利用氧等离子体处理阳极银实现高效率顶发射有机电致发光

主要报道在器件结构为玻璃衬底/Ag(阳极)/NPB(空穴传输层)/Alq3(电子传输及发光层)/Sm(半透明阴极)/Alq3的顶发射有机电致发光器件中,利用氧等离子体对阳极银的表面进行处理来降低阳极和空穴传输层(Ag/NPB)界面处的空穴注入势垒,提高顶发射有机电致发光器件的性能。主要研究了氧等离子体处理时间对阳极银和顶发射有机电致发光器件光电特性的影响。紫外光电子能谱表明,氧等离子体处理能有效降低Ag/NPB界面处的空穴注入势垒。通过优化处理时间获得最佳器件性能,优化后的器件最大效率可达6.14cd/A。     

双空穴注入的绿色磷光有机电致发光器件

制作了一种新型绿色磷光有机电致发光二极管。器件结构为ITO/HAT-CN(x nm)/MoO3(30 nm)/NPB(40 nm)/TCTA(10 nm)/CPB∶GIr1(30 nm,14%)/BCP(10 nm)/Alq3(25 nm)/LiF(1 nm)/Al(100 nm),其中X=0,8,10,12,14,15 nm。电流密度-电压-亮度特性表明该结构有利于降低驱动电压和增加器件亮度。当HAT-CN厚度为12 nm时,器件的最高亮度可以达到32 480 cd/m2,起亮电压为3.5 V左右,发光效率为24.2cd/A。所设计的空穴型器件证明该器件结构具有很好的空穴注入和传输特性。     

基于NPB的蓝色有机电致发光器件的制备和表征

在常规的双层绿色有机电致发光器件氧化铟锡(ITO)/N,N′-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-biphenyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine(NPB)/8-hydroxyquinolinealuminum(Alq3)/Mg∶Ag的基础上,通过选择适当的空穴阻挡层材料,制备得到以NPB为发光层的蓝色发光器件,其结构为ITO/NPB/bathocuproine(BCP)/Alq3/Mg∶Ag,其最大亮度和最大流明效率分别达到2900cd/m2和0.55lm/W。电致发光谱峰位于445nm,CIE色坐标为(x=0.16,y=0.09),且二者都不随外加电压而变化;利用各功能层的能级结构,对不同结构的器件性能差异进行了分析。     

TCTA对红绿磷光有机电致发光器件发光层激子的调控作用

制备了结构为ITO/MoO3(50 nm)/NPB(40 nm)/TCTA(10 nm)/CBP:14%GIr1(30 nm)/TCTA(x)/CBP:2%R-4B(10 nm)/BCP(10 nm)/Alq3(40 nm)/LiF(1 nm)/Al(100 nm)的红绿磷光有机电致发光器件,GIr1和R-4B分别为红、绿磷光染料。通过在红绿间插入较薄间隔层TCTA的方法,调节载流子、激子在红绿发光层中的分布,并结合TCTA和BCP对发光层内载流子和激子的有效阻挡作用,研究了载流子调控层TCTA在不同厚度下对器件发光性能的影响。结果表明,TCTA为1 nm时,器件的发光性能得到了很好的提升。电压为6 V时,TCTA为1 nm器件的电流密度、亮度、最大电流效率分别为0.509 mA/cm2、69.91 cd/m2和13.72 cd/A,而TCTA为0 nm器件的电流密度、亮度、最大电流效率分别为1.848 mA/cm2、215.7 cd/m2和11.67 cd/A。     

基于顶发射有机发光二极管的二阶微腔长度性能研究

在玻璃衬底生长金属铝作为不透明阳极,制备了结构为Al(100 nm)/TAPC(x nm)/TCTA(10 nm)/TCTA:Ir(ppy)3(10%,25 nm)/TPBi(30 nm)/LiF(2 nm)/Al(1 nm)/Ag(20 nm)/Alq3(y nm)作为顶发射的有机发光器件,其中x为30、130、160、170和180,y为20、40、60和80,研究了器件的二阶腔长及出光耦合性能。实验表明,通过改变空穴传输层的厚度,使器件微腔长度处于第二阶微腔效应增强区,可以提高器件的光电性能。同时当光输出耦合层厚度发生改变时,半透明阴极的光线穿透率与反射率发生改变,从而有效改善器件的光电性能。当微腔长度为230 nm、光输出耦合厚度为80 nm时,器件具有最佳的光电性能,并且光谱的角度稳定性强。器件最大亮度、电流效率和功率效率分别达到25 960 cd/m2、19.1 cd/A和16.01 lm/W。     

高效高亮度有机红色微腔发光二极管

采用普通的Alq:DCM红光发光材料体系,制作了结构为Glass/DBR/ITO/NPB/Alq:DCM/MgAg的有机红光微腔发光器件,实现了纯红光发射,器件发射峰位于600 nm.与无腔器件相比,微腔器件光谱半峰全宽（FWHM）从92 nm压缩为32 nm,色度从X=0.58,Y=0.41改善为X=0.6,Y=0.4,微腔器件的最大发光效率为3.1 cd/A,最大亮度为32 010 cd/m2.     

具有新型双空穴注入层的有机发光二极管

采用新型双空穴注入层N, N, N', N'-tetrakis(4-Methoxy-phenyl)benzidine/Copper phthalocyanine(MeO-TPD/CuPc)及器件结构:ITO/MeO-TPD(15 nm)/CuPc(15 nm)/ N, N'-Bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N, N'-bis(phenyl)benzidine (NPB, 15 nm)/8-hydroxyquinoline (Alq₃, 50 nm)/LiF(1 nm)/Al(120 nm), 研制出高效有机发光二极管(器件D), 与其他器件(器件A, 没有空穴注入层的器件; 器件B, MeO-TPD单空穴注入层; 器件C, CuPc单空穴注入层)相比, 其性能得到明显改善. 器件D的起亮电压降至3.2 V, 比器件A, B, C的起亮电压分别降低了2, 0.3, 0.1 V. 器件D在10 V时, 其最大亮度为23893 cd/m², 最大功率效率为1.91 lm/W, 与器件A, B, C的最大功率效率相比, 分别提高了43% (1.34 lm/W), 22% (1.57 lm/W), 7% (1.79 lm/W). 性能改善的主要原因是由于空穴注入和传输性能得到了改善, 通过单空穴型器件的J-V 曲线对这一现象进行了分析. 关键词： 有机发光二极管 空穴注入层 功率效率 势垒     

有机微腔绿色发光二极管

光学微腔是指尺寸在光波长量级的光学微型谐振腔。微腔结构可以使腔内物质和光场的相互作用与体材料相比发生很大变化,出现了自发辐射谱线窄化和增强等腔效应。利用这些腔效应,可以改善有机发光器件的性能。采用微腔结构,优化设计并研制了有机微腔绿色发光二极管,器件结构为Glass/DBR/ITO/NPB/Alq∶Rubrene/Alq/MgAg,获得了最大亮度40100 cd/m2、最大发光效率为6.44 cd/A、半峰全宽为28 nm的纯绿色有机微腔电致发光器件。而与之比较的无腔器件最大亮度为22580 cd/m2、最大发光效率为2.98 cd/A、半峰全宽为120 nm。相同电流密度下微腔电致发光谱的峰值发射强度是无腔器件的4.2倍。结果表明将微腔结构引入有机电致发光器件中,不但改善了发光的色纯度,而且使器件的发光效率和亮度都得到明显增强。     

DPVBi/Alq3基有机发光二极管中载流子复合区移动的研究

制备了以结构ITO/PCBM:PVK(x Wt%,～40nm)/DPVBi(30 nm)/Alq3(30 nm)/Al为基础的一系列有机发光二极管,利用电致发光光谱分析了DPVBi/Alq3基有机发光二极管中载流子复合区的移动.通过氟化锂的阴极修饰,改变了器件的载流子注人情况;通过PCBM的浓度变化,改变了载流子的输运情况,讨论了这些因素对载流子复合区形成的影响.同时通过改变对器件所加的电压,讨论了电压对载流子复合区形成的影响,并分析了其影响的本质.     

微腔面发射器件外量子效率研究

结合微腔面发射器件辐射/发光亮度的空间分布以及相对光谱功率分布给出了器件外量子效率的计算模型. 该模型可以计算工作于不同波段的微腔面发射器件的外量子效率,如红外波段的垂直腔面发射激光器,可见光波段的微腔有机发光二极管和谐振腔发光二极管以及太赫兹波段的平面微腔结构等. 制备了结构为玻璃/DBR /ITO /NPB /Alq ∶C545T/Alq/LiF/Al的微腔有机电致发光器件,测试其不同观察角度下器件的发光亮度以及发光光谱. 当电流密度和发光亮度分别为14 A/m²和100 cd/ 关键词： 外量子效率 平面微腔器件 辐射/发光亮度空间分布     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.     

Real-time restoration of rotational blurred image using gradient-loading

The key to the restoration of rotational motion blurred image is how to restore the image under a low cost and to correct the irreversibility of the degradation function matrix.Based on the special qualities of degradation function matrix and precise deduction in space-domain, we present a new approach using gradient-loading for restoration of rotational blurred image.By easily adding a gradient operator, the irreversibility of the original matrix is corrected and can be applied for inverse filtering then.Gradientloading is the optimized approach which combines the advantages of both the approaches using constrained least square filtering and traditional diagonal-loading.Compared with the approach using least square filtering, its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved from 3.18 to 6.46dB, while the computing time is reduced to 1/2-1/3.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, noise-resistibility, robustness, and low complexity of this approach, which make it more suitable for real-time environment.     

All-Optical Logic Device Using Bent Nonlinear Tapered Y-Junction Waveguide Structure

We propose an all-optical logic device made of a bent tapered Y-junction waveguide with a Kerr-type nonlinear interface. It could provide an AND gate, OR gate, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. We could obtain different transmission results by adjusting the bending angle. The numerical simulation results show that the device functions as AND, OR, and XOR gates.     

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz imaging by a pyroelectric camera

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz (THz) imaging is demonstrated. A 1.89-THz optically-pumped farinfrared laser is used as the illumination source, and a 124 × 124 element room-temperature pyroelectric camera is adopted as the detector. With this setup, THz images through various wrapping materials are shown. The results show that this imaging system has the potential applications in real-time mail and security inspection.