自适应光学系统的数值模拟：噪音和探测误差的效应

噪音和探测误差是影响自适应光学系统性能的三个主要因素之一。噪音和探测误差使哈特曼－夏克（Hartmann-Shack)波前传感器所测得的华斜量产生误差,进而影响整个自适应光学系统的性能,建立了对噪声和探测误差对哈特曼－夏克波前传感器的影响进行数值模拟的理论模型,编制了计算程序,与已有的激光大气传输与自适应光学系统的计算程序相衔接,进行了模拟计算,对有限的离散采样,读出噪音和光子噪音的效应作了数值模拟研究,获得了一些对于实际的自适应光学系统的最佳设计有价值的结果。     

点源信标相关哈特曼-夏克波前传感器光斑偏移测量误差分析

在基于哈特曼-夏克波前传感器(SH-WFS)的自适应光学系统中,通常采用质心算法探测点源信标的子孔径光斑偏移量.然而质心算法探测精度受到诸如减阈值等因素的影响,在低信噪比(SNR )时不能准确估计光斑质心位置,而相关哈特曼算法不需要减阈值,具有更好的鲁棒性.本文在介绍相关SH-WFS基本原理的基础上,通过建立基于点源信标探测的相关SH-WFS算法的随机噪声模型,推导了光斑偏移测量误差表达式,系统分析了光子噪声、CCD读出噪声、背景光子噪声等因素对相关SH-WFS测量误差的影响.并进行了数值仿真及实验,仿真 关键词： 相关哈特曼-夏克波前传感器 相关哈特曼算法 质心算法 测量误差     

哈特曼波前探测及波前校正的仿真与误差分析

报道了以３７单元自适应光学系统为原型的波前校正计算机仿真模型，讨论了系统波前哈特曼探测误差，拟合误差以及变形镜波前复原误差，提出了自适应光学系统在校正大气湍流引直怕波前位相畸变时存在最佳有效孔径的设想。     

湍流大气中哈特曼传感器的模式波前复原误差II

 分别采用Zernike和Karhunen-Loeve两种模式波前复原法,分析了在子孔径斜率测量噪声影响下,哈特曼传感器对大气湍流畸变波前的模式复原误差与模式复原阶数等的关系。发现最优模式复原阶数主要与哈特曼传感器的子孔径斜率探测信噪比有关。分析了一个哈特曼传感器对实际大气湍流畸变波前的测量结果,给出了确定传感器测量噪声的方法。     

增量维纳滤波法在波前探测解卷积中的应用

一个常规的自适应光学系统通常包含三个重要环节：波前探测、波前校正和波前重构。因此对系统的技术要求非常高,造成系统复杂,成本昂贵。基于哈特曼-夏克波前探测的图像解卷积处理就是“事后”处理的一种,它省去了波前校正环节,使常规的自适应光学系统得到简化,降低了系统成本。其基本原理为对瞬时波面进行短时间曝光探测,同时记录相应的短时间曝光图像,来进行解卷积处理。将增量维纳滤波法应用于基于哈特曼-夏克波前探测的解卷积中,并对室内模拟点源情况下的三组畸变光斑图像数据进行了解卷积恢复处理。结果表明,将增量维纳滤波法应用于基于波前探测的解卷积是完全可行的,在室内模拟点源情况下,恢复的图像可以达到衍射极限分辨力。与维纳滤波相比,它扩展了噪声抑制因子的选取范围,在噪声抑制因子选取不正确的情况下,仍能得到比维纳滤波更好的结果。     

自适应光学系统中的自适应控制算法研究

介绍和分析了一种在自适应光学系统中实用的自适应控制算法。与经典控制算法相比 ,自适应控制算法调整方便 ,综合考虑了大气湍流扰动和探测噪声等对系统控制效果的影响 ,控制参数能适应工作环境的变化 ,使系统达到最优控制状态。以 6 1单元自适应光学系统上实现的自适应控制算法为例 ,用经典控制理论的波德 (Bode)图、控制带宽等概念分析了这种算法的特点 ,并针对算法在实际系统应用中遇到的问题提出了解决的办法     

自适应光学系统中的逢适应控制算法研究

介绍和分析了一种在自适应光学系统中实用的自适应控制算法。与经典控制算法相比，自适应控制算法调整方便，综合考虑了大气湍流扰动和探测噪声等对系统控制效果的影响，控制参数能适应工作环境的变化，使系统达到最优控制状态。以61单元自适应光学系统上实现的自适应控制算法为例，用经典控制理论的波德（Bode)图、控制带等概念分析了这种算法的特点，并针对算法在实际系统应用中遇到的问题提出了解决的办法。     

基于夏克-哈特曼传感器的计算机辅助装调方法

夏克哈特曼传感器是自适应光学中应用最广泛的波前传感器,它不仅可以测量大气湍流引起的畸变,还可以测量由风、温度变化和机械应力产生的镜面位置误差引起的像差.基于夏克哈特曼传感器,推导了子孔径斜率与装配误差之间的函数关系,提出了一种基于光学系统失调前后点阵光斑质心偏差信息的计算机辅助装调方法,将装配误差求解问题转换成多目标优化问题,可采用多目标智能优化算法进行求解该问题.以某三反光学系统为例,基于Python和Zemax联合仿真进行模拟装调,仿真结果表明,经三次迭代可将失调误差校正到微米级,这可满足实际装调需求,结果验证了所提方法的正确性.     

自适应光学系统的控制残余方差分析

分析自适应光学系统的控制残余方差与控制带宽的关系.对于存在时间延迟的自适应光学系统,推导了计算大气湍流控制残余方差的近似方式,并给出了有探测噪声情况下确定系统最优控制带宽的公式.以61单元自适应光学系统为例,讨论了实验自适应光学系统中控制带宽的优化选择问题.     

ICCD型与CCD型弱光哈特曼-夏克波前传感器的性能分析与对比

哈特曼－夏克（Ｈａｒｔｍａｎｎ－Ｓｈａｃｋ）波前传感器由于其光能利用率高、结构简单、通道容量大等突出优点,是目前自适应光学系统波前传感器的主流形式。本文深入分析和比较了目前普遍采用的ＩＣＣＤ型和ＣＣＤ型这两种主要类型的弱光哈特曼－夏克波前传感器的特点和波前相位探测精度,导出了定量分析数学模型,给出了实验结果。此研究结果对弱光哈特曼－夏克波前传感器的技术方案选定和工程设计有指导意义。     

Electrostatic micromirrors for subaperturing in an adaptive optics system

An electrostatic digital mirror device has been used to replace the lenslet array in a simple adaptive optics system. Clusters of binary pixels define the subapertures of the image plane and direct a small portion of the image onto a detector. The detector measures position shifts in the focused subaperture image caused by optical aberrations. Measurements on a digital mirror-based system and a similar lenslet-based system compare favorably to within a simple scaling factor. A subaperture system designed around a digital mirror device could aid in the development of a sequential subaperturing method that would replace the more complex schemes used in traditional adaptive optics.     

Imaging with an array of adaptive subapertures

An imaging system composed of an array of adaptive optics subapertures referred to as a conformal imaging system is considered. A conformal image of an object viewed through atmospheric turbulence is obtained using the following sequential steps: adaptive compensation of phase distortions through optimization of image quality metrics at each subaperture, measurements of the phase and intensity distributions corresponding to the compensated subaperture images, digital combining and processing of the obtained data, computation of a conformal image using arbitrary phase shifts between subapertures, and correction of these phase shifts through conformal image quality optimization using the stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm. Numerical simulation results of a dual-star conformal image through atmospheric turbulence are presented.     

子孔径划分对波前重构矩阵病态程度的影响

 自适应光学中,对于一定的变形镜,波前探测器子孔径的划分方式将对波前重构产生影响。本文就这个问题开展了计算机模拟研究。用直接斜率法进行波前重构,采用最小二乘解,并用波前重构矩阵的条件数作为其病态程度的判据。模拟结果表明,子孔径数目的选择对波前重构矩阵的病态程度起决定性的作用;适当的子孔径划分方式可以使波前重构矩阵病态程度大大降低。     

Hartmann－Shack波前传感器的Fourier光学分析

Ｈａｒｔｍａｎｎ－Ｓｈａｃｋ波前传感器是自适应光学中几种重要的波前传感器之一。本文利用Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ光学方法分析研究了Ｈａｒｔｍａｎｎ－Ｓｈａｃｋ波前传感器的原理，导出了辐照度分布质心与子孔径波前倾斜的解析表达式，说明了辐照度分布质心及其算法的物理意义，总结了该传感器的若干重要特点。     

波前校正器和波前传感器的匹配

自适应光学系统中，波前校正器和波前传感器的形式、对应关系以及波前复原法的选择，对波前复原的效果都是有影响的。介绍了动态Ｈａｒｔｍａｎｎ—Ｓｈａｃｋ传感器方式下，以分立驱动器和连续表面变形镜为校正元件，采用直接斜率法波前复原过程的计算机模拟实验．研究了多种变形镜驱动器和探测子孔径的对应布局关系，得出每个孔径主要受三个驱动器控制的布局原则．     

自适应光学系统对大气湍流补偿的有效性分析

从伺服控制系统的角度分析了自适应光学系统的闭环噪声、大气湍流引起的误差以及系统的总体误差，并在此基础上对自适应光学系统的有效性、系统的最佳带宽选取及系统的极限工作能力进行了分析，对已经建立的２．１６米望远镜红外自适应光学系统给出了分析结果曲线。     

光子计数剪切干涉仪波前探测自适应光学系统噪声分析

在自适应光学系统中，波前探测器的噪声是主要误差源。针对我们建立的２．１６ｍ望远镜红外自适应光学系统，从伺服控制系统的角度分析了光子计数噪声及其在系统闭环过程中的传递，从理论上推导了系统的噪声功率谱、伺服传递函数以及开环和闭环噪声公式。另外，还给出了在系统中实测的开环和闭环噪声     

Differential focal anisoplanatism in laser guide star wavefront sensing on extremely large telescopes

Laser guide stars (LGSs) aim at increasing the sky coverage of adaptive optics (AO) as this is highly restricted when using only natural guide stars. With such three-dimensional extended objects, spot elongation may limit the measurement accuracy of wavefronts. We evaluate the effect of differential focal anisoplanatism, induced solely by the longitudinal extension of a side-launched LGS, on the slope measurements performed by a Shack-Hartmann for a 40?m class telescope. We also take this effect into account in the wavefront reconstruction and derive estimations of the resulting wavefront error in a multi-LGS AO system. We find an error of 100?nm in the worst case at the subaperture level and a small error of the order of 10?nm for six LGSs after wavefront reconstruction.     

Constrained matched filtering for extended dynamic range and improved noise rejection for Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing

We recently introduced matched filtering in the context of astronomical Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing with elongated sodium laser beacons [Appl. Opt. 45, 6568 (2006)]. Detailed wave optics Monte Carlo simulations implementing this technique for the Thirty Meter Telescope dual conjugate adaptive optics system have, however, revealed frequent bursts of degraded closed loop residual wavefront error [Proc. SPIE 6272, 627236 (2006)]. The origin of this problem is shown to be related to laser guide star jitter on the sky that kicks the filter out of its linear dynamic range, which leads to bursts of nonlinearities that are reconstructed into higher-order wavefront aberrations, particularly coma and trifoil for radially elongated subaperture spots. An elegant reformulation of the algorithm is proposed to extend its dynamic range using a set of linear constraints while preserving its improved noise rejection and Monte Carlo performance results are reported that confirm the benefits of the method.     

Speckle-metric-optimization-based adaptive optics for laser beam projection and coherent beam combining

Maximization of a projected laser beam's power density at a remotely located extended object (speckle target) can be achieved by using an adaptive optics (AO) technique based on sensing and optimization of the target-return speckle field's statistical characteristics, referred to here as speckle metrics (SM). SM AO was demonstrated in a target-in-the-loop coherent beam combining experiment using a bistatic laser beam projection system composed of a coherent fiber-array transmitter and a power-in-the-bucket receiver. SM sensing utilized a 50 MHz rate dithering of the projected beam that provided a stair-mode approximation of the outgoing combined beam's wavefront tip and tilt with subaperture piston phases. Fiber-integrated phase shifters were used for both the dithering and SM optimization with stochastic parallel gradient descent control.