5～431 nm波段、440.5～525.5 nm波段和760.5,763.5,769.5,856.5 nm波长点;由此形成的特征谱,对量测光谱判别分析正确率达到80%。     

Simulation of the contours of spectral lines of closed-ARC radiation

Simulated contours of self-reversed lines of Tl at 535 nm (7²S_1/2−6²P_3/2) and 378 nm (7²S_1/2-6²P_1/2) in alternating-current closed-arc radiation in mercury vapor with an addition of Tll were compared with experimental contours. It is shown that while a single self-reversed contour has many different sets of model parameters that ensure coincidence of experimental and calculated profiles, in the case of operation with a large data file of contours that correspond to different directions of observation along chords perpendicular to the discharge axis, and with different lines that have a common level, such a set of parameters becomes virtually unique. Instantaneous spatial distributions of Hg and Tl atoms in the ground state and of Tl atoms in the 6²P_3/2 state are determined and the parameters of the van der Waals broadening of the 7²S_1/2 level are found. It is shown that a considerable “red” shift of absorption contours in the outer layers of the discharge is observed. The results obtained contradict the presumed existence of local thermodynamic equilibrium in the given discharge. Reported at the Conference “Plasma Physics and Plasma Technologies,” Minsk, September 15–19, 1997 Petrozavodsk State University, 33, Lenin Ave, Petrozavodsk, 185640, Russia. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 65, No. 5, pp. 761–768, September–October, 1998.     

Analysis of temperature dependence of thermal pressure of solids

Various models for determination of the temperature dependence of thermal pressure are critically examined in the light of experimental data. We have considered Mg₂SiO₄, Olivine, MgAl₂O₄, Pyrope rich garnet, Fe₂SiO₄, Grossular garnet, MnO, NaCl and KCl. The superiority of one model over others is discussed. The model is extended to study the compression behaviour at different temperatures, and the combined effect of pressure and temperature on thermal pressure of San Carlo Olivine. A good agreement obtained between theory and experiment demonstrates the validity of the present approach.