反应气体H2O对Y2O3隔离层外延生长的影响

报道了用反应溅射的方法在有强立方织构的NiW基带上连续制备Y2O3隔离层的研究结果.用X射线θ～2θ扫描,ψ扫描对薄膜的取向和织构进行表征,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)对薄膜的表面形貌进行观察.论文主要研究了H2O分压对Y2O3隔离层外延生长以及表面形貌的影响,结果表明:H2O分压过小,Y2O3织构相对衬底有所弱化,薄膜表面不透明,原子覆盖不均匀,且不利于后续隔离层YSZ的生长.同时,临界H2O分压与温度和总气压的关系也作了详细研究.     

反应溅射法连续制备CeO2隔离层

用带有反应溅射装置的走带系统在立方织构的Ni-5% W衬底上连续制备了长10 cm的CeO2隔离层.为避免金属衬底氧化,以H2O作为反应气体.论文主要研究了衬底温度、走带速率对CeO2隔离层外延生长的影响.用X射线θ～2θ扫描,ψ扫描对薄膜的取向和织构进行表征.结果显示在温度650 ℃,走带速度2.5 mm/s的条件下,连续制备的CeO2隔离层有效地继承并改善了基底的织构,平均平面内ψ扫描半高宽为6.18°,扫描电镜(SEM)观察表明薄膜表面致密,且无裂纹生成.     

化学溶液法La_2Zr_2O_7缓冲层的厚度对外延生长超导层的影响（英文）

采用全化学溶液沉积方法在NiW衬底上制备La_2Zr_2O_7缓冲层和YBCO薄膜.采用X射线衍射和扫描电镜研究了不同的LZO缓冲层厚度对超导层的影响.不同厚度LZO的面内外织构具有一定差别.当LZO厚度达到145nm时,LZO缓冲层的织构和阻隔能力最佳,才能制备出具有良好性能YBCO超导层.     

DC与CC 5052铝合金冷轧后沿厚度方向织构分布状态对比的X射线衍射分析

采用X射线衍射测试极图、使用专用软件计算织构取向分布函数(ODF), 研究了热轧后454℃×4h再结晶退火的直接铸造5052铝合金板(DC 5052)和双履带连续冷却铸造5052铝合金板(CC 5052)冷轧制到不同压下量的试样,自表层至心部层的冷轧织构分布差别,为工业上生产及应用DC 5052与CC 5052铝合金冷轧板提供依据。结果显示：同样的大压下量时CC 5052的β织构强度及体积分数高于DC 5052的。冷轧前CC 5052的再结晶织构Cube的体积分数小于DC 5052的,剩余位向的体积分数多于DC 5052的,导致CC 5052表层的β织构强度及体积分数达到与1/4层、中心层接近所需要的冷轧压下量比DC 5052试样需要的小。CC 5052冷轧板冲压加工方面的性能优于DC 5052冷轧板。     

短时高温热处理工艺对YBCO超导薄膜结构和性能的影响

通过无氟高分子辅助金属有机物沉积法(PA-MOD)制备了YBCO超导薄膜,研究了785～845℃的不同短时高温热处理对YBCO薄膜双轴织构、表面形貌及超导性能的影响.X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)的结果表明,经800℃短时高温处理的YBCO薄膜具有良好的双轴织构和平整致密的表面形貌.物性测量(Quantum-DesignSQUID)的结果表明,该薄膜超导转变温度达到90K,77K自场下的临界电流密度(Jc)为2MA/cm2.     

电化学法涂层导体CeO_2缓冲层外延生长研究

电化学沉积法制备高温超导YBa2Cu3O7-δ涂层导体缓冲层具有工艺简单、设备要求低、易于连续化批量制备等优点。采用电化学沉积法,在双轴织构的Ni-5at.%W(Ni-5W)金属基带上成功制备出了具有良好c轴取向的CeO2缓冲层薄膜。利用X射线衍射、极图、扫描电子显微镜和原子力显微镜等对上述氧化物薄膜的织构、表面形貌等进行表征。重点研究了薄膜厚度、退火温度、退火时间等工艺对薄膜外延生长及其表面形貌的影响,结果表明:电化学沉积方法制备的CeO2缓冲层具有很好的双轴织构、表面平整、均一,粗糙度低,表现出良好的缓冲层性质。结合金属有机化学溶液超导层的制备技术,本工作展示了一条全化学法制备第二代高温超导带材的技术路线,具有很好的应用前景。     

涂层导体用CeO_2帽子层的表面特征及其温度依赖性

涂层导体中,作为多层织构模板中的最上层,帽子层的表面形貌、晶粒尺寸、表面粗糙度、平整度、致密度等表面特征将直接影响其上YBa_2Cu_3O_(7-δ)超导层的形核、织构形成和外延生长,表面特征的优化成为近期涂层导体缓冲层研究的重点.采用磁控溅射方法在LaMnO_3/Epi-MgO/IBAD-MgO/Y_2O_3/Al_2O_3/Hastelloy C276上动态外延生长CeO_2薄膜作为涂层导体帽子层,主要研究了沉积温度对CeO_2薄膜表面特征的影响.利用x射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜以及拉曼光谱仪等对CeO_2薄膜的织构、微结构及表面形貌、表面粗糙度、平整度等表面特性进行细致表征.研究结果表明:CeO_2薄膜的表面特征对沉积温度依赖性强;在沉积温度800℃左右获得了最好的织构和表面,CeO_2薄膜具有最好的(00l)取向,面内半高宽为7.1°,晶粒尺寸接近YBa_2Cu_3O_(7-δ)最高形核密度对应的CeO_2最佳尺寸,薄膜表面连续平整均匀,光滑致密无裂纹,其均方根粗糙度约1.4nm;而且,在此CeO2缓冲层上用三氟乙酸—金属有机沉积方法(TFA-MOD)外延生长的YBa_2Cu_3O_(7-δ)超导层具有良好的织构及致密平整的表面.     

DC AA 5052铝合金冷轧板沿厚度方向织构变化的X射线衍射分析

以不同变形量对预先经过热轧和再结晶退火的DC AA 5052直接冷却铸造铝合金板进行冷轧制后,采用X射线衍射和专用软件测试、计算并分析表层、1/4厚度层、中心层的织构极图和ODF图及有关数据,研究板厚度方向轧制织构的变化情况,以为改进轧制工艺、获得板厚度方向的织构织及性能均匀性提供依据。各变形量的试样之表层向1/4层、中心层方向,存在β织构逐渐增强的梯度;变形量逐渐增大到90%的过程中,沿板厚度方向β织构强度的变化梯度逐渐降低、体积分数逐步增大、强度逐渐增大并达到各层基本接近。     

直流反应溅射法制备Y_2O_3隔离层的研究

采用直流反应溅射的方法在具有立方织构的Ni基底上制备出了Y2O3隔离层,并研究了基带温度与H2O分压两个因素对Y2O3薄膜的织构取向以及表面形貌的影响。X射线衍射(XRD)结果和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的分析表明,在温度为760℃,H2O分压为1.68×10-2Pa的条件下制备出的Y2O3薄膜具有强立方织构,平面内Φ扫描半高宽为7.07°,其表面均匀、致密、无裂纹。     

光子碰撞Au靶产生L系特征X射线角分布

采用中心能量为13.1 keV (最大能量小于30 keV)的轫致辐射光子碰撞Au靶,在130°—170°的探测角度范围内以10°为间隔,测量了碰撞产生的特征X射线L_ι, L_α, L_β和L_(γ1)的光谱.根据实验测得的能谱结果,综合考虑探测器的探测效率及靶材的吸收校准后,计算了不同探测角度下特征X射线L_α与LL_(γ1)及L_ι与L_(γ1)的相对强度比;而且,还基于不同探测角度下X射线强度比值,分析了特征X射线的角分布情况.实验结果表明特征X射线L_α和L_ι为各向异性发射.此外,计算了特征X射线Li的各向异性参数为0.25,并据此推断出L_3支壳层的定向度A_(20)为0.577±0.081;分析认为L_3支壳层的定向度A_(20)由该支壳层本身的物理特性决定,但该支壳层的各向异性参数b会受到Coster-Kronig跃迁的影响而发生改变.     

应用激光蚀刻不同微织构表面的润湿性

运用激光微织构技术, 通过控制微凹坑形状、间距、深度等参数, 在45#钢表面制备了一组表面算术平均偏差S_a相同但表面微观结构不同的试件. 使用Talysulf CCI Lite 非接触式三维光学轮廓仪对表面进行测量, 采用ISO 25178三维形貌表征参数对其形貌进行表征. 在SL200 KS光学法固液接触角和界面张力仪上针对32#汽轮机油进行润湿性试验, 分析了温度、液滴体积、表面结构特征等因素对润湿性的影响, 并借助ISO25178中部分参数对固体表面形貌随机特征与其润湿性之间的关联性进行了量化研究. 基于固液本征接触角为锐角, 研究结果表明: 固液接触角在润湿过程中先迅速减小, 之后逐渐趋于稳定; 固液平衡接触角随温度的升高而减小, 随液滴体积的增大先增大后减小; 激光微织构能够改变表面润湿性, S_a相同的表面, 微织构形状、方向均影响表面润湿性, 当槽状微织构表面的槽方向与液滴铺展方向一致时, 润湿效果最优. ISO25178系列三维形貌表征参数中幅度参数(S_ku, S_sk)、空间参数(S_tr, S_al)、混合参数(S_dq, S_dr)与表面润湿性之间具有较强的关联性: S_ku, S_al, S_dr越大, S_sk, S_tr, S_dq 越小的表面, 固液平衡接触角越小, 表面润湿性越好.     

Electronic properties of pan-based carbon fibers—I: Experiment and comparison with properties of bulk carbons

Measurements of the resistivity of PAN-based fibers are reported for temperatures between 1.5 and 300 K. Particular care was taken to avoid sample heating problems during measurements. Fibers were heat-treated between ~ 1300°C to above 3000°C, corresponding to a wide range of elastic moduli (~ 35–112 Msi : 240–770 GPa). A particularly surprising result was the observation of a resistivity maximum for low modulus (35 Msi ~240 GPa) fiber below 50 K. Results are compared to those reported on bulk heat treated carbons and pyrocarbons. A qualitative discussion of the results is also given in terms of recent models of the electronic energy levels of carbon ribbons and turbostratic carbons.     

A detailed model for the flame synthesis of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers

Many experimental investigations of CNT/CNF flame synthesis have been recently reported. However, there are as yet no comprehensive models regarding their formation, growth or structure. Herein, a CNT/CNF growth rate model is proposed that is applicable for any method of CNT/CNF production (although our particular interest lies in flame synthesis in ethylene/air flames). While it is usual for most existing models to consider only a single carbon-carrying gas that contributes towards carbon deposition, our extended model can consider a complex hydrocarbon mixture that can mimic a flame environment. The model shows that before carbon nucleation is initiated, the surface density of carbon atoms increases as they are added through diffusion from the leading face of the catalyst nanoparticle. Over time, the diffusion potential decreases due to a reduction in the carbon atom concentration gradient. However, with the onset of nucleation and growth, diffusion is reinstated as the major driving potential for carbon atom transport through the nanoparticle. Steady carbon deposition and filament growth occurs once there is a stable carbon cluster size due to nucleation. The results support our hypothesis that flame synthesis can be a much faster and higher throughput process than CVD. The CNT/CNF growth rate decreases with increasing height above the burner. Decreasing temperature at higher locations leads to slower catalyst deactivation, but the CO concentration, which is the major contributor to carbon deposition, also decreases with increasing height above the burner. One of the major findings in this work is the contribution of CO to CNT formation by flame synthesis. The concentration of hydrocarbons in the vicinity of the toroidal zone near, which most of the CNT growth is observed, is negligible compared to CO concentration. Our results provide a basis to conduct future multiscale simulations of CNT/CNF growth.     

Redshift drift constraints on f(T) gravity

We explore the impact of the Sandage−Loeb (SL) test on the precision of cosmological constraints for f(T) gravity theories. The SL test is an important supplement to current cosmological observations because it measures the redshift drift in the Lyman-α forest in the spectra of distant quasars, covering the “redshift desert” of 2≲z≲5. To avoid data inconsistency, we use the best-fit models based on current combined observational data as fiducial models to simulate 30 mock SL test data. We quantify the impact of these SL test data on parameter estimation for f(T) gravity theories. Two typical f(T) models are considered, the power-law model f(T)_PL and the exponential-form model f(T)_EXP. The results show that the SL test can effectively break the existing strong degeneracy between the present-day matter density Ω_m and the Hubble constant H₀ in other cosmological observations. For the considered f(T) models, a 30-year observation of the SL test can improve the constraint precision of Ω_m and H₀ enormously but cannot effectively improve the constraint precision of the model parameters.     

Radioluminescence (RL) behaviour of Al2O3:C-potential for dosimetric applications

The radioluminescence (RL) of carbon doped aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃:C) TL dosimeter material (TLD-500) was investigated using a ¹³⁷Cs conversion electron source (which also emits β and γ) for simultaneous irradiation and luminescence excitation. Furthermore, RL dosimetry characteristics of this material were studied. The main RL emission occurs at 420 nm. That matches the known main TL and OSL emissions for this material as well as an emission that was investigated in earlier RL studies, excited at higher energies (4 MeV electrons) and very high pulse delivered doses (≈800 kGy·s⁻¹). Furthermore, the saturation dose for the main peak is reached at the dose level of ≈80 Gy as known from TL and earlier RL investigations. Other peaks at 700 and 790 nm and broad emission bands at photon energies higher than 3.00 eV and others between 2.00 and 2.50 eV were observed. The 700 nm emission shows growth also at higher dose levels, and saturates at an estimated dose of ≈800 Gy. The 790 nm emission reaches its maximum intensity at ≈10 Gy absorbed dose. The reported results give an outlook to the usability and the potential of Al₂O₃:C combined with RL measurements for radiation dosimetry as well as for beta source calibration, using radioluminescence.     

Self-organization of a carbide superlattice during deposition of carbon on Mo

Formation and evolution of a carbide superlattice (SL) during C deposition on Mo have been studied using molecular beam epitaxy techniques. The ordering of the SL is energetically driven, such that the interplay between strain and surface energies determines the length scale of the SL. Surface precipitation of C occurs within a narrow range of SL spacing that appears to control the size and spacing of the precipitates leading to a possible mechanism for nucleation of single-walled carbon nanotubes.     

Diffusive growth of a single droplet with three different boundary conditions

We study a single, motionless three-dimensional droplet growing by adsorption of diffusing monomers on a 2D substrate. The diffusing monomers are adsorbed at the aggregate perimeter of the droplet with different boundary conditions. Models with both an adsorption boundary condition and a radiation boundary condition, as well as a phenomenological model, are considered and solved in a quasistatic approximation. The latter two models allow particle detachment. In the short time limit, the droplet radius grows as a power of the time with exponents of 1/4, 1/2 and 3/4 for the models with adsorption, radiation and phenomenological boundary conditions, respectively. In the long time limit a universal growth rate as is observed for the radius of the droplet for all models independent of the boundary conditions. This asymptotic behaviour was obtained by Krapivsky [#!krapquasi!#] where a similarity variable approach was used to treat the growth of a droplet with an adsorption boundary condition based on a quasistatic approximation. Another boundary condition with a constant flux of monomers at the aggregate perimeter is also examined. The results exhibit a power law growth rate with an exponent of 1/3 for all times. Received 19 July 1999     

Evaporation rates of droplet arrays in turbulent reacting flows

Studies of regularly ordered droplet arrays facilitate the analysis of local effects on evaporation rates. This work investigates, using Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS), the effects of droplet density and flow conditions on evaporation of kerosene droplets in inert and reactive convective environments. A novel model, coupling a mass conservative Level Set approach with the Ghost Fluid method, is used. The rates obtained from the DNS are compared to two evaporation models based on heat and mass transfer numbers commonly used for RANS methods and Large Eddy Simulations (LES). The results show that predictions of evaporation rates of dense sprays using these models has a limited success. The use of the 1/3-rule to calculate mixture properties results in underpredictions of the evaporation rates by around 20% to 50% in most of the cases studied. The models can only predict the DNS results accurately with errors lower than 2%, if the properties in the evaporation rate models are based on properties in the near field around the droplet. Further studies on the effects of turbulence on the evaporation process showed no evident correlation between the evaporation rates and the subgrid kinetic energy relating the effects of turbulence to vapour dispersion away from the droplet surface.     

A discrete droplet transport model for predicting spray coating patterns of an electrostatic rotary atomizer

Electrostatic spray (E-spray) coating is widely used for coating conductive substrates. The combination of a high-velocity shaping air, an imposed electric field and charged droplets, leads to higher transfer efficiency than conventional spray coating. In this paper, a mathematical model of droplet transport in E-spray is presented which enables simulating the coating deposition rate profile. A dilute spray assumption (no particle–particle interactions) allows modeling single-droplet trajectories resulting from a balance of electrostatic force, drag and inertia. Atomization of liquid droplets is not modeled explicitly—rather an empirical correlation is used for the mean droplet size while individual droplet sizes and starting locations are determined using random distributions. Strong coupling requires the electrostatic field and droplet trajectories be determined iteratively by successive substitution with relaxation. The influences of bell-cup voltage and atomization constant on the coating deposition rate profile, mass transfer efficiency and droplet trajectories are also shown. Using individually predicted droplet trajectories and impact locations, a static coating deposition rate profiles is determined. For the parametric values considered in this paper, the predicted spray is a cone hollow with no deposition in the center, a heavy ring near the center, and a tapering of thickness toward the outer edge.     

Low-density carbon material modified with pyrolytic carbon

Here we report a physicochemical investigation of low-density carbon materials modified with pyrolytic carbon (PC). Exfoliated graphite (EG) obtained by nitrate expandable graphite thermal destruction was pressed into low-density graphite materials (LDGMs) with densities of 0.045-0.50 g/cm³ and saturated with PC by impact CVI technique. LDGM infiltration with PC leads to sample weight and density growth. The amount of deposited PC strictly depends on synthesis conditions. The maximum surface and volume deposition of PC occurred for samples with density of 0.05 g/cm³. XRD, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the deposited PC is of smooth laminar (SL) type. Composite thermal conductivity is about 2-3.5 Wt/m K.