CCD成像在线测量玻璃管外径及壁厚方法的研究

根据平行光透过玻璃管的折射规律，提出用ＣＣＤ成像在线测量玻璃管外径壁厚的新方法，并用计算机进行模拟，导出数理模型，最后用设计的实验测量系统证明了该方案的可行性。     

全景结构光视觉测量通用畸变校正模型

现有的结构光视觉测量系统中,相机和结构光投射器安装在玻璃管内部以实现全景测量,但玻璃管会导致光发生折射而带来畸变。针对上述畸变,分析了光线在两个圆柱形表面折射的过程,研究了两个异面的折射平面所带来的畸变,建立了一种全景结构光视觉测量通用畸变校正模型。采用全景结构光视觉测量系统对内径为288.50 mm的铝管进行测量,基于全景结构光视觉测量通用畸变校正模型计算铝管的内径。实验结果表明,系统的重复性精度为0.047 mm,测量精度为0.23 mm,系统具有较好的稳定性和可靠性,所提出的全景结构光视觉测量通用畸变校正模型具有较高的准确性。     

超光速光脉冲在NEC实验成功

７月 ２０ 日,日本ＮＥＣ公司北美研究所的科研小组在《自然》杂志发表论文,宣布超光速光脉冲实验成功。 实验把激光射过一个长６ｃｍ密封着铯原子气的玻璃管,对铯原子气的状态进行调整后,在测量光从一端到另一端时,出现一奇妙现象。通常光通过这个６ｃｍ的玻璃管需要０．２ｎｓ,但现测结果显示,比这个时间提前６２ｎｓ时光脉冲的波峰部分就出现在玻璃管的另一端。这就是说,本来在一 ０．２ｎｓ的时间里应运动 ６ｃｍ的光,在铯原子环境里跑了２０ｍ。 过去也曾有过超光速现象实验的报告,但这次超光速现象是表现在完整的光脉冲上。…     

大气气溶胶消光系数测量新方法

利用光在镀膜玻璃管中传输的特点,介绍了一种测量大气气溶胶消光系数的新方法。该方法将某一波长的光以一定角度入射到充满气溶胶的玻璃管中,经管壁的多次折返大大增加了光程,气溶胶对光的衰减信息可以通过玻璃管两端的探测器测量得到,利用比值计算方法消除光电转换过程中因光强波动、管壁不均匀以及分子散射等带来的测量误差,提高了气溶胶消光系数测量的灵敏度。将用该方法测量气溶胶在波长550nm上的消光系数,与能见度仪测量结果对比表明此方法测量结果是合理的,且该方法具有原理简单、操作方便等特点。     

巧取玻璃管中的煤油

初中物理讲液体内部压强时，安排了“验证静止液体内部压强公式Ｐ＝ρgh”这一学生实验，往往许多任课老师担心煤油取不出来，或是煤油沾到手上味道难闻，有时就“纸上谈兵”，让学生自我领会．我通过摸索，掌握了几种取出煤油的巧法．方法一测量结束，把玻璃缸和注有煤油的玻璃管同时向一侧倾斜，用预先准备好的两容器分别同时接收水和煤油；方法二用规格适中的注射器伸入玻璃管中抽取煤油．方法三用一比玻璃管稍长一些的胶头滴管伸入其中吸取煤油．巧取玻璃管中的煤油@刘淑芳$江苏通州市西亭镇实验室!226301     

细截面金属丝的线胀系数的测定

各种材料的金属丝在市场上容易购得，所以本线胀系数测定实验采用细截面金属丝．实验装置如图１所示．在待测金属丝上用刀刃压出两个痕迹，测量出两压痕间距ｌ，然后该金属丝的一端固定在玻璃管下端橡胶塞上，另一端穿过玻璃管，玻璃导管和滑轮与砝码相连．砝码的作用是使玻璃管内的金属丝保持直线状态，因此砝码的重力尽可能小一些为宜，所加砝码量能使金属丝保持直线即可．在未通恒温水时，用温度计测出玻璃管内的温度Ｔ１，用移测显微镜测量两压痕位置Ａ１，Ｂ１．然后接通恒温水，待温度稳定后测出玻璃管内的温度Ｔ２和两压痕的位置Ａ２…     

对焦耳定律实验的改进

为了验证焦耳定律Q=I^2Rt，传统的实验方法是用两个同样的烧瓶，里边充满液体，在瓶口塞上带有玻璃管的橡皮塞，根据玻璃管中液柱上升的高低判断烧瓶内电阻丝通过电流时发热量的多少，但是如此做实验存在不少困难：一是液柱在玻璃管中上升很慢，耽误很长时间；二是完成一项实验后在做后一项实验前要等玻璃管中液柱降回原来高度，这就更耽误时间了，而课堂时间有限，一节课难以完成任务，针对此实验的不足之处，笔者进行了一点点改进。     

基于锥形单玻璃管X射线聚焦镜表征X射线光源参数

X射线光源的焦斑尺寸和焦深对X射线光谱学,尤其是对于微区X射线衍射与荧光分析等领域十分重要的参数。如何高效而准确的表征这些参数对于X射线光源的应用和发展至关重要。现有的光源参数表征方法,尤其在表征微焦斑光源的参数时,都存在自身的局限性。锥形单玻璃管X射线聚焦镜是一种常用的X射线聚焦器件。根据锥形单玻璃管X射线聚焦镜滤波特性和几何特点,分析得到聚焦镜的聚焦光能量上限的大小受到光源焦斑尺寸的影响,提出这个能量上限与光源尺寸和光源到聚焦镜入口的距离之间的数学关系。设计了一种基于锥形单玻璃管X射线聚焦镜的表征X射线光源参数的方法。对锥形单玻璃管X射线聚焦镜的参数进行测量和确定后,将聚焦镜放置要测量的光源前,与光源形成聚焦光路。在光路准直并确保只有在聚焦镜内发生单次全反射的X射线射出聚焦镜的情况下,通过改变聚焦镜与光源焦斑距离并利用能谱探测系统来探测聚焦光并得到多个对应的聚焦光能谱。对所得能谱进行计算与分析,得到各能谱中的能量最大值,即聚焦光的能量上限。利用聚焦光能量上限、光源焦斑尺寸和光源到聚焦镜的距离之间的关系并结合线性拟合法,可同时得到光源焦斑尺寸和焦深。选用制造商给出焦斑尺寸约60 μm,焦深为20 mm的微焦斑钼靶光源作为测量对象,利用基于锥形单玻璃管X射线聚焦镜的表征方法测量的结果为焦斑尺寸为60.1 μm,焦深为19.7 mm。用小孔成像法表征该光源焦斑尺寸为60.3 μm,焦深为20.1 mm。相较于现有的方法,基于锥形单玻璃管X射线聚焦镜的表征X射线光源参数方法对表征微焦斑光源有一定优势,对表征高能X射线光源有潜在发展和利用价值。     

对2201气垫式弹簧振子的改进

２２０１气垫式弹簧振子的气源是Ｊ２６１３皮唧．由于皮唧提供的气量小且不均匀，因此，实验很难成功．我们把皮唧换成Ｊ２１２６小型气源，但气源的出口口径大而振子的进口口径小，我们用橡皮塞和玻璃管将两者连通，做法如下．先在橡皮塞中间钻个孔，将一根玻璃管插入（玻璃管与振子上的乳胶管配套），然后将橡皮塞塞入气源的送气管内，并用铁丝扎紧（使其不流气），再将玻璃管的另一端与气垫的乳胶管连接．通过改进后，由于供气足，实验效果及佳．对2201气垫式弹簧振子的改进@顾新梅$浙江湖州师范学校!313000     

托里拆利实验的改进装置二则(二)

将两根玻璃管分别插入橡皮塞的两个小孔内 ,长玻璃管的另一端套上一段大小适度的橡皮管 ,用细线扎紧不漏气 ,如图 2 .在瓶内倒入适量的水银 ,塞紧橡皮塞 .将广口瓶向着长玻璃管的方向慢慢倾斜 ,同时将长玻璃管上的橡皮管管口向上 ,使之高于广口瓶内的水银面 ,这时长玻璃管灌满了水银 ,橡皮管内也有少量的水银 .此时 ,玻璃管内的空气被全部排出 ,然后用夹子在玻璃管附近有水银的橡皮管处夹住 ,再把橡皮管折过来用夹子夹紧 ,防止漏气 .慢慢将广口瓶、玻璃管竖直放置 ,玻璃管的上方将出现真空 .当水银柱稳定后 ,用刻度尺测量出玻璃管内水银面与…     

Radiation heat transfer in axisymmetric quartz glass tubes

A mathematical model is proposed to describe the heat transfer in quartz glass axisymmetric tubes. Heat is transferred inside the glass by radiation and conduction. Scattering of thermal radiation inside the glass is ignored. At the boundaries of the tube the radiative intensity is specularly reflected. The spectral dependent radiative intensity and the temperature distribution inside the tube are determined. The model is applied to simulate the cooling process of a quartz glass tube. The calculated temperature is in agreement with that obtained from an experiment. Furthermore, steady-state temperature distributions in quartz glass tubes of different lengths have been determined.     

基于CCD的石英玻璃管壁厚在线检测系统研究

提出了一种用于石英玻璃管壁厚非接触测量的光电检测技术,研制了石英玻璃管壁厚在线检测系统。在确定检测总体方案的基础上,进行了石英玻璃管厚度检测原理、发射光学系统、CCD器件选择和数据处理系统的研究。根据几何光学中反射与折射定律,利用三角关系建立了石英玻璃管壁厚和光束宽度之间的关系。对实验结果进行了误差分析,验证了方案的可行性,系统测量精度优于±0．01mm。系统调试和实际测量结果表明,研制的系统满足在线非接触测量要求。     

Interaction of a low-pressure mercury discharge with the discharge tube wall

The darkening of soda-lime glass envelopes of low-pressure mercury discharge tubes has nothing to do with the formation of sodium amalgam on the inner surface of the tube. It is, however, connected with the diffusion of mercury ions into the glass of the tube. By applying a high negative voltage to part of the outer surface of a burning tube a sodium depleted region is created at the corresponding part of the inner surface. After removal of the high-voltage electrode and continued normal operation the rate of darkening of the sodium-depleted part of the tube is about 50 times larger than the rate observed for the normal parts of the same tube.     

Current and Charge Distributions along an Antenna in a Cylinder of Cold Plasma

The analysis of the insulated antenna in a relatively dense medium is modified to apply to a thin cylindrical dipole antenna (radius a, length 2h) in a glass tube filled with a homogeneous cold plasma. Account is taken of the finite radius b of the plasma column and of the thickness (c - b) of the containing tube. Complex wave numbers, distributions of current and charge, and driving-point admittances have been calculated for dipoles with electrical lengths up to two wavelengths with 3 ? b/a ? 28, 0.75 ? (?p/?)2 ? 1.05, and 0.01 ? ?/?p ? 0.10. The effect of the thickness and permittivity of the glass tube on the wave number and admittance is determined. Numerous graphs and tables are provided.     

Measurement of optical signals as a plasma propagation in the atmospheric pressure plasma jet columns

The propagation of plasma jets with argon gas is characterized in terms of two factors, the effect of electric field distribution along the tube and the effect of voltage polarity, from the observed results of optical signals along the entire column of plasma. The optical signal of plasma propagates from the high electric-field region of high-voltage electrode toward the low field region of the open air-space, regardless of the polarity of the voltage. The optical intensity and the propagation velocity are higher for the positive voltage than for the negative voltage. Moreover, the length of plasma plume exited from the end of the glass tube into the open air is shorter for the negative voltage. When the optical intensity is strong enough, a secondary peak signal follows the primary peak. In the plasma column on the inside of the glass tube, the optical intensity and the propagation velocity depend on the strength of the electric field; they are both high at the high-field region of voltage terminal and decay toward the end of the tube. The velocity is as fast as 10⁴ m/s at the high-field region and slows down to 10³ m/s at the low-field region of the glass-tube end. However, the plasma accelerates drastically to be (10⁴–10⁵) m/s after exiting the glass tube toward open air, even though the electric field is a quite low and thus the optical signal decays low before fading out. The experimental observations present in this report are explained with the propagation of the plasma diffusion waves.     

The modified method of measuring the complex transmission coefficient of multilayer acoustical panel in impedance tube

In order to improve the measuring precision of complex transmission coefficients in impedance tube, the influence that comes from the transmission-reflection wave in the transmission tube is analyzed, and the modified formulas of complex reflection and complex transmission coefficients are proposed. With the experiment of organic glass, it can be confirmed that the modified formulas are useful and can decrease the demand of the tube end. Through the measurement of the complex transmission coefficients of multilayer acoustical panel, the complex transmission coefficients of multilayer both forward and backward incidences are definitely the same in theory either normal or oblique incidence. When sound wave is normal incidence, the method is also verified to be correct with experiments in impedance tube.     

Non-Uniform Onset of Nucleate Flow Boiling of R-134a Inside a Glass Minichannel

The present work is an experimental investigation of the incipient boiling of R134a inside a circular glass minichannel mounted horizontally and equipped with a series of transparent indium tin oxide heaters. The effects of heat flux input levels and refrigerant mass fluxes on the onset nucleate boiling process and on the saturated boiling heat transfer rate are quantitatively explored. The flow pattern visualizations, carried on by means of a high-speed camera, show that the nucleation process is oddly non-uniform: the first vapor bubbles are always generated on the upper side of the tube and lead to a first wall temperature drop. A further increase in the heat flux values results in an increased wall superheat until bubble nucleation also originates on the lower side of the tube, causing a second wall temperature drop. Finally, at higher heat input levels, the boiling process becomes uniformly distributed on the inner tube surface. This phenomenon occurred also after a 180° rotation of the glass tube, and, after a critical analysis of the potential origins, it remains presently unexplained. An evaluation of heat transfer coefficients for low vapor quality regimes is finally presented.     

On the theory of pneumotransport of beads in cold neutron moderator of the IBR-2 reactor

The paper presents some aspects of pneumotransport theory of solid ball motion along a pipeline of complex geometry having application for the pelletized cold moderator of the IBR-2 reactor. Motion equations for a ball carrying by gas flow along a round tube both smooth and rough, are obtained. Aerodynamics forces and momentum of forces, acting on the ball depending on its velocity are defined on the base of numerical modeling of ball movement, and analytical simplified model of pneumotransport of balls along round tube is created. This model meets the demand for practical application as it shows satisfactory agreement with experimental modelling of ball movement in a glass tube. One of important results of the work is giving proofs of irregular movement of ball along a tube stipulated by roughness of the tube side.