Contrast improvement of confocal retinal imaging by use of phase-correcting plates

We have developed a custom scanning laser ophthalmoscope that uses phase plates produced by photolithography to improve the contrast of human retinal images. We combined the scanning engine from a commercial real-time confocal microscope with custom optics to provide medium magnification imaging of the human retina (3 degrees field of view). Defocus and astigmatism were corrected with conventional trial lenses. Higher-order aberrations of the eye were corrected with a phase plate. A 633-nm laser was used for illuminating the retina. Inserting the phase plate into the optical system increased the contrast of a sample retinal vessel by 26%. Additionally, a number of small features of the retina, which were not visible with standard commercial imaging systems, became visible. There results illustrate that, with the rapid development of custom fabrication techniques for refractive corrections, improved diagnostic imaging with little added complexity to existing ophthalmic imaging systems may be realistic.     

像方扫描技术研究

基于显微摄影的成像原理,研究了像方扫描以扩大视场的途径,并建立了一个二次成像的设计模型,包括一个大视场的固定前置物镜组和一个运动轨迹为球面的中继透镜组。物镜组所成的一次像面优化了场曲,中继透镜组则根据该场曲进行运动,对一次像面不同区域成像,并采用光学被动消热差以保证不同温度的像质。该模型的相对孔径1∶3,波长3.7 m~4.8 m,焦距90 mm,瞬时凝视视场为4,扫描视场达24,采用7片透镜3个非球面,在全视场范围内具有接近衍射限的像质。     

Design of a wide-angle, lightweight head-mounted display using free-form optics tiling

We present a concept of a wide-angle, lightweight, optical see-through head-mounted display (HMD) using free-form optics tiling. Free-form optics tiling can potentially address several critical problems in existing tiled HMD designs that use rotationally symmetric optics. The optical design of our tiled optical see-through HMD achieves a field of view (FOV) of 56° × 45° and an angular resolution of 3.2 arcmin with two display channels. We demonstrate a proof-of-concept prototype and present some of its manufacturing details. The FOV can be further enlarged by tiling more display channels together at their bottom and side surfaces.     

A high precision phase reconstruction algorithm for multi-laser guide stars adaptive optics

Adaptive optics(AO) systems are widespread and considered as an essential part of any large aperture telescope for obtaining a high resolution imaging at present.To enlarge the imaging field of view(FOV),multi-laser guide stars(LGSs) are currently being investigated and used for the large aperture optical telescopes.LGS measurement is necessary and pivotal to obtain the cumulative phase distortion along a target in the multi-LGSs AO system.We propose a high precision phase reconstruction algorithm to estimate the phase for a target with an uncertain turbulence profile based on the interpolation.By comparing with the conventional average method,the proposed method reduces the root mean square(RMS) error from 130 nm to 85 nm with a 30% reduction for narrow FOV.We confirm that such phase reconstruction algorithm is validated for both narrow field AO and wide field AO.     

新型小型化牙科扫描仪探头的光学系统设计

为解决牙科扫描探头小型化问题,基于结构光三维重建算法,创新性地设计出一种投影与成像共孔径设置的小型化牙科三维扫描仪探头光学系统。系统采用分视场共孔径技术,部分视场用于实现投影功能,另一部分视场用于实现成像功能,投影区域和成像区域存在公共区域。仿真实验给出了在扫描范围为46×35mm2内的系统性能,借助LightTools软件做了照明分析仿真,证明了系统光路的可行性。     

Configuration optimization of laser guide stars and wavefront correctors for multi-conjugation adaptive optics

Multi-conjugation adaptive optics(MCAOs) have been investigated and used in the large aperture optical telescopes for high-resolution imaging with large field of view(FOV).The atmospheric tomographic phase reconstruction and projection of three-dimensional turbulence volume onto wavefront correctors,such as deformable mirrors(DMs) or liquid crystal wavefront correctors(LCWCs),is a very important step in the data processing of an MCAO's controller.In this paper,a method according to the wavefront reconstruction performance of MCAO is presented to evaluate the optimized configuration of multi laser guide stars(LGSs) and the reasonable conjugation heights of LCWCs.Analytical formulations are derived for the different configurations and are used to generate optimized parameters for MCAO.Several examples are given to demonstrate our LGSs configuration optimization method.Compared with traditional methods,our method has minimum wavefront tomographic error,which will be helpful to get higher imaging resolution at large FOV in MCAO.     

Compound diffractive telescope system: design, straylight analysis, and optical test

The compound diffractive telescope is a novel space optical system which combines the structure of compound eyes with diffractive optics and so it has a lighter weight, a wider field of view (FOV), a lower cost as well as looser fabrication tolerance. In this paper, the design of a compound diffractive telescope composed of one primary lens and twenty-one eyepieces is introduced. Then the influence of diffraction orders on the performance of the system is analysed. A modified phase function model of diffractive optics is proposed to analyse the modulation transfer function (MTF) curves for 0℃ FOV, which provides a more accurate prediction of the performance of the system. In addition, an optimized mechanism is also proposed to suppress stray light. The star image and resolution tests show that the system can achieve diffraction limit imaging within ± 2℃ of FOV and ±4~mm of eccentricity. Finally, a series of pictures of an object are taken from different channels, and the splicing of pictures from adjacent FOVs is demonstrated. In summary, the designed system has been proved to have great potential applications.     

Design of optical system for head-mounted micro-display

Assembling one optical imaging system with 0.56″ liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS), we achieved one practical head-mounted micro-display system for civilian applications. The optical system consists of three refractive elements and one binary surface. It has a 32° field of view (FOV), a 10 mm exit pupil diameter, and a 20 mm eye clearance distance. Compared with the traditional optical system, the hybrid refractive/diffractive system has a longer working distance and can be used in higher resolution display with better image quality. Designing results indicate that the introducing of binary element in the system with smaller FOV could improve the image quality dramatically.     

大孔径大视场变焦投影镜头设计

为了满足大孔径大视场变焦投影镜头的市场需求, 基于Zemax光学软件设计一款连续变焦的投影镜头, 变焦范围为16.27 mm~22.77 mm, 视场角为63.7°~47.8°, F数为1.75~1.95, 配合1.55 cm(0.61英寸)LCOS投影显示芯片使用, 在工作距离2 000 mm处可投射出190.5 cm(75英寸)画面, 光学系统总长小于160 mm, 由10片透镜组成, 其中包括8片玻璃透镜和2片塑料透镜。设计结果表明:镜头在空间极限频率71 lp/mm处, 各个焦段的MTF值均大于0.5, 场曲都在0.1 mm之内, 畸变小于3%, 成像质量良好。最后对光学系统进行了公差分析, 得出一组较宽松的公差。     

利用镜面形变实现共轴折反射式变焦光学系统设计

在光学系统中加入2个或多个可变光学元件,保持光学元件位置不变,通过微调装置改变这些可变光学元件的焦距使得整个光学系统的有效焦距发生变化。基于该设计思想,结合卡塞格林(Cassegrain)反射式望远镜结构模式,使用ZEMAX光学设计软件设计了焦距为1 600 mm～800 mm,视场0.6°～1.2°的变焦系统,整个系统由2个可变形反射面、1个平面反射面和1个透镜组成,主要通过主镜和次镜面型曲率(可变形镜DMs,Deformable Mirrors)以及入瞳直径的变化实现系统变焦。设计结果表明:系统在空间频率16 lp/mm处调制传递函数大于0.75,最大均方根弥散斑半径均小于探测元尺寸,满足成像要求。     

高变倍比数码变焦镜头设计

为提高变焦距系统的工作性能,使其在大视场时仍具有良好的像质,且系统结构简单,易于机械设计、加工及装调,在设计中引入了传统球面光学设计与非球面相结合的设计思想。选择4个焦距位置进行设计计算,用光学设计软件ZEMAX上机调试,设计了焦距为6.9mm～91.6mm,视场5°～60°的变焦系统,整个系统由4组12片透镜组成,其中包括3个非球面,系统具有变倍比高、视场大等特点。设计结果表明：在设计中采用非球面可使系统结构紧凑,系统成像质量得到提高。     

近红外成像光学系统设计

为了明确近红外成像光学系统对杂散光的抑制能力,设计了一个光谱为0.75 m ~1 m,焦距12.002 mm,F/1.8,视场1515的光学系统,其结构为改进型的双高斯结构。实验结果表明:设计的光学系统的各视场光斑在艾瑞斑内,焦移量最大为4.9 m,球差约为1 m,垂轴像差最大为3 m,MTF接近衍射极限。对设计的光学系统进行了杂散光评估和杂散光抑制,得到了杂散光抑制前后的点源透射比。分析结果表明:与未加遮光罩相比,加入遮光罩的光学系统PST值下降了76.6%~87.5%。     

基于2D微电子机械系统(MEMS)镜全向激光雷达光学系统设计

为了满足全向激光探测的需求,提出一种基于2DMEMS镜扫描的激光雷达结构。激光器通过1×6高速光开关分时地给6个扫描子系统提供光信号,6个扫描子系统探测视场叠加起来可实现360°激光探测。每个扫描子系统的扫描范围为60°×30°,其中包含一个扩展MEMS镜扫描角度的发射光学天线和一个大视场有增益的接收光学天线。发射光学天线将MEMS镜±10°的扫描角扩展到±30°,发散度小于0.2mrad;接收视场内的激光波经过接收天线在探测器上所成的半像高小于1mm,接收增益为3.65。通过计算修正后的激光雷达方程可得到发射功率20 W的激光束在工作距离100 m内的回波功率≥1 nW,结果表明该光学系统可适用于激光雷达系统。     

紧凑型自由曲面离轴三反系统设计

针对小型化反射式光学系统的设计要求,采用新型的离轴三反光路形式和自由曲面,实现了F#为1.8,对角线视场角7.5°的紧凑型自由曲面离轴三反系统,光线在系统内多次重叠,系统波像差全视场平均值为0.017λ(λ=10 μm)。相比非球面离轴三反系统,该系统具有体积小、透过率高、大视场、无中心遮拦、多波段成像等优点。     

超分辨率活体人眼视网膜共焦扫描成像系统

活体人眼共焦扫描成像系统的分辨率受到人眼像差、数值孔径和探测针孔尺度的限制,本文设计了一套超分辨活体人眼视网膜共焦扫描系统,采用自适应光学技术探测并校正人眼像差,结合光学超分辨技术提高系统分辨率,补偿有限尺度针孔对分辨率的影响,并获得活体人眼的实时、高分辨图像. 关键词： 超分辨 共焦扫描光学显微术 眼科光学 自适应光学     

大视场航空相机光学系统设计

针对航空相机复杂的使用环境以及需在高速运动中进行高分辨率成像的特点, 设计了一种大视场航空照相机光学系统。该系统光学结构采用双高斯准对称结构形式,通过双成像模块光学拼接扩大视场角,调整最后一片透镜实现内置调焦,且通过控制地物反射镜的3种工作模式,分别实现航空相机垂直照相、自动调焦及前向像移补偿功能,避免了航拍过程中温度、气压、航高等环境条件变化时引起的图像质量大幅下降,确保整个视场内成像质量不受影响。该光学系统设计实现了全视场无渐晕, 全视场最大畸变＜0.5‰,在91 lp/mm处MTF接近衍射极限,物镜在全视场范围内成像质量一致。通过实验室及航拍试验验证,该光学系统具有成像清晰、视场大、可靠性高、体积小、质量轻等优点,满足了航空相机在比较复杂环境下清晰成像的要求。     

便携式投影仪投影物镜设计

针对当前投影仪光源功耗大,光投影稳定性差,系统结构大的缺点,利用Zemax软件,设计出了一款大视场,短焦距,结构紧凑,适用于便携式投影仪的投影物镜系统。经过优化处理,最终获得的结构具有良好的成像质量,在空间频率为80 lp/mm处中心视场MTF≥0.7,0.8视场MTF≥0.6,边缘视场处MTF≥0.48,畸变小于3%,满足给出的设计指标。并且在规定和要求的像元尺寸范围内能量集中度大于85%,照度曲线0.8倍视场以内整体高于90%,能量集中度高,照度均匀性好,与便携式投影仪能很好地搭配使用。     

一种可实现收发一体连续扫描的微透镜阵列

设计了一种可实现收发一体连续扫描的微透镜阵列,该三片式微透镜阵列以加入场镜的开普勒望远结构为原型,通过微透镜阵列之间的微小横向位移进行接收视场的选择与发射光线的同步偏转,完成扫描光学系统对大视场区域的光束收发。设计约束望远镜的视觉放大率为1,即入射和出射端口的微单元通光孔径相等,从而实现收发共用且不会造成能量损失和串扰。利用ZEMAX光学设计软件,采用发射、接收端口单独设计然后拼接的方法搭建模型。微透镜阵列工作中心波长为1 064 nm,凝视视场为±1.06°,扫描视场为±10°,单元规格为1 mm×1 mm,且只需移动一片即可实现双向扫描,具有体积小、扫描角度大、灵敏度高等优点。     

变焦结构光成像系统的光学设计

为了实现快速低成本改变光学系统焦距,设计了基于液体透镜的变焦结构光三维成像镜头和微透镜阵列。系统采用7片球面玻璃镜片和1片液体透镜结构, F#为3.2,全视场大小为10 mm,总长180 mm,焦距变化范围54 mm~61 mm。结果表明:该系统能实现投影距离227 mm~256 mm调节,调焦过程中目标表面清晰,细节分辨率高,系统在整个变焦区域内,在40 lp/mm时,全视场MTF优于0.2,系统场曲小于0.2,畸变小于0.2%。柱面微透镜阵列整体尺寸为10 mm×10 mm,周期宽度为1 mm,厚度为1 mm。随着投影距离的增长,光学系统成像质量先上升后下降,在237 mm处成像质量最优,随着投影距离的增加,光学系统的放大倍率增大,光学系统整体相对照度不均匀性小于0.2。     

基于ZEMAX的大视场投影镜头设计

针对大视场投影镜头的设计问题,利用ZEMAX光学设计软件,通过各种操作数对镜头的基本参数和外形尺寸进行限制,并利用镜头架构的方式进行优化及大视场投影镜头的设计。其主要光学参量为:焦距为13.6 mm,全视场角为60°,相对孔径为1/1.6。设计结果表明:镜头的最大畸变量绝对值小于3% ,最大场曲小于0.06 mm,全视场MTF值在空间频率50 lp/mm时高于0.6,基本达到衍射极限。该镜头由10片球面镜组成,光学系统结构紧凑、易加工。