香港大学在束伽玛谱学研究与新一代伽玛探测器阵列(英文)

探索原子核的壳层演化,验证奇特核的幻数结构是香港大学核物理研究的重要方向。目前,科研团队利用在束伽玛谱学技术已经研究了30Ne的N=20幻数消失和78Ni（Z=28,N=50）附近原子核的双幻数结构,而即将开展的53,56Ca在束伽玛谱学实验会对新幻数N=34的定量研究,以及到N=40核的壳层演化提供重要的数据。下一步的研究目标是探索100Sn（N=Z=50）的奇特结构,特别是研究它的第一个2+激发态与其邻近原子核的低激发态性质。100Sn处于质子滴线以及核天体快质子俘获路径上,因此,它的幻数结构及其临近原子核单粒子性能研究将会极大增强对核力和核合成机制的认识。为了进一步提高物理实验统计,香港大学在数量上增加了30% NaI（Tl）晶体从而全面升级了DALI2伽玛探测阵列。此外,为了探索远离稳定线核区的新物理,开展更高精度在束伽玛谱学实验,香港大学与中国科学院近代物理研究所、中国原子能科学研究院计划合作研制基于溴化镧晶体的新一代伽玛探测器阵列。这套阵列主要在兰州重离子加速器（HIRFL）和将来建成的强流重离子加速器（HIAF）等大科学装置上开展实验,从而在奇特核研究方面取得大量重要的成果,促进科研人员全面认识、理解核力以及天体核合成过程。Exploring the evolution of shell closures and examining the magicity of extremely exotic nuclei are the main research interests of HKU (University of Hong Kong) experimental nuclear physics group. The group has employed in-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy technique to investigate the vanishing of N=20 magicity in 30Ne (N=20) and the strong magicity in nuclei around 78Ni (Z=28, N=50). The approved future's experiment on spectroscopy of 53,56Ca, proposed by HKU, will give quantitative information for the "magic index" of N=34 and shell evolution toward N=40. The next goal is to investigate the structure of 100Sn (N=Z=50), particularly the energy of the first 2+ state, and the low-lying states in the neighboring nuclei. 100Sn lies on the proton drip-line and on the astrophysical rp-process path. Characterizing the magicity of 100Sn and the nature of single-particle states in its neighboring nuclei is therefore essential to the fundamental understanding of nuclear forces and nucleo-synthesis. To significantly increase the data statistics for our physics goals, HKU group has prepared the upgrade of gamma-ray spectrometer DALI2 with 30% more NaI(Tl) detectors integrated into a new array configuration. On the other hand, next significant insights into the structure of nuclei would require new gamma-ray detection array capable for higher precision gamma-ray spectroscopy. HKU group in collaboration with IMP and CIAE therefore proposes to construct a new-generation gamma-ray detection array based on the novel scintillator LaBr₃(Ce) to explore the new physics in nuclei far from the valley of stability. Utilizing the radioactive beams at the Chinese large-scale facilities such as the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) in IMP and the future's High Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF), this novel LaBr₃(Ce) array would lead to a significant boost to the frontiers of exotic-nuclei research, which will guide scientists towards the comprehensive and even beyond-traditional understanding of nuclear forces and nucleosynthesis.     

晕核的标度定律

利用重叠函数的渐近归一化常数(ANC)计算了一系列核的价核子处于核外的几率及价核子密度分布的均方根半径〈r2〉1/2. 由于实验上抽取的核ANC近似与模型参数无关,因此由核ANC计算的核外几率和均方根半径是考察晕核的可靠且有效的观察量. 依价核子处于核外的几率大于50%为条件， 证实了一些核为晕核， 且给出了比较宽松的晕核出现的条件. 此外， 还用〈r2〉/R2≥1.5及〈r2〉1/2/rc≥2.0为判据考察了一系列晕核候选者. 最后， 利用r2算符在有限方势阱中的预期值给出了晕核的标度定律. We have extracted the probability for a valence particle being out the binding potential, as well as the root mean square radius of the probability distribution from the measured nuclear asymptotic normalization coefficients. According to the criterion of nuclear halo, i.e., the valence particle has larger than 50% probability being out of the nuclear binding potential, a number of halo nuclei have been confirmed. Based on these results, we have obtained a very relaxed condition for nuclear halo formation. In addition, a number of nuclear halo candidates have been analyzed with the criteria of 〈r2〉/R2≥1.5 and 〈r2〉1/2/rc≥2.0. Furthermore, we present the scaling laws for the dimensionless quantity 〈r2〉/R2 of the nuclear halo in terms of an analytical expressions of the expectation value for the operator r2 in a finite square well potential.     

原子核的单粒子共振态

采用基于相对论平均场的耦合常数解析延拓方法研究球形核的单粒子共振态.具体计算了Zr同位素链中巨晕核的核芯核122Zr阈值附近的中子共振态的能量、宽度和波函数,其结果同相应的散射相移法的结果一致. Using analytic continuation in the coupling constant (ACCC) method within the framework of the self-consistent relativistic mean field (RMF) theory, the energies, widths and wave functions for single-particle resonant states close to the continuum threshold are evaluated. Predictions are also compared with corresponding results obtained by the scattering phase shift method.     

Neutron Halo and Nuclear Shell Structure in New Nuclide 31Ne

The ground state properties of new nuclide ^31Ne are investigated within the framework of the density-dependent relativistic mean-field theory.One-neutron halo in ^31Ne is predicted.Calculations also show that the ground state of ^31Ne is (3/2)^- and it can be used for the testing of the nuclear shell structure near the neutron-drip line.     

基于不稳定核基本性质测量的原子核结构研究

精密激光谱学是通过测量核素原子光谱的超精细结构和同位素移位来研究原子核的基本性质,为原子核自旋、磁矩、电四极矩及电荷均方根半径的确定提供了一种模型独立的测量方式。这些原子核基本性质的测量,能够比较精确地描述原子核微观结构的演化。近年来,随着放射性束流装置的发展,产生远离β-稳定线的丰中子/丰质子核素成为可能,也进一步促进了高分辨和高灵敏度的激光谱技术更加广泛的应用。简单介绍了基于放射性核素超精细结构的激光谱学测量原理,并通过几个经典实例来回顾近年来激光谱学在原子核奇特结构研究领域的独特贡献。主要通过分析几个重要核区原子核的基本性质,结合大尺度壳模型、ab initio理论、密度泛函理论等,来探索丰中子核中展现出来的一些新的奇特现象,如晕结构、幻数演化、形状共存等。High-precision laser spectroscopy technique is used to determine the ground state properties of exotic nuclei by probing its electronic hyperfine structure and isotope shift. It provides a model-independent measurement of nuclear spin, magnetic moment, electric quadrupole moment and charge radii. These nuclear parameters can be used to investigate the nuclear structure evolution and the nuclear shapes. With the development of accelerators and isotope separators, exotic isotopes far from β stability became accessible experimentally, which enhanced the capability of the laser spectroscopy technique being applied in the field of nuclear physics. A brief introduction to experimental principle is given, followed by a review of several typical examples for the experimental investigations in the different regions of nuclear chart. This aims to demonstrate the contributions of ground state properties measurement by using laser spectroscopy technique to the nuclear structure study of exotic isotopes. This discussion involves several different nuclear theory models in order to interpret the exotic phenomena observed in the neutron-rich isotopes, such as halo structure, shell evolution, shape coexistence and so on.     

远离β稳定线奇异核性质的理论研究

回顾了对远离β稳定线奇特核性质的理论研究现状，并用相对论平均场理论研究了远离β稳定线奇特核的性质．包括轻核的中子晕和质子晕、远离β稳定线核的壳效应和超重核的性质等.The present situation of studies on exotic nuclei far from the β stable line is simply reviewed and then the relativistic mean field study on these nuclei has been carried out. This includes studies on neutron halos and proton halos in light nuclei, on nuclear shell effects of nuclei far from the stability, and on the properties of superheavy nuclei.     

奇特核结构与激发的微观研究

原子核是一个从少体到多体过渡的量子体系,展现了很多有趣的集体现象。随着国际上若干大型放射性核束流实验装置的发展,极不稳定奇特核的结构与激发的研究成为当前核物理的前沿热点问题。本工作以形变弱束缚核40Mg为例,基于格点空间连续谱能量密度泛函和自洽的FAM-QRPA对奇特核的基态与激发态跃迁进行了研究。发现弥散的表面密度分布与连续谱对低能共振有很大影响。通过对同位旋矢量偶极激发的研究,说明低能矮共振与巨共振的微观机制有很大差异。此外还进行了大规模拟合,发展针对丰中子核,超重核的新的高精度有效相互作用,以期为相关学科如核天体物理、核裂变能等提供更为可靠的核理论模型。Nuclei are quantum systems in the evolution from few-body to many-body systems, and can exhibit many amazing collective phenomena. With the development of several advanced radioactive-beam facilities, the study of structures and excitations of extreme unstable exotic nuclei has become a hot issue. In this work, we solve the self-consistent FAM-QRPA in large deformed coordinate-spaces to treat continuum effects. We study properties of structures and collective excitations in deformed drip-line nuclei. We found that in weakly bound nuclei 40Mg, the diffuse surface density and pairing density play an important role in low-lying resonance. Through analysis of deformation-induced K-splitting in isovector dipole modes, we see that pygmy resonances have very different mechanism compared to giant resonances. In addition, large-scale fittings are performed to develop highprecision effective interactions, which will provide more reliable theoretical model for related subjects, such as nuclear astrophysics and nuclear fission energy.     

基于相对论Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov近似的新幻数研究（英文）

基于相对论Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov （RHFB） 近似分别探索了质量-电荷极限下的超重元素与极端中质比下的奇特原子核中的新幻数问题。研究结果表明,赝自旋对称性的守恒和破缺与超重核区球形幻数结构的形成密切相关,并分别决定了中子与质子的新幻数结构。同时,理论模型之间的差异也与之密切相关。在中重奇特核区,RHFB近似很好地再现了Ca 同位素中的新幻数N = 32,34,其中同位旋矢量道中洛伦兹张量耦合扮演了较为关键的角色。以此为例,研究证明了显式考虑交换（Fock） 项的RHFB 近似的可靠性。Recent applications of the relativistic Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (RHFB) approach in exploring the new magicities under extreme conditions are presented for the superheavy elements with the limits of mass and charge and for the exotic nuclei with extreme neutron-to-proton ratios. It is found that the emergence of new magic shells in superheavy region is tightly related to the restoration and violation of pseudo-spin symmetry, respectively for the neutron and proton ones, in which the model deviations are indicated and discussed. In medium-heavy exotic nuclei, the occurrence of new magicity N = 32, 34 in Ca isotopes is well reproduced by the RHFB approach, in which the isovector Lorentz tensor couplings are found to play an essential role. The results exemplify that the RHFB approach, which considers the exchange (Fock) terms explicitly, furnishes a new theoretical instrument for advancing relativistic nuclear mean-field approaches.     

关于93Mo中21/2+晕阱的来源(英文)

本研究通过壳模型计算研究了N=51的同中子素91Zr、93Mo和95Ru中高自旋晕态21/2+的同核异能态现象。计算发现,低角动量的p_1/2轨道上的质子是仅在93Mo中存在21/2+晕阱的主要原因。同时,本工作还研究了N=52的同中子素92Zr、94Mo和96Ru中10₁+-12₁+能级结构的系统性,发现94Mo中的10₁+-12₁+能级间隙相对最小,考虑到与93Mo的17/2₁+-21/2₁+能级相似的组态,这一结果为93Mo中出现21/2+晕阱提供了补充性的论证。Isomerism of the high-spin yrast 21/2+ states of the N=51 isotones 91Zr, 93Mo and 95Ru has been investigated using the shell model calculations. It is found that the low-j πp_1/2 is responsible for the only yrast trap in 93Mo. In addition, the relatively smaller 10₁+-12₁+ level spacing in 94Mo has been found by investigating the systematics of the 10₁+-12₁+ level structures in the N=52 isotones 92Zr, 94Mo and 96Ru. This result provides a supplementary argument to the origin of the 21/2+ yrast trap in 93Mo from the viewpoint of the similarity between the configurations of 10₁+-12₁+ states in 94Mo and those of 17/2₁+-21/2₁+ states in 93Mo.     

协变密度泛函理论中的张量力效应

张量力是核子-核子相互作用的重要成分,被认为是理解奇特原子核中壳结构演化规律的关键要素。然而,目前对于核介质中的张量力及其效应的定量认识,仍存在很多亟待解决的关键问题。着重梳理了在原子核密度泛函理论框架下,研究有效相互作用中的张量力成分以及相应的张量力效应的相关工作,重点包括:基于相对论Hartree-Fock理论,以同位素链中的质子幻数壳演化为例,定量提取与分析其中的张量力效应;以及基于第一性原理的相对论Brueckner-Hartree-Fock理论,以中子滴单粒子能谱中的自旋-轨道劈裂演化为例,提出与张量力效应相关联的"准实验数据"。最后,展望原子核密度泛函理论今后可能的发展策略。Tensor force is one of the most important components of the nucleon-nucleon interaction. It plays a critical role in understanding the shell evolution in exotic nuclei. However, there are still several puzzles concerning the tensor force and its effects in the nuclear medium. In this paper, we mainly focus on the studies of tensor force in the effective interactions and its effects in finite nuclear systems within the scheme of nuclear density functional theory. In particular, we highlight the recent developments, including the quantitative analysis of tensor effects in the relativistic Hartree-Fock theory by taking the evolution of proton magic shells in the isotopic chains as an example, and the "meta-data" of tensor effects provided by the ab initio relativistic Brueckner-Hartree-Fock theory by taking the evolution of spin-orbit splitting in the single-particle spectra of neutron drops as an example. Perspectives are focused on the possible strategies for the future developments of nuclear density functional theory.     

Studies on the Ne(p, d)Ne and Ne(d, p)Ne reactions

Angular distribution measurements have been performed on the ²¹Ne(p, d)²⁰Ne and ²¹Ne(d, p)²²Ne reactions at E_p = 20 MeV and E_d = 10.2 MeV, respectively. In the ²¹Ne(p, d) ²⁰Ne reaction, the prolific formation of the J^π = 2⁺, 1.63 MeV state was characterized by l_n = 2 pickup, and the distribution associated with the 4⁴, 4.25 MeV state was suggestive of a weak l_n = 2 pickup. All of the observed l_n = 1 pickup strength is associated with formation of the 2⁻, 4.97 MeV ²⁰Ne level. The ²¹Ne(d, p)²²Ne results indicate that l_n = 2 transfer is involved in the formation of the 1.28, 3.36, 5.52, 5.63 and 6.65 MeV ²²Ne states. The angular distribution observed for the 2⁺, 4.46 MeV state and also the unresolved 5.33, 5.36 MeV composite of states required both l_n = 0 and l_n = 2 components in the associated distorted-wave Born approximation fits. The spectroscopic factors extracted from the present results are compared with those predicted by the Nilsson model without mixing: Applications of the angular momentum projection rule to the ²¹Ne(d, p)²²Ne reaction are considered.     

利用18O(6Li,d)22Ne反应研究22Ne Eα=470 keV共振态的性质

慢速中子俘获过程（s过程）是合成比铁重元素的重要途径之一。22Ne（α,n）25Mg反应是大质量AGB星中s过程主要的中子源,其中的22Ne主要通过14N（α,γ）18F（β+）18O（α,γ）22Ne反应链合成。该反应链中关键反应18O（α,γ）22Ne在天体物理感兴趣能区的截面非常低,其天体反应率主要来自于22Ne α分离阈附近低能共振态的贡献,但目前相关能级的共振参数严重缺失。在HI-13串列加速器的Q3D磁谱仪上,通过测量18O（6Li,d）22Ne反应的角分布,利用DWBA分析确定了22Ne分离阈附近共振能级E_α=470 keV的自旋宇称为0+,为后续计算18O（α,γ）22Ne的天体反应率打下了基础。About a half of the abundances of elements heavier than iron comes from the so-called slowneutron capture process (s-process) in Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars, with the 22Ne(α, n)25Mg reaction as one of the main neutron sources. In the beginning phase of AGB thermal pulse, 22Ne is produced by the 14N(α, γ)18F(β+)18O(α, γ)22Ne reaction sequence, in which the 18O(α, γ)22Ne reaction plays a key role. While the reaction rate of the 18O(α, γ)22Ne is mainly affected by several resonant states lying closely to the α threshold in 22Ne, up to now, the relevant 22Ne parameters are fragmentary in the energy region corresponding to the typical temperatures of s-process. The direct measurement of the 18O(α, γ)22Ne reaction rate is extremely difficult due to the very low cross section. In this work, we investigated the 22Ne resonant states via the 18O(6Li, d)22Ne reaction at the Beijing HI-13 tandem accelerator of China Institute of Atomic Energy. Based on the DWBA analysis, preliminary results showed that the spin-parity of 22Ne E_α=470 keV resonant states was assigned as 0+, which would make contributions to subsequent calculation for the reaction rate of the 18O(α, γ)22Ne.     

重自共轭原子核中α凝聚体物理性质的理论研究(英文)

原子核多体系统中可以存在一类被称为α凝聚体的奇异物理态。该奇异态可以被视为玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚在原子核物理中的推广。一般认为,α凝聚体不仅可以存在于12C中,也可以存在于诸如16O,20Ne,24Mg,28Si等质量更重的自共轭原子核中。重自共轭原子核中的α凝聚体的物理性质是核结构理论重要的研究课题,相关理论计算可以为实验研究提供有益参考。主要介绍了该研究方向的基本理论框架,包括Tohsaki-Horiuchi-Schuck-Röpke波函数方法、Yamada-Schuck模型,以及近期提出的半解析近似方法。还讨论了α粒子间四体相互作用对α凝聚体物理性质的影响,并对α凝聚体破裂和一维α凝聚体等可能的研究方向做了简要论述。α condensates are exotic states in nuclear many-body systems, and can be viewed as the generalization of the Bose-Einstein condensate in nuclear physics. It is widely believed that, α condensates exist not only in 12C, but also in heavier self-conjugate nuclei such as 16O, 20Ne, 24Mg, 28Si, etc. It is important to understand the physical properties of these α condensates in heavy self-conjugate nuclei from the theoretical perspective, and the theoretical results could be a useful reference for the experimental studies. This work reviews the basic frameworks to study α condensates, including the Tohsaki-Horiuchi-Schuck-Röpke wave function, the Yamada-Schuck model, and the recently proposed semi-analytic approximation. The impacts of the four-body interactions of α particles on the physical properties of α condensates are reported. The breakup of α condensates and the one-dimensional α condensates are discussed briefly as the possible future directions in this field.     

轻奇特核结构中的核心激发--以11Be为例

近年来,越来越多的实验表明,很多轻奇特核结构中都有核心激发成分。本研究以丰中子晕核11Be为例,介绍核心激发成分的实验和理论研究进展,重点阐述核心激发成分对直接核反应微分截面的影响。实验上,1n移除反应及11Be（p,d）和10Be（d,p）转移反应是测量11Be核心激发成分比例的典型实验类型。理论上,发展了能够包括11Be核心激发成分的Faddeev AGS方法,XDWBA方法以及XCDCC方法。加入核心激发成分后,这些模型的计算结果可以更加合理地描述11Be在各种靶上的弹性散射和碎裂微分截面。通过对比是否包含核心激发成分的计算结果,发现其影响主要体现在弹散微分截面的大质心系角度,以及（p,d）转移反应角分布的小质心系角度。另外,对E_x=0:5s3 MeV的激发能区的碎裂反应,核心激发的影响不可忽略;对E_x=3s5:5 MeV的碎裂反应,核心激发的贡献非常重要。It was found that many light exotic nuclei have the core-excitation components. In this paper, taking one-neutron halo nucleus 11Be for example, the experimental and theoretical research progress, as well as the influences on the direct nuclear reaction differential cross sections of this exotic component were reviewed. The 1n removal, 11Be(p, d) and 10Be(d, p) transfer reactions are typical experimental methods to investigate this component. The Faddeev AGS, the XDWBA, and the XCDCC methods are developed to include this constituent in various theoretical models. With the core-excitation component, the calculated results can more reasonably describe the elastic scattering and breakup differential cross sections of 11Be impinging on various targets. Comparing the full XCDCC calculation with that omitting core-excitation effect, we found that this component mainly affects the elastic scattering differential cross sections at large center-of-mass angles, and the (p, d) transfer reaction angular distributions at small center-of-mass angles. In addition, its effect is non-negligible for the breakup reaction within the excitation energy interval of E_x = 0:5~3 MeV, and is remarkable for E_x =3 5:5 MeV.     

Intermediate Energy Pion-20Ne Elastic Scattering in the α+16O Model of 20Ne

We present an analysis of π-²⁰Ne elastic scattering at intermediate energy basing on the α+¹⁶O model of the ²⁰Ne nucleus and in the framework of Glauber multiple scattering theory. Satisfactory agreement with the general features of the experimental data of pion elastic scattering on the neighboring 4N-type nuclei is obtained without any free parameters. Compared with the experimental angular distributions of pion elastic scattering on ¹²C, ¹⁶O, ²⁴Mg, and ²⁸Si nuclei, the diffractive patterns and the positions of the dips and peaks in the angular distributions of π-²⁰Ne elastic scattering are reasonably predicted by the calculations.     

Projectile coulomb excitation of Ne and Ne

The static quadrupole moments of the first excited J^π = 2⁺ states in ²⁰Ne and ²²Ne and the reduced electric quadrupole transition probabilities of these states to the ground states were measured via projectile Coulomb excitation. The quadrupole moments were deduced from the shapes of γ-ray angular distributions. The results are: Q(²⁰Ne, 2⁺) = −0.20±0.05 b and Q(²²Ne, 2⁺) = −0.11±0.05 b. The transition strengths were deduced from yield measurements and by comparison with the yields of target γ-rays. The results are: B(E2; 0⁺ → 2⁺, ²⁰Ne) = 0.037±0.003 e² · b² and B(E2; 0⁺ → 2⁺, ²²Ne) = 0.025±0.002 e²· b². The results for the transition strengths are consistent with the results of accurate timing methods and resolve discrepancies between previous experiments. The results for the quadrupole moments are consistent with earlier measurements, although the mean values we obtain are slightly lower. The experimental measurements are compared with theoretical predictions and a detailed discussion is given of corrections to this type of reorientation experiment.     

20Mgβ衰变谱学与15O(α,γ)19Ne反应(英文)

15O（α,γ）19Ne（p,γ）20Na反应链是高温CNO循环向快速质子俘获过程突破的一条关键路径,相关的反应率输入量可通过20Mg的β衰变可布居19Ne共振态并测量其衰变性质来获得。通过高效率高精度地测量20Mg β衰变中产生的质子与γ射线得到了20Mg衰变的详细信息,并构建了完整的衰变纲图,还进行了19Ne 4 033 keV共振态衰变性质的探索,获得了该态在20Mg β衰变中被布居的分支比上限。通过比20Mg和20O镜像能级跃迁的结果确认了同位旋非对称性,为检验相关理论模型提供了精确的实验数据。对于突破路径中有重要影响的19Ne 4 033 keV共振态的性质,有待更高统计的实验进一步研究。The breakout from the hot CNO cycle to the rapid proton capture process can occur via the 15O(α,γ)19Ne(p,γ)20Na reaction sequence, and the β decay of 20Mg can be used as an alternative method to characterize some specific resonances, which will provide detailed nuclear structure input for reaction rate calculations. The reliable information on the decay properties and structure of 20Mg was obtained by measuring the emitted particles and γ-rays in the β decay with high efficiency and high resolution. Attempt was also made to search for the decay channels associated with the 4 033 keV resonance in 19Ne. To test fundamental symmetries, the transitions in the mirror decays of 20Mg and 20O were compared. The precise experimental data presented here would be important to constrain the theoretical calculations. It is desirable to clarify the astrophysically relevant problem by further experiments with improved statistics on the basis of the present work.