基于微脉冲激光雷达计算整层大气气溶胶光学厚度

基于微脉冲激光雷达测量数据,提出了利用气溶胶标高计算整层大气气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)的算法。首先利用激光雷达垂直和水平测量数据分别反演得到气溶胶垂直消光系数廓线和近地面水平方向的消光系数;然后将气溶胶垂直消光系数廓线分为4种类型,分别按照不同的方法拟合得到气溶胶标高;最后将气溶胶标高与近地面消光系数相结合,可得到整层大气AOD。将计算结果与同一地区相同时刻太阳光度计的测量结果相比较,发现二者具有较好的一致性,平均相对误差不超过6.7%。所提方法为白天少云和夜晚时段大气AOD的反演提供了一种新的技术手段。     

差分吸收光谱技术监测气溶胶消光系数的误差分析

给出了在利用差分吸收光谱技术监测大气气溶胶消光系数时确定测量误差的方法。分析了光源变化、探测器积分时间间隔、大气湍流、系统参数校正、测量系统位移以及粒子后向散射等可能对测量结果产生影响的因素,通过理论分析和实际测量确定气溶胶消光系数误差为0.03 km-1。     

基于双视场激光雷达的气溶胶水平分布观测

在自主研制的便携式双视场米散射气溶胶激光雷达（DFOV激光雷达）基础上,探索双视场激光雷达信号拼接思路,利用“斜率-Fernald”方法反演了气溶胶水平消光系数,进而获取了DFOV激光雷达对气溶胶水平消光系数的扫描分布。首先,对雷达回波信号分段运用斜率法,求解最优的气溶胶消光系数、后向散射系数以及相对应的参考距离,然后将该参考点处的后向散射系数代入“Fernald方法”的前后向积分解中,进而得到整条廓线的消光系数。该方法有效避免了“斜率法”中大气均匀的前提假设和消光系数负值的问题,也有效避免了“Fernald方法”对参考点的限制和要求。在获取水平消光系数后,通过拟合近地面空气质量监测点位过顶时刻DFOV激光雷达测量的气溶胶消光系数与PM₁₀质量浓度ρ(PM₁₀)之间的关系,相关性达到0.91。将此定量关系传递至激光雷达扫描的消光系数结果中,可得到气溶胶质量浓度的水平分布,定量反演大气中颗粒物的分布,用于研究近地面大气污染成因、机理和污染来源分析,为DFOV激光雷达进一步应用于城市区域大气污染定量评价和区域空气质量三维模式同化分析研究提供定量的数据支撑。     

大气气溶胶消光系数检测系统设计

利用半导体激光器照射大气气溶胶试样后光强衰减得到大气气溶胶消光系数。光束经过气溶胶后检测透射方向的光强值,经光电转换、信号调理、AD采样后根据朗伯比尔定理计算气溶胶消光系数。采用双通道测量气溶胶消光系数的方法,减小了由于半导体激光器光强不稳定和大气分子对测量结果的影响。对设计的系统以不同浓度的气溶胶进行了检测,其线性度良好,相对误差小于4%。所设计的大气气溶胶检测装置体积小、操作简单、探测速度快,对监测大气污染和能见度等有一定的应用价值。     

多轴差分吸收光谱技术反演气溶胶消光系数垂直廓线

研究了多轴差分吸收光谱技术(MAX-DOAS)的气溶胶消光系数垂直廓线反演算法. 该算法应用非线性最优估算法, 通过MAX-DOAS测量的氧的二聚体(O₄), 反演气溶胶消光系数垂直廓线和光学厚度(AOD). 首先研究了非线性最优估算法中权重函数、先验廓线协方差矩阵、测量不确定度协方差矩阵的计算方法, 针对中国气溶胶浓度较高且变化剧烈的特征, 设计了非线性迭代方案. 然后在低气溶胶、高气溶胶和抬高型气溶胶三种状态下, 通过计算机仿真模拟验证了MAX-DOAS气溶胶消光系数垂直分布反演算法, 讨论了误差来源. 之后在合肥地区开展了连续观测实验, 并将反演的AOD与CE318太阳光度计对比, 两者的相关性系数达到了0.94. AOD反演的相对误差约为20%. 又将反演的最低层(0–0.3 km)气溶胶消光系数与能见度仪对比, 两者的相关性系数为0.65. 近地面气溶胶消光系数反演的总相对误差约为10%. 模拟验证和对比实验均说明本文研究的气溶胶消光系数垂直廓线反演算法可以较好地获取对流层的气溶胶状态. 关键词： 多轴差分吸收光谱 气溶胶消光系数垂直廓线 气溶胶光学厚度 最优估算法     

基于Madaline网络的气溶胶消光系数反演算法

运用激光雷达监测气溶胶是大气环境监测的一项重要内容,通过激光雷达方程可以反演得到气溶胶消光系数,并进而获得气溶胶的其他特性。然而传统方法在反演气溶胶消光系数时需要很多假设,使得反演精度受到很大限制。提出了一种利用多层自适应线性(Madaline)人工神经网络来反演气溶胶消光系数的方法,通过对网络进行训练,可由激光雷达回波信号直接反演气溶胶消光系数,从而可有效避免传统方法的诸多假设。对比实验表明该方法使反演精度大大提高,获得了很好的反演结果。     

我国西北地区气溶胶垂直分布特征分析

气溶胶标高是反映气溶胶浓度和消光系数廓线垂直分布特性的一个重要物理量.使用微脉冲激光雷达测量了我国西北典型地区的气溶胶消光系数廓线;使用太阳光度计测量了大气的垂直光学厚度;对测量数据进行拟合,得到了气溶胶标高.结果表明,两种方法得到的气溶胶标高具有很好的线性相关性,相关系数大于0.87.对该地区的气溶胶标高进行了统计分析,得到气溶胶标高随时间、地域及气候条件的变化关系.该研究对了解西北地区的气溶胶变化特征和建立气溶胶模式具有一定的参考意义.     

双光路DOAS系统获取大气颗粒物粒谱分布方法研究

当前大气复合污染日趋严重,造成大气氧化性增强,气体向颗粒物的转化加快。大气颗粒物粒径大小及谱分布决定其在大气中的行为,以差分吸收光谱法（DOAS）为基础,结合双光路设计技术,开展实时、在线、获取近地面大气气溶胶颗粒物的粒谱分布的光谱方法研究。首先构建低噪声性能稳定的宽带氙弧灯为光源的双光路差分吸收光谱系统,基于干净天气条件下大气的能见度数据对系统进行校准,通过两个不同光路获得的光谱信号强度之比获取近地面紫外-近红外波段的大气总宽波段消光系数。基于宽波段消光系数,在去除瑞利散射以及气体吸收对消光系数的影响后,解析出气溶胶颗粒物的消光系数。基于核函数准则,利用均匀球型粒子的电磁场Mie理论来反演气溶胶物理特性,获得气溶胶粒子在该测量谱段的体积谱分布,利用体积谱与数密度谱的关系,反演出气溶胶粒子的数密度谱分布。开展利用直方图方法来表现颗粒物的粒谱分布方法研究,首先将DOAS测量波段近似等分为若干谱段,利用谱段处平均值,获取气溶胶粒谱直方分布图。最后把该系统和方法应用于外场实验,获得了气溶胶颗粒物在300～650 nm范围内的消光系数,将测量波段等分为11个谱段,反演了颗粒物的在0.1～1.25 μm粒径范围的数密度谱分布。该研究为整治我国灰霾天气,研究大气气相/粒子非均相化学反应提供科学依据。同时将推动DOAS技术的进一步发展和应用。     

气溶胶消光系数与质量浓度的相关性研究

为了利用激光雷达探测的消光系数垂直分布来反演气溶胶质量浓度的垂直分布,研究气溶胶消光系数与质量浓度之间的关系就显得十分重要.根据Mie散射理论,分析了气溶胶的质量消光系数、消光系数和质量浓度之间的关系,引进了等效参数,分析了Junge指数对等效参数的影响.用实际测量的粒子谱分布、能见度、相对湿度和气溶胶质量浓度验证了气溶胶消光系数和质晕浓度之间的关系.这对利用激光雷达测量的气溶胶消光系数垂直分布来反演气溶胶质量浓度的垂直分布是很有实用价值和指导意义的.     

基于差分吸收激光雷达的一种新的对流层臭氧浓度反演算法

差分吸收激光雷达探测对流层臭氧浓度时,气溶胶的干扰会造成较大的误差。提出了一种算法,该算法能够同时反演得到对流层臭氧浓度和气溶胶消光系数,减少气溶胶对反演结果的影响。使用实验数据,分析计算了气溶胶雷达比,气溶胶波长指数、标定点气溶胶后向散射比各种变化参数对反演结果的误差。结果表明,1 km以下,各种变化参数造成的反演误差小于8%,1 km以上臭氧浓度误差主要来源于信号和背景噪声,各种参数反演误差小于3%。最后给出了利用该算法得到对流层臭氧浓度和气溶胶的消光系数垂直廓线,并和传统的双波长差分算法反演结果作了比较分析。实验结果表明该算法是可行的,该算法可以减少气溶胶对差分吸收激光雷达测量结果引起的误差。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.