红外光谱在纤维质文物材料鉴别中的应用研究

纺织纤维和纸张纤维是常见纤维质文物材料,是构成博物馆精美文物如服饰手稿书画的基本材料,近年来寻求通过无损或微损方法对这一类材料的鉴别以及劣化状况评价备受文物鉴赏家和文物保护工作者的关注。借助傅里叶变换红外光谱,研究博物馆常见纺织纤维材料棉、麻、桑蚕丝、柞蚕丝、羊毛的红外光谱特征和它们的分子结构组成异同,研究传统纸纤维稻草、麦草、龙须草、龙旗松、桑皮红外光谱特征。结果表明：衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱无损分析技术可通过比较3 300～2 800 cm-1 CH,NH,OH振动区间光谱形状以及指纹区峰位以区别不同种类纺织品纤维;碳氧振动纸张纤维最明显光谱差异位置出现在与纤维素OH伸缩振动相关波数3 300 cm-1和与C—O—C相关波数1 332,1 203,1 050 cm-1。文章探索研究红外光谱技术结合主成分分析法在快速鉴别纤维材料中的应用。通过对全光谱数据多元散射校正(MSC)预处理后进行主成分分析,可以把红外光谱十分相似的纺织纤维棉和亚麻、桑蚕丝和柞蚕丝明显分类;对光谱相似的纸纤维,可采用选择不同光谱波数段进行主成分分析,比较发现能够把五种纸纤维明显区分的光谱区间为3 800～2 800 cm-1。本研究为分子光谱无损分析技术应用于文物材料鉴别、科学评估纤维材料保存状况提供基础研究。     

FTIR结合统计分析对竹类植物的鉴别分类研究

傅里叶变换红外光谱结合主成分分析和系统聚类分析用于竹类植物鉴别分类研究。六种竹亚科植物54个竹子叶片的红外光谱测试结果显示竹叶光谱主要由蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂类等吸收带组成,竹叶光谱相似,仅在1 800～700 cm-1范围峰数、峰位、峰强上存在较小的差异。六种竹子叶片红外光谱的二阶导数谱在1 800～700 cm-1范围显示明显差异。用1 800～700 cm-1范围二阶导数光谱进行主成分分析,在主成分PC1,PC2,PC3三维空间图中,所测试竹叶样本分类正确率达98%;在PC3-PC4二维投影图显示所有竹叶样本正确分成六个区域;用1 800～700 cm-1范围二阶导数光谱进行聚类分析,所测竹叶样本正确聚为六类。表明FTIR结合统计分析能够在种水平对竹亚科植物鉴别分类。     

红外光谱结合PCA-LDA对嘉峪关戏台文物建筑彩画胶料种类的判别

为了判别嘉峪关戏台文物建筑彩画的胶料种类,采用皮胶、鱼鳔胶、蛋清、蛋黄、牛奶为参考样品,使用傅里叶红外光谱仪采集了参考样品及三件文物样品胶料的红外吸收光谱,利用主成分分析结合线性判别分析（PCA-LDA）构建胶料种类判别的数学模型,并应用于文物样品。发现参考样品红外光谱在1 800～1 000 cm-1区间包含了丰富的分子结构特征信息。该区间中蛋白类胶料的共同特征为1 650 cm-1附近的仲酰胺C═O键伸缩振动峰,1 542 cm-1附近的酰胺C-N键伸缩振动和N-H键弯曲振动峰,1 240 cm-1附近的酰胺C-N键伸缩振动峰。此外,蛋黄、皮胶和牛奶因其中含有较多脂类物质,在1 745 cm-1附近还存在饱和脂肪酸酯羰基C═O键伸缩振动峰。在此基础上,通过对参考样品红外吸收光谱主成分得分散点图的分析,发现不同胶料参考样品的红外光谱类间差异显著。据此,使用参考样品红外光谱的主成分得分为训练集,添加类别变量拟合判别函数,绘制函数组质心图并进行交叉验证,得出方程的判别正确率为93.3%。发现因老化降解导致三件文物样品的红外吸收光谱与参考样品光谱有所不同,但仍具有蛋白类胶料的特征。利用PCA-LDA分析模型对文物胶料种类进行判别,结果均为皮胶。该胶料种类判别模型稳定、有效,用该模型判定嘉峪关建筑彩画胶料为动物胶中皮胶。     

不同土壤FTIR分类研究

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对5种不同类型的土壤进行了研究,结果显示,其红外光谱主要是由碳酸盐、硝酸盐、磷酸盐、锰酸盐等无机盐类,黏土矿物及有机质的振动吸收带组成。五种土壤的红外光谱在1600~750cm-1范围内呈现出差异,作一阶导数处理后,发现其差异主要表现在1440cm-1、875cm-1及798~780cm-1附近。选取1600~750cm-1范围内的一阶导数数据运用Matlab 2010来实现主成分分析,前两个主成分累计贡献率达到90.14%,利用这两个主成分作二维散点分布图,结果表明该分布能对这五种土壤进行有效分类,这为土壤鉴定提供了快捷的光谱手段,同时表明傅里叶变换红外光谱技术用于对土壤的研究,且具有测定快速方便、无损、准确等优点,具有较大的应用潜力。     

红外光谱结合主成分分析鉴别不同产地黄柏

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪收集6个不同产地黄柏的红外光谱,原始光谱经过多点基线校正、五点平滑预处理后,统计各个产地黄柏的平均光谱,结果显示,6个产地黄柏的平均红外光谱整体上相似;在指纹特征区域1 800～500cm-1,选取经过归一化的红外光谱,建立主成分分析鉴别模型.建模结果表明,三个主成分能代表98%的指纹区变量信息,样本在主成分空间中聚集成为不同的类别,基本实现不同产地黄柏的鉴别,此外,在一定程度上,样本分布疏密度反映样本的亲缘关系.提取模型的载荷因子,分析显示,6个产地黄柏的差异主要在蛋白质、糖类、脂类、生物碱类、黄柏甾醇类、黄柏内酯、黄柏酮、黄柏酮酸八种物质成分上体现.因此,红外光谱结合主成分分析法可以快速、无损地鉴别不同产地黄柏,并且能反映不同产地黄柏物质成分含量的差异.     

红外光谱的煤精类文物材质判别方法

我国是世界上最早使用煤及煤精的国家之一,但对考古出土煤精文物的研究发现,煤精文物原材料的质地常常偏离宝石学中对有机宝石煤精的定义。在此提出“煤精类文物”的概念,将以往出土文物中如褐煤、烛煤等与煤精文物材质近似但不同的材料归至同一文化概念中。目前对于煤精类文物制品的科学研究仍存在较大空白,其中最为基础的材质种类判别也没有科学的判断方法。以陕西周原贺家墓地、陕西咸阳岩村墓地、新疆吐鲁番胜金店墓地、新疆伊犁吉仁台沟口遗址四个遗址出土的16件煤精制品和原料为研究对象,初步探索漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱在出土煤精类文物成分分析中的应用。结果表明,不同遗址出土的煤精类文物的红外谱图有较为明显的不同,同一遗址出土的煤精类文物的红外谱图在特征波段具有相似性,不同遗址煤精类文物则差异明显。使用Norris二阶导数法对红外光谱进行处理,提高吸收峰分辨率,为精细研究提供信息,选择特殊红外光谱参数I=A_{820 cm-1}/A_{2 870 cm-1}定量分析不同样品的红外光谱,结合静水称重得到的部分样品的密度信息,对出土的煤精类文物制品材质的煤化程度初步判断。结合红外光谱特征波数的强度进一步通过主成分分析解释煤精类文物的红外光谱信息,来自不同遗址的煤精类文物样品在主成分分析得分图中得到了良好的区分,并且可以与特殊红外光谱参数I判别的初步结论互相对应。验证了以漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱为主的无损分析方法在煤精类文物材质判别中应用的可行性;若结合不同产地煤精矿样红外光谱,则可以为煤精类文物产地判别提供研究方法。     

闹羊花与野菊花红外光谱的分析与鉴定

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱对杜鹃花科植物闹羊花与菊科植物野菊花两种花类中药材的主成分进行表征,其中闹羊花出现在1 648和1 543cm-1出现明显的酰胺Ⅰ带和酰胺Ⅱ带吸收峰,证明其中含有蛋白质,可能与其具有的免疫作用相关;野菊花出现在1 734和1 515cm-1等CO伸缩振动吸收峰,证明其中含有挥发油等酯类成分。由于二者的红外光谱具有较高的相似性且难以区分,通过二级鉴别比较闹羊花与野菊花的二阶导数红外光谱可看出,在1 656和1 515cm-1附近的吸收峰,表明二者均含有黄酮类成分;野菊花的二阶导数谱图中出现在1 163,1 077,1 026,986和869cm-1的吸收峰与菊糖的特征吸收峰一致,因此可以看出野菊花中含有菊糖。选取不同波数范围的闹羊花与野菊花的二维相关红外光谱进行对比,发现在1 700~1 400cm-1黄酮类成分区域闹羊花有3个明显的自动峰,野菊花有10个明显的自动峰;在1 250~900cm-1糖苷类成分区域闹羊花有10个明显的自动峰,野菊花有9个明显的自动峰。红外光谱的"三级鉴定法"为中药材的鉴别提供更快速、准确、方便的手段。     

红外光谱对不同品种及产地小米的鉴别

不同品种及产地的小米在口感及营养价值上存在显著差异,因此区分不同种小米对消费者具有参考意义。将傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、二维相关红外光谱(2D-IR)与曲线拟合、主成分分析(PCA)相结合,鉴别小米的品种及产地。结果显示：小米主要由碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂质组成,因此,其FTIR特征相似;二阶导数光谱(SD-IR)在3 012,2 962,2 928,2 856,1 748和1 548 cm-1附近的吸收峰强度存在明显差异;2D-IR在1 200~860和1 700~1 180 cm-1范围内,小米样品的自动峰和交叉峰数目、位置和强度差异明显;曲线拟合结果显示小米在1 700~1 600 cm-1范围内子峰面积比例不同,说明不同品种间小米的蛋白质含量不同,可以实现小米品种的鉴别分类;选取1 800~800 cm-1范围内的导数光谱进行主成分分析,前3个主成分累积贡献率为97%,不同产地的小米都得到正确归类。研究表明,红外光谱结合统计分析方法,是鉴别小米品种及产地的有效方法。     

藤梨根红外光谱聚类分析及可视化鉴别

探索傅里叶变换红外光谱技术在抗癌中药藤梨根快速鉴别、分析方面的应用。对不同品种藤梨根药材的红外光谱图进行了聚类分析和主成分分析,以样品的主成分数值为评价指标,并将谱图进行可视化表达。结果显示,应用傅里叶变换红外光谱法结合主成分分析和谱图的可视化转化,能够实现红外光谱无损快速鉴别藤梨根品种。傅里叶变换红外光谱法的应用能够快速、简便、准确地鉴别藤梨根的品种,是其质量监测一种直观有效的方法。     

傅里叶中红外光谱结合稀疏表示分类方法鉴别小麦赤霉病感染等级

旨在探索感染不同等级赤霉病的小麦中主要成分含量变化引起的傅里叶中红外光谱信息响应,并结合模式识别方法实现基于傅里叶变换中红外光谱的小麦赤霉病等级无损检测。以感染不同等级赤霉病小麦为研究对象,在4 000~400 cm-1波数范围内采集95个小麦样本的傅里叶中红外光谱数据,利用载荷系数法（XLW）与随机森林算法（RF）分析选取小麦样本傅里叶中红外光谱中的敏感波长,利用稀疏表示分类（SRC）算法建模识别小麦感染赤霉病等级。结果表明：XLW算法和RF算法选择的特征波长作为定性分析模型的输入时模型鉴别准确率与全波段光谱数据作输入时均达90%以上,特征波长提取算法可以有效简化模型并提高效率。RF-SRC模型鉴别效果最好,建模集鉴别准确率达97%,测试集鉴别准确率达96%。小麦感染赤霉病等级的不同会引起小麦中水分、淀粉、纤维素、可溶性氮素、蛋白质、脂肪等物质含量的变化,采用RF算法选择的特征波长均反映了这些物质所对应的傅里叶中红外光谱透射光谱特征的差异,结合SRC模型进行小麦赤霉病等级鉴别可达到最好的鉴别效果。因此,利用傅里叶中红外光谱技术结合模式识别方法对小麦赤霉病等级鉴别是可行的,解释了傅里叶中红外光谱技术检测小麦赤霉病等级的机理。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.