全场彩虹技术测量喷雾浓度及粒径分布

喷雾颗粒的浓度、粒径等多参数的同时测量是研究喷雾的关键. 对应用全场彩虹技术测量双组分液滴的浓度及粒径分布进行了研究. 基于改进的Nussenzweig理论,对液滴折射率和粒径分布采用无分布函数算法进行最优化求解, 然后通过折射率与浓度的关系反推液滴浓度.用模拟全场彩虹信号对该算法进行了验证, 该算法可准确反演具有单峰分布、双峰分布粒径特征的液滴群的折射率与粒径分布. 并对体积分数从0%到100%的乙醇溶液喷雾进行了实验测量, 结果表明,所测得折射率与理论值符合,粒径分布稳定.该技术在喷雾浓度测量方面具有广阔的应用前景. 关键词： 全场彩虹技术 折射率 粒径 组分     

一维全场彩虹喷雾测量方法试验研究

全场彩虹技术受限于单点区域测量,如何拓展其到多点测量甚至一维测量,对于其实用性具有重要的意义。对提出的全场彩虹系统一维化原理进行了分析,设计并搭建了一维全场彩虹测量系统。分析了系统参数的选择对彩虹图像的影响,并改进了标定方法。用该系统对乙醇喷雾在一维线区域的蒸发物理过程进行了定量研究,得到的结果与PDA测量结果进行了对比,符合实际物理现象。     

基于波数漂移修正算法的免标定固定点波长调制技术

分布反馈式激光器在长期运行过程中存在出光中心波数漂移的问题,导致固定点波长调制技术测量气体浓度不准确。为解决该问题,提出了一种基于波数漂移修正算法的免标定固定点波长调制方法,实现了气体浓度的免标定测量。选择中心波数在4958.9674 cm~(-1)处的吸收谱线测量CO_2气体的浓度,以验证该方法的有效性。实验结果表明:修正算法克服了出光中心波数漂移对测量带来的不良影响,有效提高了气体浓度测量的准确性。     

利用波长调制光谱技术测量高温环境中的气体压强、温度和H_2O组分浓度

利用基于可调谐半导体激光器的扫描波长调制光谱技术,实现了高温燃烧场内气体参数的测量。提出了基于迭代算法实现气体压强、温度和组分浓度同时测量的方法,迭代算法具有收敛速度快以及对初始值不敏感等优点。采用频分复用技术,利用两条H_2O吸收谱线(7 454.45和6 806.03cm-1)的谐波信号,对高温燃烧场进行了实验研究,并将气体压强、温度和H_2O组分浓度测量结果与压力传感器、热电偶和直接吸收光谱法的测量结果进行比较,结果表明,基于波长调制光谱技术测得的气体压强、温度和H_2O浓度与预测值基本符合,最大偏差分别在7.6%,8.1%和7.5%以内。此方法具有多参数同时测量、免标定等显著优势,但由于依赖的参数较多,容易对测量精度造成影响。     

基于经验模态分解的彩虹法测量研究

基于彩虹Airy理论分析了一阶彩虹强度分布的折射率和直径的灵敏度，并利用经验模态分解法对彩虹信号进行分解与重构，提出了一种有效分离彩虹强度中Airy信号和高频Ripple分量的方法。根据液滴的一阶彩虹分布，设计了液滴折射率和直径同步测量的彩虹?经验模态反演算法，该算法有很强的抗噪声特征。实验中测量了水滴和不同浓度乙醇液滴的一阶彩虹分布，研究结果表明，彩虹?经验模态法对液滴的折射率和直径测量精度分别为10?4和1%。     

基于梯度下降法直接拟合光谱吸收信号的气体浓度测量方法研究

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术由于选择性强、灵敏度高、精确度高、非侵入式测量等优点,被广泛应用于大气环境监测、燃烧流场诊断、工业过程控制、人体呼吸探测等领域。直接吸收技术和波长调制技术是可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术两种不同的测量手段,其中直接吸收技术测量系统结构简单、信号处理相对容易、成本较低、避免提前标定,在测量气体为常量组分时广泛使用。直接吸收技术测量气体浓度时,首先需要从光谱吸收信号中得到一条表示未吸收的基线信号,这一过程被称为基线拟合。基线拟合不准确会给测量结果带来较大误差,这也是直接吸收技术难以达到低探测限的原因之一。针对上述问题,基于梯度下降法,将基线、气体浓度、吸收线型等作为未知量,通过建立激光吸收光谱信号的数学模型,对透射信号直接拟合,最终得到气体的浓度信息。这种方法同步拟合了线型和基线,相比传统的积分面积法,增强了拟合的整体一致性。在近红外激光吸收光谱气体浓度检测系统上,利用中心波长在1 580 nm处的分布反馈式激光器,通过该方法对实际浓度为10%,12%,14%,16%,18%和20%的CO₂进行了测量,并将测量结果与积分面积法测量结果进行对比。研究结果显示,六种浓度下直接拟合法的曲线拟合方差均小于1×10-4,测量浓度的最小相对误差仅为0.90%,最大相对误差为4.40%,此时迭代时间在4 s以内,计算检测限为0.39%;直接拟合法和积分面积法得到的浓度平均相对误差分别为2.63%和5.74%,直接拟合法优于积分面积法。实验研究验证了基于梯度下降法直接拟合光谱吸收信号的气体浓度测量方法的可行性与准确性,为直接吸收技术提供了一个新的思路。     

静水压加载单晶MgO的超声测量与压力标定

通过对单晶MgO的高压声速测量,结合高压Brillouin散射数据,对静水压加载条件下六面顶压机高压腔中的压力进行了多点系统标定(系统油压从15 MPa到51 MPa,间隔2 MPa),建立了新的大腔体压机超声测量和压力标定技术。相比传统的仅采用2~3个标定压力点的方法,该技术在统计上更加可靠。结合LY12铝的高压声速测量,进一步验证了该压力标定方法的合理性。与固体传压组装相比,固液混合传压组装在相同油压下的压力值系统偏低,分析认为这主要是由于固体传压介质中的剪切效应导致标定压力值系统偏高造成的。     

利用光纤法布里-珀罗谐振器干涉透射波长同时测量混合溶液中多溶质浓度(英文)

为了同时探测混合溶液中多种溶质的浓度,提出一种用光纤法布里-珀罗谐振器作为传感器测量混合溶液中多溶质浓度的测量系统.从理论上分析了光纤法布里-珀罗谐振器干涉透射波长与混合溶液浓度之间的关系,采用光纤法布里-珀罗谐振器干涉透射波长实现了高准确度同时测量混合溶液中多溶质浓度的原理和可行性.构建了由InGaAs发光二极管光源、光纤耦合器、FFPR传感器、光电信号转换和放大器、光谱分析仪等组成的测量系统.对乙醇和甘油的9组标准混合溶液进行测量实验,并用测量结果标定了混合溶液中各溶质浓度与光纤法布里-珀罗谐振器传感器干涉透射波长之间的数学解析关系式.根据数学关系式用Action Script 2.0脚本语言编写程序,计算机实时监控了混合溶液中各溶质浓度的变化过程.     

利用光纤法布里-珀罗谐振器干涉透射波长同时测量混合溶液中多溶质浓度

为了同时探测混合溶液中多种溶质的浓度,提出一种用光纤法布里-珀罗谐振器作为传感器测量混合溶液中多溶质浓度的测量系统.从理论上分析了光纤法布里-珀罗谐振器干涉透射波长与混合溶液浓度之间的关系,采用光纤法布里-珀罗谐振器干涉透射波长实现了高准确度同时测量混合溶液中多溶质浓度的原理和可行性.构建了由InGaAs发光二极管光源、光纤耦合器、FFPR传感器、光电信号转换和放大器、光谱分析仪等组成的测量系统.对乙醇和甘油的9组标准混合溶液进行测量实验,并用测量结果标定了混合溶液中各溶质浓度与光纤法布里-珀罗谐振器传感器干涉透射波长之间的数学解析关系式.根据数学关系式用Action Script 2.0脚本语言编写程序,计算机实时监控了混合溶液中各溶质浓度的变化过程.     

基于三角波调制的免标定气体浓度测量方法研究

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术中的波长调制方法具有适应恶劣环境以及灵敏度高等特点,在气体浓度测量方面得到了广泛应用。与常用的正弦波调制相比,三角波调制方式具有更高的灵敏度,但一般采用标定的方法来实现气体浓度的测量。提出了基于三角波调制的免标定波长调制方法,建立了分布反馈激光器在三角波调制下的频率响应模型。实验结果表明,使用所提频率响应关系式可使标准具信号拟合结果的相对残差小于0.4%,一次谐波归一化二次谐波信号拟合结果的相对残差小于1.2%,证明了该模型的可行性;实现了基于三角波调制的CH4气体浓度的免标定测量。     

Self-calibrated global rainbow refractometry:a dual-wavelength approach

Calibration of the relationship between the scattering angle and the CCD pixel is a key part of achieving accurate measurements of rainbow refractometry.A novel self-calibrated global rainbow refractometry system based on illumination by two lasers of different wavelengths is proposed.The angular calibration and refractive index measurement of two wavelengths can be completed simultaneously without extra measurement devices.The numerical and experimental results show the feasibility and high precision of the self-calibration method,which enables the rainbow refractometry to be implemented in a more powerful and convenient way.The self-calibrated rainbow system is successfully applied to measure the refractive indices of ethanol-water solutions with volume concentrations of 10% to 60%.     

Temperature measurements of the gas-phase during surrogate diesel injection using two-color toluene LIF

Planar laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) of toluene has been applied in an optical engine and a high-pressure cell, to determine temperatures of fuel sprays and in-cylinder vapors. The method relies on a redshift of the toluene LIF emission spectrum with increasing temperature. Toluene fluorescence is recorded simultaneously in two disjunct wavelength bands by a two-camera setup. After calibration, the pixel-by-pixel LIF signal ratio is a proxy for the local temperature. A detailed measurement procedure is presented to minimize measurement inaccuracies and to improve precision. n-Heptane is used as the base fuel and 10 % of toluene is added as a tracer. The toluene LIF method is capable of measuring temperatures up to 700 K; above that the signal becomes too weak. The precision of the spray temperature measurements is 4 % and the spatial resolution 1.3 mm. We pay particular attention to the construction of the calibration curve that is required to translate LIF signal ratios into temperature, and to possible limitations in the portability of this curve between different setups. The engine results are compared to those obtained in a constant-volume high-pressure cell, and the fuel spray results obtained in the high-pressure cell are also compared to LES simulations. We find that the hot ambient gas entrained by the head vortex gives rise to a hot zone on the spray axis.     

双目立体视觉技术在结构试验中的应用

传统的动态位移测量方法属于接触式测量,常用应变式位移计直接测量结构变形,其测量精度往往取决于位移计安装情况,且测量的电信号容易受到试验环境的影响。随着光学测量技术的不断发展,基于双目立体视觉和数字图像处理技术的光学测量方法已开始应用于位移测量。为了解决传统动态位移测量的精度问题和环境对信号的干扰问题,将双目立体视觉技术应用到三层钢框架结构的振动台试验中,对结构在地震作用下的位移进行测量。研究结果表明:从位移时程和位移偏差率两方面同传统测量方法进行对比分析,光学测量方法减少了2.0 s~3.5 s的相对滞后时间,增强数据可靠性;位移偏差率最大为7.03%,最小为0.02%,均在测量误差允许范围之内,验证了光学测量位移方法在结构抗震试验中的可行性及优越性。     

A direct method for acoustic impedance measurement based on the measurement of electrical impedance of acoustic transmitter

A simple and straight forward method for acoustic impedance measurement is presented and evaluated. In this method a speaker is used as the signal source. The relationship between the electrical impedance of the speaker and its acoustical load is developed and studied. It is shown that the electrical current and voltage of the speaker relate to the acoustical pressure and volume velocity. The mechanical and acoustical impedances are therefore easily derived by measuring the electrical current and voltage of the circuit. The proposed method yield itself to the automatic computer measurement and can be used for the field and in situ measurements.Comparison of the measurement data with those from other methods proves the applicability and accuracy of the proposed method.     

高折射玻璃微珠粒径与折射率关系的研究

利用激光照射高折射率玻璃微珠下形成的二次彩虹现象,以艾里的虹理论为基础对玻璃微珠折射率进行了测量。推导了玻璃微珠尺寸对折射率影响的计算公式,表明半径差异在10μm时,折射率的测量误差为10^-3数量级。此外,通过软件模拟计算玻璃微珠的二次彩虹现象,并对微珠的折射率进行了测量,验证了二次彩虹方法的正确性,同时也表明玻璃微...     

Using ultrasonic attenuation to monitor slurry mixing in real time

Staff at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have developed and applied a simple ultrasonic attenuation measurement to measure slurry concentration in real time during suspension of solids settled in a large tank. This paper presents a simple single frequency ultrasonic measurement technique that demonstrates the ability of ultrasonic sensors to measure slurry concentration. Sensor calibration data show that in this attenuation regime ultrasonic signal attenuation is proportional to the applied frequency and to the slurry volume fraction. Real-time measurements of ultrasonic signal attenuation were used to track the process of slurry mixing using single sensors and sensor arrays. Results from two experiments show the use of real-time measurements of ultrasonic signal attenuation to track the process of slurry mixing in situ and to track the ability to maintain a well-mixed steady state condition. Comparison of concentration means of the ultrasonic measurements with concentration means obtained from discrete extractive measurements show that the distributions overlap and cannot be statistically distinguished. The real-time ultrasonic sensor can be used as a primary measurement method or to reduce reliance upon extractive methods to measure slurry density and solids concentration.     

Indirect measurement of the intensity of incident light by the light transmission fluctuation method

The light transmission fluctuation method is a simple and useful method for in situ and in-line measurement of particle size and concentration. To accomplish the measurement, it is necessary to know the intensity of incident light or background signal I(0). However, measuring I(0) during in-line applications is hard. In this Letter, an algorithm is proposed to indirectly measure I(0) based on the variation of transmitted light signals. Experiments have been carried out to verify the algorithm and the maximum deviation between premeasured I(0) and indirectly measured I(0)' is less than 2.5%.     

实时测量飞秒激光脉冲的二次谐波相关技术研究

本文介绍了一种具有飞秒分辨率实时监测激光脉宽的二次谐波自相关技术。该技术既可进行强度自相关测量,又可进行自标定的干涉自相关测量。干涉自相关测量精度达1fs,强度自相关测量相对误差为3.6%。