双极化频率调制微波反射计在J-TEXT托卡马克上的应用

等离子体中电子密度分布是研究等离子体物理的基础诊断之一.为了测量J-TEXT中电子密度分布,我们在J-TEXT实验装置上搭建了一套频率调制反射计.该反射计工作在Q波段与V波段,为了增加反射计密度测量范围,采用了双极化的设计,即能够同时测量寻常波模式与非寻常波模式.得益于双极化的设计,该反射计测量的电子密度范围为0—6.0×1019m-3,能够覆盖J-TEXT托卡马克的低场侧全部范围.频率调制反射计的时间分辨取决于微波系统扫描周期,由于采用了扫频速率更快的扫频固态源,整个频率扫描周期可以达到40μs.要获得完整的电子密度分布,必须先利用中频频率的跳变计算出密度零点的位置,然后使用两种极化模式的数据反演得到完整的电子密度剖面.同时,在实验中还观察到在非寻常波模式下低于右旋截止频率的微波在等离子体中也能够传播.     

CT-6托卡马克电子回旋辐射测量

本文报道了测量CT—6托卡马克二次谐波非寻常模的电子回旋辐射的实验结果及局部等离子体的电子温度Te随时间变化。通过改变装置纵场B_T值得到Te的空间分布。与硬X射线测量比较,确定了CT-6装置在电流上升阶段经常出现的逃逸电子辐射现象。本文也给出了实验中所观察到的等离子体内部MHD不稳定性所引起的辐射锯齿形扰动。     

X波段介质稳频压控振荡器的设计

介绍了X波段介质谐振器稳频、变容管调谐的微波集成场效应晶体管振荡器,叙述了利用介质谐振器的传输模设计反馈式振荡器以及对振荡器进行电调谐的设计思路,给出了测试结果。     

S波段2MeV轴耦合驻波加速管参数冷测调试

介绍了用于工业CT的S波段2MeV驻波电子直线加速管的微波冷测及调整,并详细描述了加速管频率的测量与调谐,加速管与矩形波导匹配,加速管品质因数及加速管整管场分布的测量,给出了加速管微波调试及调整的结果.结果如下:加速管的频率一致性达到±0.3MHz以内,过饱和状态下的耦合度为1.14,加速管单腔的品质因数约为120004-200,场分布的比值1:2.2:2.结果表明微波调试满足物理设计的要求.     

大孔径背景场磁体的设计与分析

基于中国聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)接头的设计要求，提供了一种大孔径背景场磁体的设计方案。构造出大孔径背景场磁体的结构，利用背景场磁体来得到相应的磁场数据，对比研究磁体的参数对磁场的影响，得出相关参数的变化规律。利用Gandalf 程序模拟计算出CFETR 接头背景场磁体的分流温度，考虑到液氦的流体力学性能，采用Gandalf 程序模拟超导股线的失超行为，估算出较为精确的最小失超能。将最小失超能作为Q₀ 值代入到程序中得出热斑温度值，分析结果表明，设计符合要求，为CFETR 高温超导接头的制作和实验提供了可靠依据。     

S波段2MeV轴耦合驻波加速管参数冷测调试

介绍了用于工业CT的S波段2MeV驻波电子直线加速管的微波冷测及调整, 并详细描述了加速管频率的测量与调谐, 加速管与矩形波导匹配, 加速管品质因数及加速管整管场分布的测量, 给出了加速管微波调试及调整的结果. 结果如下: 加速管的频率一致性达到±0.3MHz以内, 过饱和状态下的耦合度为1.14, 加速管单腔的品质因数约为12000±200, 场分布的比值1:2.2:2. 结果表明微波调试满足物理设计的要求.     

产生高β托卡马克中高能电子的电子迴旋共振加热方法

Rosenbluth等人曾建议在托卡马克外侧产生少量高能香蕉粒子就可以稳定气球模,使托卡马克过渡到第二稳定区运行。本文就设计了一种用电子迴旋共振加热(简称ECRH)在反应堆托卡马克中产生这样的高能电子的方法:在托卡马克外侧,主要沿小环θ方向射入一束具有有限N_∥和某一合适频率ω的射频波,使波束主要在一个磁面附近的窄层内传播,利用高次谐频接力式加热把处于分布函数尾部的少量电子变成这样的高能电子。用各向异性弱相对论介电系数理论作数值计算发现,当N_∥和ω取适当值时,寻常模和异常模都有明显的加热作用。 关键词：     

1.6Cell光阴极微波电子枪冷测及初步高功率实验研究

介绍了清华大学加速器实验室BNL/KEK/SHI型1.6cell微波枪调谐以及老练的初步结果. 调谐过程中, 测量了耦合孔尺寸与外部品质因数之间的关系; 给出了0模和π模的频率、单腔频率以及场分布. 目前, 该微波电子枪正在进行高功率微波老练, 给出了该枪初步的微波老练的情况及测量结果.     

一种用于高性能铷频标的大尺寸开槽管微波腔的实现

铷原子频标的频率稳定度指标在很大程度上取决于物理系统所用微波腔的特性.本文设计了一款内径为40 mm的开槽管微波腔,并在此基础上实现了一款铷频标物理系统.计算和实验测量的微波腔内微波场的方向因子分别为0.87和0.91,表明微波场磁力线与量子化轴方向高度平行.测量了物理系统的鉴频斜率和散弹噪声,据此预计这种微波腔可满足设计稳定度优于2×10^-13τ^-1/2铷频标的需求.     

HL-2A 装置上的快扫Q 波段微波反射系统研制

介绍了在HL-2A 装置上发展的一套快速扫频的Q 波段外差微波反射系统,用于高时空分辨测量等离子体边缘到约束区的电子密度分布。该系统采用外差式连续波扫频调制技术(VCO),由外部任意波电压控制,工作频率为33~50GHz,全波段扫频周期达到6μs。在台面标定中发展了VCO 源的动态标定技术,并解决了微波源及器件的非线性响应、波导的色散特性等因素造成差频频率动态范围过大的问题,使反射面固定时系统输出的差频为定频信号,有利于降低噪声干扰和数据处理。同时发展了直接相位处理技术,实现快速的电子密度分布反演。实验中用该微波反射系统测得了L 模、H 模等不同等离子体放电条件下的电子密度分布,观测ELM 爆发前后台基区的形成与垮塌过程。     

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Based on parameters of the recent zero-dimensional design of CFETR the research and design for microwave diagnostics are conducted. The reflectometry system works with a combination of both O-mode and X-mode. Besides, the measurement is conducted on high field side and low field side simultaneously in order to obtain the entire density profile. O-mode of the first harmonic of electron cyclotron emission (ECE) is used to measure the core electron temperature profile while X-mode measurement of the second harmonic can provide the edge temperature profile. In order to verify the applicability of the new technique on CFETR, a multi-band coupler based on the frequency select surfaces has been developed on EAST to offer the feasible solution for the multi-band coupling technical requirement on CFETR.     

HL-1M等离子体中ECW传播和吸收的数值分析

计算了频率在电子回旋频率附近O波和X波在HL－1M等离子体中的传播轨迹和吸收系数。研究了等离子体温度、密度和共振层位置等参数及波的入射对波迹和功率沉积分布的影响。结果表明,O波和X波能有效地被等离子体吸收,其吸收具有定域性,波的单次吸收系数较高,功率的沉积强烈地依赖等离子体参数。     

托卡马克等离子体中的电子回旋波电流驱动

通过将波迹方程与相对论情况下的完全Fokker-Planck方程联合进行求解,研究了寻常波基频电子回旋波从托卡马克等离子体中平面弱场侧发射时的电流驱动。数值结果表明:随着等离子体电子密度、温度的提高, 功率沉积和电流分布的位置将向等离子体的边缘方向偏移,并且产生的总的驱动电流随之减小;入射波极向发射角和环向发射角度的改变对功率沉积、电流分布及其大小产生明显的影响。     

Feasibility of a plasma-filled inverse free electron laseraccelerator

A high power millimeter (mm) wave, in the presence of a magnetic wiggler, produces a large longitudinal ponderomotive force that can accelerate electrons. When a plasma of density n~n_cr, where n _cr is critical density, is introduced in the interaction region, the ponderomotive force resonantly drives a plasma wave that accelerates electrons to higher energies. However, propagation of the mm wave requires a guide magnetic field; O-mode requiring less field than the X-mode. The plasma wave in this situation goes over to the upper hybrid (UH) mode. A parabolic plasma density profile with minimum on axis provides guiding for the mm wave as well as the UH wave, the latter being more strongly localized than the former. The UH wave, for typical parameters, can accelerate electrons to several tens of megaelectronvolts     

托卡马克等离子体不同平衡位形下的电子回旋波电流驱动

在给定的等离子体总电流和中心电流密度条件下,数值求解平衡方程,求出不同拉长比和三角形变因子的托卡马克等离子体温度、密度、磁场分布,然后通过求解波迹方程和Fokker-Planck方程,分别计算这些位形下的电子回旋波波迹和电流驱动.结果表明：电子回旋波X模从顶部发射时,随着拉长比的增大,波迹会向弱场侧偏移.电子回旋波X模从弱场侧发射时,电子回旋波在等离子体中传播沉积的功率份额随着拉长比的增大而增加,驱动电流位置随着三角形变因子的增大向等离子体中心移动.驱动电流位置随环向和极向发射角的减小向中心移动,对应的电流密度峰值也变大.     

Fokker-planck study of tokamak electron cyclotron resonance heating

A Fokker－Planck study is carried out for tokamak electron cyclotron resonance heating by writing the quasi-linear diffusion operator into a form adaptive to the collision operator and considering the wave absorption characteristics of both the O-mode and the X-mode in different magnetic surfaces. Though the Fokker－Planck code is non-relativistic in nature, however, if the relativistic resonance condition for the nearly perpendicularly propagating waves is treated suitably, we can obtain correct results. The energy loss mechanism through anomalous transport is also modelled using a suitable loss term. In the heating phase, the electron distribution deviates from the Maxwellian distribution substantially, which leads to non-linear absorption characteristics. The wave damping rate is non-linear and changes with time. The electron pressure is usually anisotropic under different conditions: p_{e⊥}/p_{e‖}>2 for different D_0 and τ_e.     

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A design scheme of large aperture field magnet is provided based on the design requirements of the China Fusion Engineering Testing Reactor (CFETR) joints. Using the background field magnet to get the corresponding magnetic field data, the influence of the magnet parameter on the magnetic field is compared, and the corresponding magnetic field data are obtained. Gandalf program was used to simulate the shunt temperature of CFETR field magnet under operating conditions. Considering the hydrodynamic performance of liquid helium, Gandalf program was used to simulate the quench behavior of superconducting strands and to estimate the more accurate minimum quenching energy. The minimum quench value can be used as the Q₀ value inputted into the program to obtain hot spot temperature value. The analysis shows that the design meets the requirements for the production of high temperature superconducting magnets and provide reliable basis for manufacture and experiments.     

Numerical investigation of radio-frequency negative hydrogen ion sources by a three-dimensional fluid model

A three-dimensional fluid model is developed to investigate the radio-frequency inductively coupled H2 plasma in a reactor with a rectangular expansion chamber and a cylindrical driver chamber, for neutral beam injection system in CFETR. In this model, the electron effective collision frequency and the ion mobility at high E-fields are employed, for accurate simulation of discharges at low pressures(0.3 Pa–2 Pa) and high powers(40 k W–100 k W). The results indicate that when the high E-field ion mobility is taken into account, the electron density is about four times higher than the value in the low E-field case. In addition, the influences of the magnetic field, pressure and power on the electron density and electron temperature are demonstrated. It is found that the electron density and electron temperature in the xz-plane along permanent magnet side become much more asymmetric when magnetic field enhances. However, the plasma parameters in the yz-plane without permanent magnet side are symmetric no matter the magnetic field is applied or not. Besides, the maximum of the electron density first increases and then decreases with magnetic field, while the electron temperature at the bottom of the expansion region first decreases and then almost keeps constant. As the pressure increases from 0.3 Pa to 2 Pa, the electron density becomes higher, with the maximum moving upwards to the driver region, and the symmetry of the electron temperature in the xz-plane becomes much better. As power increases, the electron density rises, whereas the spatial distribution is similar. It can be summarized that the magnetic field and gas pressure have great influence on the symmetry of the plasma parameters, while the power only has little effect.     

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在HL-2A装置的电子回旋辐射(ECE)外差测量中,为实现电子温度剖面分布的绝对测量,采用双温度法和磁场扫描法分别对扫频和多道ECE测量系统进行了标定,获得了各道间的相对标定系数,并利用等离子体中心道Thomson散射测量的电子温度对ECE测量系统进行了绝对标定。结果表明,这两种方法都能实现可靠的标定,并对两者的优劣进行了比较和讨论。