锕系原子核自发裂变性质的理论研究

运用推广的液滴模型（GLDM）来确定锕系原子核的自发裂变势垒, 采用量子力学中的WKB近似方法对相应自发裂变的半衰期进行了研究。 在GLDM中, 首次考虑了微观Strutinsky壳修正对裂变势垒的影响。 理论计算的锕系区重核自发裂变半衰期与实验值符合得很好, 表明包括微观壳修正的GLDM可以成功研究重核的自发裂变性质。 The spontaneous fission half lives of the actinides are calculated by the WKB approximation and the potential barriers are constructed by a General Liquid Drop Model (GLDM) including the proximity energy, the mass and charge asymmetry, and an accurate nucleus radius. The microscopic shell correction which plays a key role for the spontaneous fission barrier is considered for the first time. The two parameter quasi molecular shape and the proximity are described in details within the GLDM. The effects of the microscopic shell correction and proximity energy for fission barrier are discussed separately. The calcula ted spontaneous fission half lives for the actinides reasonably accord with the experimental data, implying the present GLDM combined with the microscopic shell correction can be used to study the spontaneous fission properties of heavy nuclei successfully.     

重离子裂变反应中的能级密厦参数和裂变几率

本工作从Ｎｉｌｓｓｏｎ单粒子能级入手,计算了形变核１８６Ｏｓ、１８７Ｉｒ、１８９Ｏｓ和１９３Ａｕ作为激发函数的固有能级密度参数ａｉｎｔ和有效能级密度参数（包括核集体运动效应）ａｅｆｆ．由这样能量相关的能级密度参数计算的裂变几率Ｐｆ（Ｕ）与本工作的裂变几率符合很好． Based on the single-particle levels given by Nilsson,the intrinsic and effective(with collective effects)level density parameters as a function of theexcitation energy for the 186Os, 187Ir, 189Os and 193Au deformation nuclei have been calculatedin the range of the excitation energy up to 150MeV. The calculated fission probabilities Pf(U) are consistent satisfactorily with the experimental data when a nonadiabtic estimation ofthe collective effects was used to calculate the nuclear level density parameters.     

近垒和垒下重离子熔合裂变碎片各向异性的异常

系统总结了研究近垒和垒下重离子熔合裂变反应碎片各向异性的异常的结果 ,提出一个新的预平衡裂变模型,成功地解释了碎片各向异性的异常现象 .但对异常宽峰结构不能说明 ,有待进一步研究. Systematic summary on the anomalous anisotropies of fission fragments in near and sub barrier fusion fission reactions is presented. A new version of the preequilibrium fission model is put forward to explain the anomalous anisotropies of fission fragments, except the bump of anomaly. Further study is still needed.     

基于ImIQMD模型对近垒重系统准裂变反应的研究

利用改进的同位旋相关的量子分子动力学(ImIQMD)模型程序,对能量在库仑位垒附近的48Ca+208Pb反应系统进行了模拟。 计算得到的俘获截面、 准裂变截面和碎片分布及其发生的时间分布等结果与实验数据符合较好。 同时还得到了准裂变过程中发射第三个较大碎片的截面, 并简单讨论了它们的发射机制。Based on the improved isospin dependent quantum molecular dynamics (ImIQMD) model,the reaction of 48Ca+208Pb at energies near the Coulomb barrier was investigated systematically. The capture cross section,the quasi fission cross section, the mass distribution of the quasi fission fragments and the time for quasi fission happened were obtained. According to the comparison with experimental data,the calculated capture cross sections and the fragment distributions of the quasi fission were reasonable. Additionally,we got the cross sections of the third largest fragment,and the emission mechanism was also discussed briefly.     

近垒及垒下能区28Si+174Yb体系的裂变碎片质量分布

使用两块大面积平行板雪崩计数器,测量了近垒及垒下28Si+174Yb熔合裂变碎片质量-角度关联分布及质量分布。质量-角度二维图显示在该反应能量区间内并没有发现明显的准裂变成分。运用单高斯曲线拟合了裂变碎片的质量分布并抽取了质量宽度。结果表明:在库仑势垒以上,质量宽度随着反应能量的升高而增大;在库仑势垒以下能区,发现质量宽度随着反应能量的降低而呈现轻微增大的趋势。运用鞍点统计模型对本次实验数据拟合发现,需用比文献给出的更大的刚度系数才能重现实验结果,其物理原因还需要进一步研究。In order to study the fission mechanism, the mass distributions and mass-angle distributions of the fission fragments for 28Si+174Yb were measured near the Coulomb barrier. The mass-angle correlations do not indicate any possible quasi-fission events in this bombarding energy range. The mass distributions were fitted by the single Gaussian distribution and then the mass widths were extracted. At above-barrier energies, the mass widths were found to increase with the energy. However, the mass widths show slight increase with decreasing energy below the barrier. Additionally, the mass widths can not be reproduced in the framework of the saddle statistic model with the given parameter, so further study is still needed.     

232Th 中子诱发裂变产额数据比对评价

232Th 中子诱发裂变产额在Th/U 燃料循环的核能开发中具有重要的意义,在现有国际评价产额数据库基础上,结合最新的实验数据,对产物核的质量分布和反应堆计算所需的重点产物核进行了比对。这些产物核包括95Mo,99Tc,101Ru,103Rh,109Ag,133Cs,147Sm,149Sm,150Sm,151Sm,152Sm,143Nd,145Nd 和153Eu 等,对有分歧的133Cs,152Sm 和153Eu 累积产额数据进行了评价调整。最后推荐给出了n+232Th 裂变的产额数据库,作为CENDL 库的组成部分。The yields of n+232Th fission are important in study of the Th/U fuel cycle. Based upon the evaluated nuclear data libraries and recent experimental data,comparison and evaluation for yield mass distribution and cumulativeyield were performed for those products are needed and important in reactor calculations,including 95Mo,99Tc,101Ru,103Rh,109Ag,133Cs,147Sm,149Sm,150Sm,151Sm,152Sm,143Nd,145Nd adn 153Eu etc. Adjustments were made for 133Cs, 152Sm and 153En which have discrepancies among the libraries. Database for n+233Th fission yield is recommended as a part of CENDL update.     

重离子裂变反应动力学研究

从实验角度评述了重离子裂变反应动力学研究现状．内容包括动力学裂变宽度、裂变时标、核粘滞性的温度和形变相关性以及从裂变实验上研究核粘滞性的方法等． The present status of the dynamics study for heavy ion induced fission reaction includesing the dynamical fission width,the fission time scale,the temperature and deformation dependence of the nuclear viscosity and the methods of the extracting viscosity from fission experiments induced by heavy ion reactions is reviewed.      

微观描述热核裂变寿命（英文）

有关热核裂变的研究与反应堆中的诱发裂变,天体环境中的裂变,以及超重元素的合成等密切相关。热核裂变的研究通常是基于Bohr-Wheeler 的统计裂变理论。而统计模型的研究十分依赖唯像的能级密度和位能面。因此,提出基于微观的有限温度的能量密度泛函理论计算热核的裂变寿命。可以微观自洽地计算出温度相关的裂变位垒高度,曲率,集体质量参数。基于虚自由能法,从低温到高温的裂变寿命可以由一个统一的框架给出。展示了在裂变研究中温度相关裂变位垒的重要性,并讨论了微观描述热核裂变的前景。The studies of thermal fission rates are relevant to novel reactors, astrophysical environments, and survival probabilities of compound superheavy nuclei. This has been conventionally studied by the Bohr-Wheeler statistical model that depends on phenomenological level densities and fission barriers. In this context, we propose to study the thermal fission rates based on microscopic temperature dependent nuclear energy density functional theory. The microscopic temperature dependent fission barrier heights and curvatures, and collective mass parameters can be self-consistently obtained. The fission lifetimes from low to high temperatures can be given by the imaginary free energy method in a consistent framework. Microscopic temperature dependent fission barriers play an essential role in fission studies.     

n+233U裂变碎片质量分布的唯象模型研究

本模型基于裂变多通道无规颈断裂模型,考虑宏观液滴能、壳效应能以及壳效应与温度的关系,得到参数化的势能表示形式。通过拟合不同测量方法得到的实验数据(经过评价) 获得3 组模型参数。3 组参数计算的碎片质量分布均很好地再现了不同能点的实验数据,除了基于动能法实验数据得到的参数外,其14 MeV的计算结果与实验数据符合较差。研究发现,不同入射中子能量的裂变碎片质量分布有4 个主要交叉点,在叉点之上的产额随入射中子能量增加减少,之下的产额则随入射中子能量上升;内侧(或外侧) 的两个交叉点质量数之和近似等于裂变复合核的质量数;不同裂变系统的重峰左侧的交叉点都保持在132 附近。Present model was based upon Brosa model, where macro energy,shell effect energy and its decreasing with system temperature were considered and parameterized. 3 sets of model parameters were obtained by fitting to 3 groups of evaluated experimental data, respectively, where the groups were classified by measured method: radiochemistry (RA) method, double kinetic energy (KE) method, and both (ALL). All the 3 sets of parameters could well reproduce themeasured mass distributions on different energies, except the KE set on 14 MeV. The result shows the mass distributions mainly had 4 trend turning points, above which the yield decreasing and below which the yield increasing with energy.The sum of the 1st and 4th (or 2nd and 3rd) point positions was equal to the compound nuclei mass approximately. And the 3rd point was kept at ~132 constantly for different fission systems n+233 U, n+235U, n+233Pu.     

9,11Be+209Bi近垒熔合

阐述了9,11Be+209Bi近垒熔合反应研究的意义,给出实验结果并讨论弹核破裂对近垒熔合反应截面的影响. The purpose and importance of the study of 9,11Be+209Bi near barrier fusion were reviewed. The breakup effects of the halo nuclei on fusion were discussed and compared with the experimental results of 9,11Be+209Bi systems.     

Effects of Various Deformation on the First Fission Barrier in Even-A N = 152 Isotones

The first(namely, inner) fission barriers for even-A N = 152 nuclei have been studied systematically in the framework of macroscopic-microscopic model by means of potential energy surface(PES) calculations in the threedimensional(β_(2, γ), β_4) deformation space. Their collective properties, such as ground-state deformations, are compared with previous calculations and available observations, showing a consistent trend. In addition, it has been found that the microscopic shell correction energy plays an important role on surviving fission in these N = 152 deformed shell nuclei. The inclusion of non-axial symmetric degree of freedom γ will pull the fission barrier down more significantly with respect to the calculation involving in hexadecapole deformation β_4. Furthermore, the calculated Woods-Saxon(WS) single particle levels indicate that the large microscopic shell correction energies due to low level densities may be responsible for such a reduction on the inner fission barrier.     

Study of Fission Barrier Heights of Uranium Isotopes by the Macroscopic-Microscopic Method

Potential energy surfaces of uranium nuclei in the range of mass numbers 229 through 244 are investigated in the framework of the macroscopic-microscopic model and the heights of static fission barriers are obtained in terms of a double-humped structure. The macroscopic part of the nuclear energy is calculated according to Lublin-Strasbourg-drop (LSD) model. Shell and pairing corrections as the microscopic part are calculated with a folded-Yukawa single-particle potential. The calculation is carried out in a five-dimensional parameter space of the generalized Lawrence shapes. In order to extract saddle points on the potential energy surface, a new algorithm which can effectively find an optimal fission path leading from the ground state to the scission point is developed. The comparison of our results with available experimental data and others' theoretical results confirms the reliability of our calculations.     

Fission fragment mass yields of Th to Rf even-even nuclei

Fission properties of the actinide nuclei are deduced from theoretical analysis. We investigate potential energy surfaces and fission barriers and predict the fission fragment mass yields of actinide isotopes. The results are compared with experimental data where available. The calculations were performed in the macroscopic-microscopic approximation with the Lublin-Strasbourg Drop (LSD) for the macroscopic part, and the microscopic energy corrections were evaluated in the Yukawa-folded potential. The Fourier nuclear shape parametrization is used to describe the nuclear shape, including the non-axial degree of freedom. The fission fragment mass yields of the nuclei considered are evaluated within a 3D collective model using the Born-Oppenheimer approximation.     

Spontaneous Fission Barriers Based on a Generalized Liquid Drop Model

The barrier against the spontaneous fission has been determined within the Generalized Liquid Drop Model （GLDM） including the mass and charge asymmetry, and the proximity energy. The shell correction of the spherical parent nucleus is calculated by using the Strutinsky method, and the empirical shape-dependent shell correction is 6mp10yed during the deformation process. A quasi-molecular shape sequence has been defined to describe the whole process from one-body shape to two-body shape system, and a two-touching-ellipsoid is adopted when the superdeformed one-body system reaches the rupture point. On these bases the spontaneous fission barriers are systematically studied for nuclei from 2a~Th to 249 Cm for different possible exiting channels with the different mass and charge asymmetries. The double, and triple bumps are found in the fission potential energy in this region, which roughly agree with the experimental results. It is found that at around Sn-like fragment the outer fission barriers are lower, while the partner of the Sn-like fragment is in the range near l~SRu where the ground-state mass is lowered by allowing axially symmetric shapes. The preferable fission channels are distinctly pronounced, which should be corresponding to the fragment mass distributions.     

Prediction of the cross-sections of isotopes produced in deuteron-induced spallation of long-lived fission products

The spallation cross-section data for the long-lived fission products(LLFPs) are scarce but required for the design of accelerator driven systems. In this paper, the isospin dependent quantum molecular dynamics model and the statistical code GEMINI are applied to simulate deuteron-induced spallation in the energy region of GeV/nucleon. By comparing the calculations with the experimental data, the applicability of the model is verified. The model is then applied to simulate the spallation of 90 Sr, 93 Zr, 107 Pd, and 137 Cs induced by deuterons at 200, 500 and 1000 MeV/nucleon. The cross-sections of isotopes, the cross-sections of long-lived nuclei, and the reaction energy are presented.Using the above observables, the feasibility of LLFP transmutation by spallation is discussed.     

Potential energy surfaces and fission fragment mass yields of even-even superheavy nuclei

Potential energy surfaces and fission barriers of superheavy nuclei are analyzed in a macroscopic-microscopic model. The Lublin-Strasbourg Drop (LSD) model is used to obtain the macroscopic part of the energy, whereas the shell and pairing energy corrections are evaluated using the Yukawa-folded potential; a standard flooding technique is utilized to determine barrier heights. A Fourier shape parametrization containing only three deformation parameters is shown to effectively reproduce the nuclear shapes of nuclei approaching fission. In addition, a non-axial degree of freedom is taken into account to better describe the structure of nuclei around the ground state and in the saddle region. In addition to the symmetric fission valley, a new highly asymmetric fission mode is predicted in most superheavy nuclei. The fission fragment mass distributions of the considered nuclei are obtained by solving 3D Langevin equations.     

Fission of muonic 232Th and 239Pu

The neutron emission is studied following the formation of muonic atoms of ²³²Th and ²³⁹Pu. Energy and time distributions are measured. Various processes which contribute to the measured spectra are considered. A collective resonance model of the muon capture is used to calculate the nuclear excitation function. The probability of the radiationless nuclear excitations and the influence of the presence of the bound atomic muon on the fission barrier are discussed. The existing data for the $\text{Γ}{}_{\mathrm{n}}\text{Γ}{}_{\mathrm{f}}$, are analysed. As a result of the analysis the rates of the prompt and delayed fission events (due to the radiationless mu-atomic transitions and the nuclear muon capture, respectively) are deduced from the experimental data to be 0.006/muon and 0.045/muon for ²³²Th and 0.10/muon and 0.49/muon for ²³⁹Pu, respectively. The increase of the fission barrier for muonic atoms is confirmed. The experimental neutron rates can be consistently explained only if it is assumed that in both nucleides the K_α radiationless transitions do not induce fission. The increase of the fission barrier for ²³⁹Pu is hence deduced to be not less than 1.2 MeV. The fate of the atomic muon after the nuclear fission is briefly discussed. Its influence on the interpretation of the present results is found to be small.     

中能质子入射的裂变产物质量分布计算

采用量子分子动力学(QMD)、统计衰变模型(SDM)和半经验的多模裂变模型方法计算了能量在200MeV附近的中能质子入射重核引起裂变的裂变产物质量分布,得到了与实验相符合的结果;同时对锕系核素和非锕系重核素分别给出了一组合理的多模裂变模型参数.