S波段直线对撞机中具有膜片涂层加速腔的高功率实验

加速管中的高次模(HOM)能导至累积束流崩溃,因此这些模式必须被抑制.在S波段直线对撞机中(SBLC),采用了在束流孔膜片上复盖适当的损耗材料的方式.HOM的Q值被减小了5倍,而基模的Q值几乎保持不变.3种材料被考虑,即:stainlesssteel,kanthal和galvedc为了对具有这种涂层的加速腔进行高功率测试,一个两腔的谐振器结构被设计.本文描述了高功率测试的原理,过程以及初步的结果.     

BEPCII超导腔高功率输入耦合器

北京正负电子对撞机重大改造工程（BEPCII）将采用超导高频系统,其超导高频加速腔采用同轴天线型高功率输入耦合器。在耦合器的设计中,理论模拟高功率输入耦合器的外部Q值非常重要,它可以为耦合器的优化设计、安装及测试提供理论参考依据。本文用一种时域分析的方法计算了BEPCII超导腔高功率输入耦合器的外部Q值,并与实验结果进行了对比,二者取得了良好的一致,误差度在10％以内。证明了该计算方法的正确性和可行性。同时,本文还对影响该耦合器外部Q值的几何参数进行了优化和研究。为同轴型高功率输入耦合器的设计提供了理论参考依据。     

吸收材料对超导高频腔高次模抑制的实验研究

束流粒子通过加速腔的基模加速,以达到所需的能量值. 由于腔本身的多谐性,束流在超导腔里面会激发起高次模,其中其电场分布对粒子加速起到负面作用的,称之谓有害高次模,减小或抑制有害高次模是加速腔研究的一个重要环节,利用铝模型腔对超导腔的高次模抑制进行研究,给出测量结果,研究表明:铁氧体是很好的微波吸收材料,对于所研究的超导腔内的高次模有着良好的吸收效果.     

超导加速器CW模式的高阶模初步分析

 超导加速器由于具有极高的Q值,因此表现出较强的腔束相互作用,尤其是在以CW模式运行下,严重时会产生束流崩溃(BBU)效应。德国TESLA式的9-cell超导串腔在束流负载为1 mA,束团重复频率为81.25 MHz情况下,对其高阶模的产生及相应的功率水平进行了分析。结果表明：对于该腔的主要高阶模,谐振偏差值在π/4以上,束流没有发生谐振,高阶模功率在mW量级。     

分离作用射频四极场加速器的结构和工艺设计

 介绍了北京大学分离作用射频四极场(RFQ)加速器的结构特点,包括膜片式电极、支撑环式电极支撑系统、水冷系统、调谐系统及其工艺实现;介绍了基于该分离作用RFQ加速腔进行的调谐测试、高功率实验和束流实验。结果表明:调谐系统的频率调节范围及品质因数完全满足实验要求;分离作用RFQ加速腔的输入功率可以达到33 kW以上,满足高功率下稳定运行的条件;在束流实验中,把1.03 MeV的O⁺入射束流加速到1.65 MeV,半高宽能散小于3%。加速器结构满足物理设计要求,加速系统运行稳定。     

直线感应加速器加速腔物理设计与研究

简要介绍直线感应加速器（ＬＩＡ）加速腔物理设计的几个关键问题．讨论了加速电压及其平顶和腔参数的关系．对腔的耦合阻抗与束流不稳定性的关系作了概念性介绍，分析了降低耦合阻抗的途径．并给出两个加速腔设计原型．     

强流直线感应加速腔微波特性

 介绍了确定不同加速间隙形状和设计结构的强流直线感应加速腔微波特性的方法,即确定频域中加速腔横向阻抗值的方法,包括数值模拟和实验测试。 横向阻抗测试实验中采用了两种测试方法:一种为同轴线束流模拟法,另一种为对加速腔形状因子的测试。实验中测试了3种不同的腔型,并和数值模拟结果进行了比较。两种横向阻抗的测试方法所得结果都与计算结果基本符合,从测试过程的繁简程度和多次实验结果的重复性来看,对于强流直线感应加速腔来说,形状因子值测试方法优于双芯同轴线束流模拟法。实验测试和数值模拟结果显示,确定直线感应加速腔横向阻抗值,测试实验和数值模拟是相辅相成的,缺一不可。     

同步加速器Barrier Bucket高频电压的研究

同步加速器Barrier Bucket高频系统用于克服空间电荷效应的影响,并对束团进行预压缩从而实现束团的多次累积来提高束流的流强。实现Barrier Bucket束流多次累积,要求在同步环高频加速腔上产生一个单正弦电压信号。针对单正弦波形的特点,讨论在同轴加载腔上产生该电压波形的方法和条件。通过对单正弦信号的频谱分析得出信号对加速腔高频系统的带宽要求,运用等效并联电路的方法并将同轴加载腔作线性时不变近似,求出输出的腔体电压与输入的激励电流间的关系。Barrier Bucket电压信号对加速腔整个高频系统的带宽要求至少应为单正弦频率的两倍。输入的激励电流为单正弦信号的基础上叠加上一个直流脉冲偏置,偏置大小为腔体Q值。最后,根据分析的结果在兰州重离子加速器冷却储存实验环（CSRe）高频系统的铁氧体加载腔和新研制的磁合金加载腔系统上进行测试,并对测试结果作相关讨论。     

低温二次电子产额测试系统设计与研究

在合肥先进光源（HALF）建设中,由低温超导材料组成的真空部件被大量使用,尤其是超导高频腔。超导腔以高加速梯度、低束流阻抗、高无载品质因数和低运行成本等特点,成为21世纪国际上拟建的大型加速器的首选。而超导腔和低温真空室内表面的二次电子发射可能会引发电子云（EC）现象。超剂量的二次电子倍增功率沉积会引起低温区域热负载增加、超导腔失超等现象,因此降低超导高频腔内二次电子发射成为合肥先进光源设计过程中的巨大挑战。在常温材料二次电子产额（SEY）测试系统的基础上,作者自主研发设计低温样品架结构,使液氦流经样品台并通过热传导冷却样品,计算漏热来反推所需要的制冷量和液氦的消耗速率。在系统集成调试后进行降温性能测试,搭建了低温材料二次电子测试系统。     

相对论强流长脉冲速调管放大器

 为了研制高功率长脉冲速调管放大器,对其输入腔进行了3维粒子模拟研究。建立了S波段速调管放大器输入腔开放腔的3维模型,计算了开放腔的谐振频率和有载Q值。将束压束流从原来的600 kV,5.4 kA提高到837 kV,12.48 kA,实现了长脉冲100 ns的稳定运行,调制束流与实验结果一致。在结构不变的情况下,将束压束流提高到900 kV,16 kA时出现了模式竞争,只能稳定运行到50 ns。为了克服模式竞争,将耦合孔改为对称的双耦合孔后,输入腔系统可以稳定运行到100 ns。     

Iris localization based on the Hough transform,a radial-gradient operator,and the gray-level intensity

The iris biometric recognizes a human based on his/her iris texture, which is a stable and unique feature for every individual. A typical iris biometric system performs better for the ideal data, which is acquired under controlled conditions. However, its performance degrades when localizing iris in non-ideal data containing the noisy issues, e.g., the non-uniform illumination, defocus, and non-circular iris boundaries. This study proposes a reliable algorithm to localize iris in such images robustly. First, a small region containing the coarse location of iris is localized. Next, the pupillary boundary is extracted within this small region using an iterative-scheme comprising an adaptive binarization and a pupil location verification test. Following that, the limbic boundary is localized by reusing the Hough accumulator. The iris location is also verified through a gray-level test. After that, the pupillary and limbic boundaries are regularized by applying an enhanced method comprising a Radial-gradient operator (RGO), an error-transform (ET), and the Fourier series. Experimental results, obtained on the CASIA-IrisV3, CASIA-IrisV4, MMU V1.0, and MMU(new) V2.0 iris databases, show superiority of the proposed technique over some of the contemporary techniques.     

Performance and Application of Slow Wave Circuits for Power TWT in Millimeter Wave

In millimeter wave range, high-power traveling wave tube (TWT) is a key device with broadband and high-power amplification. Basis of comparing traditional and new type slow wave circuits for high-power TWT in MMW, analysis and computation of propagating and RF performance for folded wave circuit are carried out. Theoretic calculation and experimental test show that folded wave circuit is an ideal slow wave structure for broadband and high-power TWT in MMW. There is extreme wide application for the circuit in high-power TWT. This development possesses important consult value to designer for MMW power amplifiers.     

基于特定感兴趣区采样的虹膜定位改进算法

从虹膜图像特点出发,以瞳孔形心为辅助点实现对虹膜图像特定感兴趣区采样.并且根据虹膜内外圆半径的生理特点设定Hough变换半径参量,依据虹膜内外圆近似同心圆来筛选与虹膜外圆最匹配的Hough变换结果.该算法在主动避开眼皮,睫毛干扰的同时又显著降低了Hough变换的计算量.通过对中科院自动化所CASIA虹膜数据库108组图像的虹膜定位测试结果表明,该方法平均定位时间0.83 s,定位准确率98.9%.     

A double random phase encoding approach for cancelable iris recognition

In a cancelable iris recognition technique, all enrollment patterns are masked using a transformation function, and the invertibility process for obtaining the original data should not be possible. A novel cancelable iris authentication approach in the encrypted domain is presented in this paper. The double random phase encoding (DRPE) algorithm in the Fractional Fourier Transform (FrFT) Domain is utilized to generate the optical masked IrisCodes. For the transmitter side, two encryption keys (RPM1 and RPM2) are utilized, while the second phase mask is proposed to be the right iris feature vector of the same user. As a result, mixing the feature vectors of the left and right iris patterns of the same subject to an encrypted IrisCode results in enhancing the privacy and preserving the system performance. This proposed system success is attributed to the fact that the iris authentication issue is transformed to a key authentication process. Experimental results conducted on CASIA-IrisV3-Interval dataset achieve a significant gain for both privacy and performance proving the superiority of the proposed approach.     

Submillimeter-wave harmonic gyrotron experiment

A theoretical and experimental investigation of the operation of a harmonic gyrotron at submillimeter wavelengths is reported. Using a waveguide cavity with an iris at the output end of the straight section, 14 different second-harmonic modes were observed with frequencies of 301-503 GHz, output powers of 1-22 kW, and a 12-MHz emission frequency bandwidth. The highest output power was 22 kW, with a total efficiency of 3.5% at 467 GHz, and an output power of 15 kW with a 6% efficiency was obtained at 417 GHz. Research was conducted using a 65-75 kV up to 10-A electron gun with a 1/1.5-μs pulse length and a 4-Hz repetition rate, which produced a helical electron beam in magnetic fields of up to 14 T. These results represent the first operation of a high-power harmonic gyrotron in the submillimeter region     

Iris segmentation for visible wavelength and near infrared eye images

State-of-the-art iris segmentation algorithms exhibit poor performance for non-ideal data, which is mainly because of the noise such as low contrast, non-uniform illumination, reflections, and among others. To address this issue, a robust iris segmentation scheme is proposed that includes the following: First, a set of the Seed-pixels in a preprocessed eye image is marked adaptively. Next, a two-fold scheme based on a Circu-differential accumulator (CDA) and gray statistics is adopted to localize coarse iris region robustly. Notably, the proposed CDA has close resemblance with the Hough transform; however, it consumes relatively less memory and is free from thresholding as well. Similarly, pupillary boundary is localized, which is verified through an intensity test as well. Next, a refine estimate for the limbic boundary is extracted. After that, iris boundaries are regularized using the Fourier series. Finally, the eyelids are localized using a Para-differential accumulator (PDA), and eyelashes and reflections are also localized adaptively in the polar form of iris. Experimental results on the near infrared (NIR) and visible wavelength (VW) iris databases show that the proposed technique outperforms contemporary approaches.     

高功率激光器的光谱合束技术研究北大核心CSCD

为了获得高功率激光束,提出利用双色镜对典型波长2种不同类型(脉冲、连续)的高能激光进行合束,以实现高功率高能量激光输出。通过对双色镜的热效应和合束光斑远场激光参数进行仿真分析计算,热效应仿真结果表明,在单束激光10 kW、光斑直径15 mm条件下,双色镜面型热形变量均方根值为0.004λ(λ=632.8 nm),满足光学元件面型小于0.03λ精度要求。搭建了一套基于双色镜的光谱合束系统,并分别进行了高功率连续激光与高功率连续激光、高功率连续激光与高能量脉冲激光的合束试验,合束效率高于95%。试验结果表明,光谱合束可有效应用于高能激光领域。     

Region-based SIFT approach to iris recognition

Traditional iris recognition systems transfer iris images to polar (or log-polar) coordinates and have performed very well on data that tends to have a centered gaze. The patterns of an iris are part of a 3-D structure that is captured as a two-dimensional (2-D) image and cooperative iris recognition systems are capable of correctly matching these 2-D representations of iris features. However, when the gaze of an eye changes with respect to the camera lens, many times the size, shape, and detail of iris patterns will change as well and cannot be matched to enrolled images using traditional methods. Additionally, the transformation of off-angle eyes to polar coordinates becomes much more challenging and noncooperative iris algorithms will require a different approach. The direct application of the scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) method would not work well for iris recognition because it does not take advantage of the characteristics of iris patterns. We propose the region-based SIFT approach to iris recognition. This new method does not require polar transformation, affine transformation or highly accurate segmentation to perform iris recognition and is scale invariant. This method was tested on the iris challenge evaluation (ICE), WVU and IUPUI noncooperative databases and results show that the method is capable of cooperative and noncooperative iris recognition.     

Localization of iris in gray scale images using intensity gradient

A new method of iris localization based on intensity value analysis is proposed in this paper. Iris recognition systems are mainly dependent on the performance of iris localization processing. Steps after localization involve normalization, feature extraction and matching. These steps are based on the accuracy and efficiency of localization of iris in human eye images. In the proposed scheme, the inner boundary of iris is calculated by finding the pupil center and radius using two methods. In the first method, selected region is adaptively binarized and centroid of the region utilized for obtaining pupil parameters. Edges are processed to detect radius and center of pupil during the second method. For outer iris boundary, a band is calculated within which iris outer boundary lies. Signals in one dimension are picked up along radial direction within determined band at different angles. Three points with maximum gradient are selected from each signal. Redundant points are deleted using Mahalanobis distance and remaining points are used to obtain the outer circle of the iris. Points for upper and lower eyelids are found in the same way as the iris outer boundary. Selected points are then statistically fitted to make parabolas and lastly eyelashes are removed from the image to completely localize the iris. Experimental results show that proposed method is very efficient and accurate.     

High-Power ICRH Launcher Development

In order to have successful and reliable high-power ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) launchers operating in 5-MW power range by 1986-1988 time range, much research and development work is required. A discussion of the major electrical and thermodynamic problems associated with development of these high-power launchers is presented and two candidate high-power launchers are described in detail. One, an integrally tunable cavity-backed U-slot, can be flush mounted, can operate at high power, and can be tuned over a 2:1 frequency band. The other, a dielectrically loaded U-slot, can also be flush mounted, also operates at high power, but can operate at lower frequencies. Required tests and test scenarios for both hot (with plasma) and cold (no plasma) facilities are discussed. In addition, a brief discussion of potential reactor relevant ICRH materials is also included.