激发态质子转移分子2-(2''-羟基苯基)苯并噻唑在不同溶剂中的光谱特性

观测了2-(2’-羟基苯基)苯并噻唑(HBT)在不同极性溶剂中的吸收光谱和荧光光谱,详细研究了溶剂极性对HBT发生激发态分子内质子转移(ESIPT)影响的机制。吸收光谱表明在常态条件下,HBT在各种溶剂中都以烯醇式构型和酮式构型共同存在,但以烯醇式构型占绝大多数。荧光光谱表明在纯环己烷溶剂中,HBT被紫外光激发时,绝大多数烯醇式构型发生ESIPT转变为酮式构型,分子的ESIPT效率最大。在含有乙醇的极性溶剂中,HBT烯醇式会形成溶剂化的烯醇式构型,阻碍分子发生ESIPT反应。溶剂中乙醇含量愈多极性愈强,溶剂化烯醇式的成份就愈多,HBT的ESIPT效率就愈低。以400 nm光激发HBT溶液时,在510 nm处发现酮式构型荧光,从而确认了400 nm处的弱吸收是酮式构型的吸收;且在436和456nm处还有新的荧光峰,分析其可能来源于酮式构型去质子化阴离子的发射。     

激发态分子内质子转移分子2-羟基-1-萘甲醛半碳酰腙的光谱特性

通过考察2-羟基-1-萘甲醛半碳酰腙(HNLSC)在不同极性溶剂中的吸收光谱和荧光光谱,详细研究了HNLSC分子在不同溶剂及酸、碱条件下的不同构型,证实了HNLSC具有典型的ESIPT特性。在非极性溶剂中分子主要以分子内氢键的闭式构型存在,这种闭式构型使分子具有ESIPT特性,在环己烷溶剂和高酸度极性溶剂中分子均表现出～415nm的正常荧光和～435nm处的反常ESIPT荧光。在极性质子溶剂中,因溶质和溶剂之间形成了分子间的氢键以及进一步去质子化,HNLSC形成了基态的溶剂化开式构型和离子构型,在吸收光谱中表现出～395nm的离子构型特征吸收。开式构型和离子构型阻断了分子内质子转移途径,因而在荧光光谱中仅表现出一个特征峰。实验进一步通过三乙胺和稀硫酸调节溶液体系的极性和酸度环境,证明在不同溶剂极性和酸度环境下,HNLSC分子不仅存在萘环上羟基变化引起的多种互变异构体间的转化平衡,同时存在—CHN—NH—CO—NH2结构域的烯醇式和酮式结构的相互转化。     

2-(2’-羟基苯基)苯并咪唑的光谱特性

2-(2’-羟基苯基)苯并咪唑(简称HBI)是一类具有激发态质子转移效应的有机分子。观测了HBI分子在甲苯、甲苯与乙醇混合及乙醇三种溶液的吸收光谱,发现其吸收光谱相类似。用317 nm光激发,观测其荧光光谱,在甲苯溶液中只观测到一个荧光带,其峰值位于470 nm;在甲苯与乙醇的混合溶液及乙醇溶液的荧光光谱中,都观测到两个荧光带,其峰值分别位于370和450 nm。根据激发态质子转移理论可知,470 nm的荧光带是由激发态质子转移生成的互变异构体,即HBI酮式构型分子的发射,峰值位于370 nm的荧光带是HBI稀醇式构型分子的发射。由于乙醇具有较大的极性,可与HBI分子相互作用形成分子间氢键,即生成溶剂化物。当溶剂化物被激发,在激发态发生激发态质子转移生成两性离子,两性离子发射荧光回到基态。因此,在极性溶剂中HBI发射峰值位于450 nm的荧光带应归于两性离子的发射。当用532 nm强光激发HBI溶液时,发现HBI分子在非极性溶剂中无双光子效应,而在极性溶剂中却存在双光子效应,表明HBI的溶剂化物具有双光子效应。     

3-羟基黄酮在不同极性和酸碱度溶剂中的光谱研究

实验观测了3-羟基黄酮(3-HF)在不同极性溶剂中的吸收光谱和荧光光谱,发现在吸收光谱中有3个吸收带,峰值位于300和345 nm的两个吸收带较强,位于415 nm处的吸收带较弱。用345 nm作为激发光,观测到两个荧光带,其中峰值位于400 nm的荧光带为3-HF稀醇式构型的发射,随着溶剂极性的增大其强度增强,峰值位于526 nm的荧光带为3-HF互变异构体的发射,随着溶剂极性的增大其强度减弱,这表明溶剂极性阻碍质子转移的发生。用415 nm的光激发样品,在荧光光谱中发现了3个新荧光谱带,峰值分别位于440,471和515 nm,这3个荧光谱带归属至今未见报道。为了指认这3个荧光谱带,分别观测了3-HF在不同酸碱度溶液的荧光光谱及其吸收光谱,通过对这些光谱的分析研究,指认出荧光峰位于440和471 nm的荧光谱带为3-HF的两种阳离子的发射,峰值位于515 nm的荧光谱带为3-HF的阴离子的发射。     

5-(2-芳氧甲基苯并咪唑-1-亚甲基)-1,3,4噁二唑-2-硫酮的结构,光谱与热力学性质的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法对标题化合物分子进行几何构型优化和频率计算,得到红外光谱和拉曼光谱及不同温度下的热力学性质.计算模拟分子在气相和不同溶剂下的电子吸收光谱.结果显示,分子内氢键的形成有利于分子稳定,并与实验晶体结构一致.气相中最大吸收峰出现在236nm处,属于近紫外区,溶剂作用使其蓝移(减小)20nm左右,且与溶剂极性无关.     

7-羟基喹啉在固态介质中光反应的光谱特性

本文通过观测7HQ在固态基质中的吸收光谱，研究7HQ被紫外光照射后物种的变化，表明光照前分子主要以烯醇构型存在。受紫外光337．1nm，照射后部分烯醇构型转变为酮式构型和其它构型，样品被光照后存放2个月，其吸收光谱仍保持不变，这些结果说明7HQ在光存储方面有潜在的应用前景。     

溶剂对石墨烯量子点荧光性质的影响

采用柠檬酸热解法制备了石墨烯量子点(GQDs),研究了非极性溶剂戊烷,极性溶剂乙醇、丙酮、乙二醇对GQDs荧光性质的影响。透射电子显微镜(TEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)图像表明,制备的GQDs尺寸分布在2~12 nm(平均尺寸为4.9 nm),分散均匀,高度分布在0.5~2 nm。吸收光谱表明,GQDs具有明显的紫外吸收特性,吸收峰位于259 nm和274 nm。光致发光谱表明,GQDs的发光具有明显的溶剂依赖性。GQDs在极性溶剂乙醇、丙酮、乙二醇中,发光峰的位置依赖于激发波长,发射波长在可见光区。而在非极性溶剂戊烷中,GQDs表现出对激发波长不依赖的荧光性能,且发射波长在近紫外。     

瞬态吸收光谱茜素超快动力学研究

激发态质子转移是光物理学、光化学和光生物过程中最基本的化学反应之一。激发态分子内质子转移(excited-state intramolecular proton transfer, ESIPT)通常是指有机分子受到激发,到达激发态后,质子在激发态势能面上从质子供体基团转移到质子受体基团并形成含有分子内氢键多元环的过程, 一般发生在亚皮秒量级。质子转移可应用于有机发光二极管、荧光探针等领域。茜素,即1,2-二羟基蒽醌,可从茜草根部提取,具有与醌类衍生物相似的结构,常用于染料、染色剂和药物等。近年来,发现茜素分子具有质子转移特性,可用来制备新型“绿色”染料敏化电池。利用稳态吸收、稳态荧光和飞秒瞬态吸收光谱技术以及第一性原理理论计算对溶于乙醇溶液的茜素分子的质子转移过程进行了研究和分析。稳态吸收和稳态荧光研究结果表明: 在基态时,茜素分子的正常构型9,10-酮处于稳定状态,容易发生跃迁;在激发态时,茜素分子的互变异构体构型1,10-酮处于稳定状态,容易产生荧光发射。飞秒瞬态吸收光谱测量使用的激光的激发波长为370 nm。测得的瞬态吸收光谱在430 nm附近存在茜素的基态漂白信号。通过使用全局拟合方法对瞬态吸收光谱进行分析研究发现：茜素正常构型9,10-酮的激发态分子内质子转移时间为110.5 fs,茜素互变异构体构型1,10-酮分子内振动弛豫时间为30.7 ps,茜素互变异构体构型1,10-酮荧光寿命为131.7 ps。通过使用单波长动力学拟合的方法对瞬态吸收光谱进行分析发现：发生质子转移的时间尺度与运用全局拟合方法得出的结果基本一致;茜素分子的正常构型9,10-酮分子在110.5 fs的时间尺度内处于快速减少的趋势,而茜素分子的互变异构体构型1,10-酮分子在这一时间尺度内处于快速上升的趋势。当延迟时间增大时,茜素分子的互变异构体构型1,10-酮分子又呈现缓慢衰减的趋势。     

芳香性取代基对2-(2-羟基苯基)苯并咪唑激发态质子转移和光谱性质影响的理论研究

运用密度泛函(DFT)和含时密度泛函(TD DFT)理论方法研究了在2-(2-羟基苯基)苯并咪唑(HBI)苯环羟基的对位分别被呋喃基、吡咯基等五种芳香性取代基后的衍生物(HBI-R)分子内质子转移过程,考察了取代基的电子离域效应对分子结构、分子内氢键和质子转移的影响,模拟计算了各分子的IR振动光谱和电子光谱。研究发现,基态的HBI与HBI-R分子内氢键O—H…N比O…H—N强度大,因氢键中的O—H增长和H—N的缩短,激发态氢键O—H…N弱于O…H—N强度,基态和激发态的稳定构型分别为醇式和酮式结构,取代基总体上使酮式构型相对稳定性有所增加,但呋喃基、吡咯基和噻吩基却略降低了激发态酮式构型相对稳定性。取代基降低了HBI基态和激发态分子内质子转移反应的能垒,但影响不大。电子吸收光谱的最大吸收峰和荧光光谱的最大发射峰主要源于前线分子轨道HOMO与LUMO之间的电子跃迁,芳环取代基增强了电子离域效应,使光谱的吸收峰和发射峰波长均有较大的红移。     

取代基对2-(2-羟基苯基)苯并噻唑分子内氢键及质子转移的影响:密度泛函理论研究

运用密度泛函(DFT)和含时密度泛函(TD DFT)理论方法研究了在2-(2-羟基苯基)苯并噻唑(HBT)苯环羟基的邻位或对位分别引入羟基和醛基后的衍生物分子内质子转移过程,考察了取代基的电子效应及取代位置对分子内氢键和质子转移反应的影响,模拟计算了各分子的IR振动光谱和电子光谱.研究发现,HBT及其衍生物分子可以形成分子内氢键,且激发态时氢键增强.基态时以醇式构型稳定存在,激发态时酮式结构为优势构象.分子的最大吸收峰和发射峰主要源于电子从前线分子轨道HOMO到LUMO之间的跃迁.基态分子内质子转移需要越过较高的能垒因而难以发生,而激发态时只需越过较低能垒就很容易发生激发态分子内质子转移.取代基的电子效应和取代位置对HBT分子氢键强度、互变异构体的相对稳定性、电子光谱及质子转移反应的能垒均有一定影响.     

Novel Quadruple Fluorescence Properties of Two Benzoylthiourea Isomers

Two benzoylthiourea isomers, N-2-flurobenzoy-N'-4- (N,N-dimethyl)amidophenylthiourea (2FBDAPT) and N-4-fluro-benzoy-N'-4- (N,N-dimethyl)amidophenylthiourea (4FBDAPT) were determined by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray diffraction. It was found that intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds played an important role in determining their conformations. Electronic spectra of the two compounds were investigated by UV absorption and steady-state fluorescence methods. The intermolecular hydrogen bond between the title compounds and methanol molecules caused the long wavelength absorption bands in methanol to weaken and vanish indeed. Quadruple fluorescence bands in ultraviolet and visible region were observed in the studied solvents upon the variable excitation wavelength. As same as Azumaya's suggestions for benzanilide (BA), F4 fluorescence bands with the maximum wavelength (λ(max)) between 546?nm and 622?nm were characteristic of TICT fluorescence. F3 bands of λ(max) from 434?nm to 483?nm were explained by the ESIPT model of the S1 state of the thiol tautomer to the S1 state of the keto tautomer. The new proposition was that F2 bands with λ(max) at about 365?nm were attributed to ESIPT from the S1 state of the thiol tautomer to the S0 state of the enol tautomer. And F1 fluorescence emissions with λ(max) at about 310?nm originated from the local S1 transitions of the enol tautomer. All experimental results were supported by MP2, CASSCF and CASPT2 quantum chemical calculations.     

Intra- and intermolecular proton transfer in methyl-2-hydroxynicotinate

Spectral characteristics of methyl 2-hydroxynicotinate (MEHNA) have been studied using absorption, fluorescence excitation and fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as, using single photon counting nanosecond spectrofluorimeter. MEHNA is present as enol in less polar solvents and keto in polar media. In non-polar solvents, large Stokes shifted fluorescence band is assigned to phototautomer, formed by excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), whereas fluorescence is only observed from keto form in polar solvents. In aqueous and polar solvents monocation (MC) is formed by protonating the exo carbonyl oxygen atom in the ground state (S₀) and in the first excited singlet state (S₁), MC is obtained by protonating carbonyl oxygen atom of the ester. It is formed by ESIPT from exo carbonyl proton to carbonyl oxygen atom of the ester. Dication is formed by protonating both the oxygen atoms. Two kinds of monoanions formed by deprotonating phenolic proton or >N-H proton of keto suggest the presence of enol and keto in aqueous solution. In cyclohexane MC is formed by protonating carbonyl oxygen in both S₀ and S₁ states. The electronic structure calculations were performed on each species using semi-empirical quantum mechanical AM1 method and density functional theory B3LYP with 6-31G^** basis set using Gaussian 98 program, along with potential energy mapping, to characterize the particular species.     

Spectroscopic Studies of Intramolecular Proton Transfer in 2-(4-Fluorophenylamino)-5-(2,4-Dihydroxybenzeno)-1,3,4-Thiadiazole

Spectroscopic studies of the biologically active compound 2-(4-fluorophenylamino)-5-(2,4-dihydroxybenzeno)-1,3,4-thiadiazole (FABT), have been performed. Absorption studies in the UV-Vis region for FABT in polar solvents, like water or ethanol, exhibit the domination of the enol form over its keto counterpart, with a broad absorption band centered around 340 nm. In non-polar solvents such as n-heptane or heavier alkanes the 340 nm absorption band disappears and an increase of the band related to the keto form (approximately 270 nm) is observed. Fluorescence spectra (with 270 nm and 340 nm excitation energies used) show a similar dependence: for FABT in 2-propanol a peak at about 400 nm dominates over that at 330 nm while in n-heptane this relation is reversed. The solvent dependent equilibrium between the keto and enol forms is further confirmed by FTIR and Raman spectroscopies. As can be expected, this equilibrium also shows some temperature dependences. We note that the changes between the two tautomeric forms of FABT are not related to the permanent dipole moment of the solvent but rather to its dipole polarizability.     

脱氢枞酸基D-A型分子的合成、空间构型及光谱性能

对三苯胺进行溴代和C-N偶联反应合成4-萘基三苯胺(a),对脱氢枞酸进行酯化、溴代、硝化、还原和C-N偶联反应合成13-[N,N-(4-萘基苯基)-苯基]胺基-脱异丙基脱氢枞酸甲酯(b)及13-[N,N-双(4-萘基苯基)]胺基-脱异丙基脱氢枞酸甲酯(c)两个化合物,通过1H MNR,13C MNR及MS对化合物的结构进行表征。为了研究化合物结构与光谱性能之间的关系,首先利用Gaussian 09程序采用密度泛函DFT/B3LYP方法,对三个化合物的空间构型进行全优化,得到它们的键长、键角和二面角,对比发现脱氢枞酸骨架和萘环的引入会影响化合物的共平面性,而萘环的引入会增大化合物的共轭程度。光谱性能方面,研究了三种化合物在甲醇、二氧六环、四氢呋喃、二氯甲烷和环己烷这5种极性逐渐减小的溶剂中的荧光发射光谱和紫外吸收光谱。结果表明,在荧光光谱中,化合物a,b和c在不同极性溶剂中最大荧光发射波长均有不同程度位移,在甲醇中最大,在环己烷中最小,但是位移并非随着极性的增大而只发生红移,在二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃和二氧六环3种极性依次增大的溶剂中,a,b,c的荧光发射波长均随着溶剂极性的增大而发生较大程度的蓝移;在同一溶剂中,化合物b和c相对于a的荧光发射波长依次发生红移,c的红移程度与b差距不大。紫外吸收光谱中,三个化合物在不同极性溶剂中的最大吸收波长也有差异,在200～250 nm区间,三个化合物均在二氯甲烷中有较大位移,在300～350 nm区间,在甲醇中位移较大,而在250～300 nm区间,最大吸收波长差别不大;在同一溶剂中,它们在300～350 nm区间的最大吸收波长差别较大,化合物c较a红移26 nm。结合结构优化所得数据可以证明,化合物的共轭程度对荧光发射光谱和紫外吸收光谱均有影响,而共平面性对荧光发射光谱影响较大。化合物a,b和c在不同极性溶剂中荧光发射光谱和紫外吸收光谱的较大变化,表明它们有明显的溶致变色行为,具有作为分子探针探测外部环境极性大小的潜能。     

Excited state intramolecular proton transfer in amino 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzazole derivatives: Effects of the solvent and the amino group position

The excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) mechanism in six amino 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzazole derivatives were investigated in different solvents by means of UV-vis absorption and steady-state fluorescence. The amino benzazoles are fluorescent in the blue-orange region under UV radiation. Changes in the absorption, emission and excitation spectra were analyzed and correlated to the position of the amino group and the solvent polarity. The equilibrium between the conformers in solution in the ground state, confirmed by the solvatochromic effect, reflects the dual fluorescence emission presented by these dyes.     

Dual-Fluorescence Probe of Environment Basicity (Hydrogen Bond Accepting Ability) Displaying no Sensitivity to Polarity

3-Hydroxyquinolones (3HQs) are a new class of water soluble dual fluorescence probes that can monitor both polarity and basicity (H-bond accepting ability) parameters. Both parameters play an important role in proteins and lipid membranes. Nevertheless, no method exists actually to measure the basicity parameter separately from the polarity. To achieve this aim, we synthesized 2-benzofuryl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolone (3HQ-Bf) and characterized its photophysical properties by UV, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Due to its extended conjugation and totally planar conformation, 3HQ-Bf is characterized by a high fluorescence quantum yield. In solution, this dye shows an excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) reaction resulting in two tautomer bands in the emission spectra. The ESIPT reaction can be considered as irreversible and is governed by rate constants from 0.6 to 8 × 10⁹ s⁻¹, depending on the solvent. The analysis of the spectral properties of 3HQ-Bf in a series of organic solvents revealed a marginal sensitivity to the solvent polarity, but an exquisite sensitivity to solvent basicity, as shown by the linear dependence of the logarithm of the emission bands intensity ratio, log(I_N*/I_T*), as well as the absorption or emission maxima wavenumbers as a function of the solvent basicity parameter. This probe may find useful applications through coupling to a protein ligand, for characterizing the H-bond acceptor ability at the ligand binding site as well as for studying the basicity changes of lipid membranes during their chemo- and thermotropic conversions.     

Computational prediction on photophysical properties of two excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) fluorophores bearing the benzothiazole group

ABSTRACT

In this contribution, the photophysical properties of two excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) fluorophores of 2,6-dibenzothiazolyl-4-methylphenol (I) and 2-benzothiazolyl-6-(2-(benzothiazolyl)vinyl)-4-methylphenol (II) were studied by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) methods at the PBE0 theoretical level. To probe into the origin of the absorption and emission bands observed experimentally, the absorption and emission spectra of I and II were simulated by the TD-PBE0/6-311?+?G(d,p) calculations. In addition, the photo-induced proton enol–keto tautomerization of the two targeted molecules was also explored. The present studies indicate that a good agreement is found between theoretical predictions and experimental data. Moreover, both of these molecules can undergo an ultrafast ESIPT process, which should be responsible for the single proton-transfer tautomer emission.