多种金属掺杂的镍基催化剂用于中温重整生物油制氢的设计

一种新的由共沉淀法合成的多种金属(铜、镁、铈)掺杂的镍基混合氧化物催化剂,在250～500 oC用于生物油高效重整制氢. 摩尔比为Ni:Cu:Mg:Ce:Al=5.6:1.1:1.9:1.0:9.9的催化剂表现出较高的催化重整活性,在传统的水蒸气重整模式和500 oC条件下,氢产率达82.8%;电催化重整模式中,在400 oC 和3.1 A,氢产率达91.1%.ECR模式中重整温度和通过催化剂电流促进生物油的重整和热裂解.另外催化剂在300～600 oC显示出较高的水煤气变化反应活性,生物油重整过程中催化剂性质的变化利用ICP、XRD、XPS和BET进行了表征. 生物油重整机理基于基元反应、催化剂表征进行了讨论.     

用低温电催化重整方法和CoZnAl催化剂进行低温生物油重整制氢

利用电化学催化重整方法和CoZnAl催化剂实现了高效的生物油重整制氢过程．研究了电流强度对氢气产率、碳转化率以及产物分布的影响．结果表明,通过催化剂的电流对氢气产量和碳转化率都有明显的促进作用,在500 oC低温重整条件下氢气产率和碳转化率分别达到大约70%和85%．此外,用XRD、XPS、TGA和BET研究了电流对催化剂的结构和性能的影响．结果表明,通电催化床中热电子对生物油中含氧有机物的重整反应起着重要的促进作用．     

在Ni/HZSM-5催化剂上低温水蒸汽重整生物油制氢

利用浸渍方法制备的Ni/HZSM-5催化剂在生物油低温水蒸汽重整合成中表现了较高的催化活性． 探讨了催化剂的组成、重整温度、水碳比例对重整过程的影响．在电催化重整研究中,发现催化剂上通过的电流可以显著地促进生物油水蒸汽重整．通过对不同负载量的Ni/HZSM-5催化剂和Ni₂₀/Al₂O₃催化剂的催化活性的比较,NiO在催化剂中负载量为20%(Ni₂₀/ZSM)时表现出了最高的催化活性; 即使在450 oC时, 在Ni₂₀/ZSM催化剂上也可以达到碳转化率接近完全, 氢气产率约为90%的效果． 利用XRD、ICP/AES、H₂-TPR、BET等表征手段对Ni/HZSM-5催化剂的形态和结构进行了表征.     

电流对苯甲醚电催化重整过程的影响

用电催化重整方法和NiCuZn-Al₂O₃催化剂进行生物油模型化合物苯甲醚的水蒸气重整制氢研究,结果表明,在700 oC和4 A条件下,获得的最高碳转化率和氢产率分别为98.3%和88.7%,电催化重整过程中发现的电流促进效应主要归结于重整反应床中温度分布的改变和电阻丝发射的热电子影响. 利用X射线衍射方法分析了反应前后的NiCuZn-Al₂O₃催化剂结构变化. 实验导出的苯甲醚重整反应表观活化能为99.54 kJ/mol,明显高于乙醇、乙酸和生物油轻质组分的重整反应表观活化能.     

生物油及生物质炭电催化制氢

报道了以生物质热裂解产物-生物油和生物质炭为原料,利用双固定床反应器和电催化水蒸气重整方法高效制氢过程研究．获得的最大绝对氢产率达到110.9 g H₂/1 kg干生物质,气相产物包括72%H₂、26%CO₂、1.9%CO和痕量的CH₄．研究了添加生物质炭对生物油制氢效果的影响,以及重整反应温度、通入催化床的电流等反应条件对生物油和生物质炭制氢效果的影响．结果表明,生物质炭的添加使绝对氢产率增加了大约20%～45%,提     

用NiCuZnAl催化剂最大化生物油自热水蒸汽重整制氢

在较低的温度下,通过将放热的部分氧化反应和吸热的水蒸汽重整反应耦合起来的自热方式实现了高效的制氢过程. 在氧碳比(O/C)为0.34,水碳比(S/C)为3,温度为600 oC时生物油接近完全转化,得到最高氢产率为64.3%. 自热水蒸汽重整反应条件温度、O/C、S/C、质量空速等可以用来控制反应氢产率和气体产物分布. 对自热过程和普通水蒸汽重整过程做了比较,并对反应机理进行了探讨.     

含氧有机物催化重整制备纯氢

研究了一种新的利用含氧化合物制备纯氢的催化变换过程,该过程耦合了含氧化合物的催化重整、水煤气变换反应和CO₂去除步骤. 详细研究了重整催化剂的筛选、反应条件以及不同的含氧化合物催化重整行为. 利用所述集成方法获得的最高氢气浓度为99.96vol%和最大转化率为97.1mol%. 此外,通过含氧化合物的解离、催化重整和水煤气变换反应研究,探讨了含氧化合物制备纯氢的相关反应路径.     

催化剂的性质对超临界乙醇条件下热解木质素液化的影响

研究了在超临界乙醇中、氢气存在下,一系列金属-酸双功能催化剂的酸性、孔径大小、负载的金属对热解木质素加氢裂解过程的影响．制备并采用N₂等温吸附和BET比表面、X射线衍射、NH₃-程序升温脱附技术对催化剂进行表征．实验结果表明催化剂酸性增强可促进热解木质素的缩聚反应,从而产生大量的焦炭和水,导致其液化效率降低．微孔催化剂比介孔催化剂孔径小,与强酸共同作用会导致热解木质素裂解生成更多的小分子气体．在催化剂上负载金属Ru可有效地抑制热解木质素的缩聚反应,促进其裂解液化．     

粗生物油催化裂解制取低碳轻烯烃

利用La/HZSM-5催化剂,研究了催化裂解粗生物油及其模型化合物(包括甲醇、乙醇、乙酸、丙酮和苯酚)制取轻烯烃的过程. 获得的最大轻烯烃产率为0.19 kg/kg粗生物油. 研究表明,温度、重时空速和镧对HZSM-5分子筛的改性等因素可用来调制烯烃产率和选择性. 分子筛中添加镧,可适当的调节催化剂酸度和强弱酸位比例,从而提高烯烃选择性、产率和催化剂稳定性. 生物油制备轻烯烃的效率与原料的化学成分和氢碳有效比(H/Ce? )密切相关. 此外,比较了粗生物油催化裂解和热裂解过程,同时利用模型化合物研究了生物油转化为轻烯烃的相关反应历程和机理.     

Pore size control of Pitch-based activated carbon fibers by pyrolytic deposition of propylene

In this paper, we attempted to narrow the pore size of Pitch-based activated carbon fiber (Pitch-ACF) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of propylene at 700 °C. The BET equation was used to estimate the specific surface areas. The micropore volumes were determined using DR equation, t-plot and _s-plot, and mesopore surface areas were determined by t-plot and _s-plot. The pore size distribution (PSD) of micropores and mesopore was investigated by micropore analysis method (MP method) and MK method, respectively. The relation between the graphite-like crystal interlayer distance and pore size was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the pore size of Pitch-ACF was gradually narrowed with increasing deposition time. The catalytic activation of Ni was attempted when Pitch-ACF was modified simultaneously by pyrolysis of propylene. The results obtained from the analysis of PSD of micropores, mesopores and macropores in Ni–P-ACF by density function theory (DFT) showed that the pore structure and surface chemistry were greatly changed due to introducing nickel catalyst.     

生物油催化裂解转化制取三苯

通过不同孔特征的分子筛(HZSM-5、HY沸石和MCM-41)实现生物油催化转化为三苯(苯、甲苯和对甲苯). 基于三苯的产率和选择性,芳香化合物逐次降低顺序为: HZSM-5>MCM-41>HY沸石.用HZSM-5催化裂解生物油产生芳香化合物的最大产率为33.1%,选择性为86.4%. 研究了反应条件对生物油催化裂解的影响,结合催化剂表征结果,讨论了催化剂的结构与性能之间的关系.     

Ultrasound assisted co-precipitation synthesis and catalytic performance of mesoporous nanocrystalline NiO-Al2O3 powders

Mesoporous nanocrystalline NiO-Al₂O₃ powders with high surface area were synthesized via ultrasound assisted co-precipitation method and the potential of the selected samples as catalyst was investigated in dry reforming reaction for preparation of synthesis gas. The prepared samples were characterized by N₂ adsorption (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Temperature programmed reduction and oxidation (TPR, TPO) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The effects of pH, power of ultrasound irradiation, aging time and calcination temperature on the textural properties of the catalysts were studied. The sample prepared under specified conditions (pH10, 70 W, without aging time and calcined at 600 °C) exhibited the highest surface area (249.7 m² g⁻¹). This catalyst was calcined at different temperature and employed in dry reforming of methane and the catalytic results were compared with those obtained over the catalysts prepared by impregnation and co-precipitation methods. The results showed that the catalyst prepared by ultrasound assisted co-precipitation method exhibited higher activity and stability with lower degree of carbon formation compared to catalysts prepared by co-precipitation and impregnation methods.     

A comparative study for the electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohol on Pt-Au nanoparticle-supported copolymer-grafted graphene oxide composite for fuel cell application

The platinum-gold bimetallic nanoparticles supported poly(cyclotriphosphazene-co-benzidine)-grafted graphene oxide (poly(CP-co-BZ)-g-GO) composite has been prepared for electrochemical performance studies. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometric studies were carried out to check the electrochemical properties of Pt-Au/poly(CP-co-BZ)-g-GO and Pt/poly(CP-co-BZ)-g-GO catalysts for methanol, ethylene glycol and glycerol in alkaline medium. The morphology and crystalline structure of the prepared Pt-Au/poly(CP-co-BZ)-g-GO and Pt/poly(CP-co-BZ)-g-GO and catalysts have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). From the electrochemical results, it was concluded that Pt-Au/poly(CP-co-BZ)-g-GO catalyst shows higher catalytic activity and stability compared to Pt/poly(CP-co-BZ)-g-GO catalyst. The catalytic activity of Pt/poly(CP-co-BZ)-g-GO catalyst has been compared with Pt/poly(CP-co-BZ), Pt/GO and Pt/C catalysts. In addition, oxidation current of ethylene glycol is higher than the methanol and glycerol in alkaline medium on the prepared catalyst.     

镍基金属有机骨架催化制藻基生物航油

本文研制了镍基金属有机骨架催化剂,考察了其催化微藻生物质及其水热提取油脂进行脱氧断键制航油性能。当金属有机骨架负载镍金属后,碳氧钴元素含量降低而镍元素含量提升到22.25%。由于金属骨架中钴的电子部分转移给成功担载的镍金属,故催化微藻亚临界水热提取油脂制航油的转化率和选择性分别达到90.51%和37.83%,显著高于微藻生物质直接催化转化效果。以微藻油脂的典型成分十六烷酸为例,量子化学计算揭示了其脱氧断键的竞争反应机理:Ni-H加成到羰基碳原子使得羰基碳与α位碳的键长由0.08007 nm拉长为0.08132 nm,有助于十六烷酸脱羧;同时Ni-H加成到羰基碳原子上的反应焓变为-40.8 kJ/mol,低于Ni-H加成到羰基氧原子上的158.8 kJ/mol,故脱羧反应更倾向于沿Ni-H加成到羰基碳原子的路径进行。     

Electrochemical behaviour of oxygen at nickel nest cathodic material with catalyst La1−xSrxCoO3

The reduction of oxygen in the three phases gas–liquid–solid using a nickel nest as electrode with a La_1−xSr_xCoO₃ (x=0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1) series of combined oxides as a catalyst in different electrolytes of acidic H₃PO₄ or alkaline KOH, NaOH or LiOH solution at a fixed optimum oxygen flow-rate at room temperature was studied by the electrochemical method. The electrochemical parameters, such as electron transfer coefficient and exchange current density, were also determined. The La_1−xSr_xCoO₃ series of catalysts was synthesized by a solid-state reaction. XRD was used to confirm the structure of the catalyst. BET, EDS and resistivity measurements were used to investigated the electrochemical behaviour of the cathodic reduction of oxygen in the presence of the catalyst. SEM was also used to inspect the change before and after the reaction with the catalyst. The electron transfer coefficients, β, from the experiments with the various catalysts in the different alkaline electrolytes were determined as follows:

β(in KOH)>β(in NaOH)>β(in LiOH).

It was discovered that La_0.7Sr_0.3CoO₃ as a catalyst has a higher catalytic activity, a higher specific surface area, lower electrical resistivity, better stability and less agglomeration. Therefore, the above catalyst is the best catalyst for oxygen reduction of those studied.     

生物油制备生物质氢气和生物质燃料

研究了一种以生物质裂解油为原料制备氢气和生物燃料的催化转化过程。该过程包括生物油催化裂解制备氢气和生物合成气,合成气的调变,烯烃聚合和费脱合成耦合制备生物燃料。在优化反应条件下,氢气产率达到120.9 g H₂/（kg bio-oil）,烯烃聚合-费脱合成耦合反应形成的生物燃料产率达到526.1 g/（kg bio-syngas）。基于产物分析和催化剂特性表征,探讨了生物燃料合成过程中的反应路径和化学反应过程.     

原位DRIFTS研究CH4部分氧化和CO2重整的耦合

8%Ru-5?/γ-Al2O3催化剂对于甲烷的低温活化具有较好的催化活性,在500℃下甲烷、二氧化碳和氧气的耦合反应中,吸热反应二氧化碳重整和放热反应甲烷部分氧化进行耦合强化,使得耦合反应中的甲烷转化率为38.8%。用原位漫反射傅里叶红外光谱法对钌系催化剂耦合甲烷部分氧化和二氧化碳重整反应体系机理进行研究。CO在8%Ru-5?/γ-Al2O3上吸附,表明CO在催化剂表面上波数为2 167 cm-1(2 118 cm-1)和2031 cm-1(2 034 cm-1)处形成孪生态Ru(CO)2和Ce(CO)2吸附物种,而且高温下CO吸附物种很容易从催化剂表面脱附出来。原位漫反射红外实验结果表明甲烷部分氧化反应时催化剂表面上有吸附物种碳酸根、甲酰基(甲酸盐)和一氧化碳的形成,其中表面的甲酰基和甲酸盐物种是甲烷部分氧化反应的主要活性中间物,这些中间活性中间体由甲烷吸附态CHx和催化剂表面的氧吸附态结合而形成的,随后这种中间物种再分解为CO产物;甲烷和二氧化碳重整反应时没有新的吸附物种产生,由此提出重整反应的机理是吸附态的甲烷和二氧化碳在催化剂活性中心上进行活化解离而生成合成气;甲烷、二氧化碳和氧气耦合反应过程中出现新的羟基物种(桥式羟基Ru-(OH)2),耦合反应机理复杂可能是由部分氧化和重整两类反应机理的复合,其中桥式羟基Ru-(OH)2参与了反应的进行。     

用不同类型的分子筛催化剂催化转化生物油制烯烃

研究了用一系列不同类型的分子筛催化剂催化转化制取低碳烯烃的过程,测试的催化剂包括HZSM-5、MCM-41、SAPO- 34和Y型分子筛．按照低碳烯烃的绝对收率和选择性,催化剂的活性排序为：HZSM-5>SAPO-34>MCM-41>Y型分子筛．研究表明,使用HZSM-5分子筛催化剂,获得的生物油最大低碳烯烃收率约为0.22 kg/(kg生物油),低碳烯烃的选择性约为50%,且生物油几乎实现完全转化．同时还研究了反应条件对生物油制低碳烯烃的影响．为了弄清催化剂结构与和低碳烯烃形成之间的关系,对相关催化剂进行了详细表征,对生物油热裂解和催化裂解过程进行了详细比较．     

含湿量对甲烷湿空气自热重整积碳特性的影响

微动力装置中碳氢燃料催化燃烧被认为是有效的方法,但燃烧室内燃料催化重整普遍存在由积碳导致的催化剂失活等问题.本文采用数值方法研究了微细腔中甲烷湿空气在镍基催化剂上的自热重整反应,重点分析含湿量对甲烷自热重整反应及积碳特性的影响.结果表明:含湿量将增强甲烷重整反应;自热反应散热量和表面积碳浓度均随含湿量增加而降低.混合物...     

Mesoporous titania-alumina mixed oxide: A preliminary study on synthesis and application in selective catalytic reduction of NOx

Titania-alumina mixed oxide was synthesized hydrothermally using tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) as the template. The dried, calcined and palladium loaded samples were characterized for particle morphology, weight loss, nitrogen adsorption/desorption at liquid nitrogen temperature, texture and metal dispersion. The Pd loaded material was tested for NO reduction in a fixed bed catalytic reactor using a simulated gas mixture closely resembling lean burn engine exhaust. Scanning electron microscopy of the dried and calcined samples revealed a well developed tubular fibrous network of titania-alumina. Thermogravimetry (TG) of the dried sample indicated about 16% weight loss due to decomposition of an oxy-hydroxide structure of the material, mostly boehmite, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The boehmite phase changed to poorly crystalline γ-alumina upon calcination where as titania remained as anatase. BET specific surface area, adsorption-desorption isotherms and BJH pore size distributions indicated formation of a mesoporous structure. The surface area of the dried material increased when calcined at 600 °C but the pore size distribution patterns for the dried, calcined and palladium dispersed materials remained unchanged. These observations along with TG and XRD analyses suggest that a thermo-resistant, mesoporous, high surface area, crystalline titania-alumina framework can be prepared using the hydrothermal synthesis route. A peak NOx conversion of 75% with the palladium dispersed catalyst indicates high catalytic activity, possibly due to high dispersion of Pd confirmed by CO chemisorption studies.