管道噪声的自适应抵消及其计算机模拟

本文提出一种采用自适应抵消的管道噪声有源降噪系统，自适应滤波器为有限冲激响应的横向结构，系统中采用了辅助滤波器和补偿滤波器，它们保证了最小均方算法的正确收敛，消除了声反馈效应，计算机模拟证实了该系统的可行性，通过对具有不同物理参数的管道的计算机模拟，得到了这些参数的变化对总降噪量的影响，这些参数包括温度、气流速度、管内的吸声情形、次级声源的Q值及次级声源到检测传声器的距离，模拟的结果有助于实际管道有源降噪的系统的设计。     

有源噪声控制在隔声罩中应用的初步实验研究

本文以对液压泵降噪为例,对有源噪声控制系统在隔声罩中的应用进行了初步的实验研究。噪声的低频段由有源噪声控制系统降低,中高频段由隔声罩降低,从而发挥了有源噪声控制和隔声罩各自的优点。附加了有源系统后的隔声罩使液压泵的噪声从112.4dB降到了80.0dB,整个系统的降噪量达到了32dB。其中有源噪声控制系统采用了6个次级控制源,在600Hz以下频段新增13dB的插入损失。     

充液管路系统流体声与结构声的复合有源控制

采用基于谐频自适应控制算法的有源消声与消振系统对充液管路系统突出的低频线谱噪声进行有源控制实验研究.建立了泵水循环管路实验系统,在管路中安装有源消声器对流体声进行控制,在管路出口障板上采用8×8通道有源消振系统控制结构声辐射。开展的低频线谱噪声与振动有源控制实验结果表明,在50~200 Hz频带内,通过结合有源噪声与振动控制可在多数频点取得10 dB以上的降噪效果。针对该实验系统,通过分别控制流体声和结构声分析了两者的贡献.实验结果验证了有源消声与消振系统具有较好的降噪性能,各频点处流体声与结构声占比情况不同,需要综合控制流体声与结构声才可以取得显著的降噪效果。      

有源声屏障中误差传感器的位置优化

有源声屏障利用有源控制系统提高声屏障低频段的降噪效果。有源控制系统中误差传感器的位置对整个系统的降噪效果有较大的影响。通过数值模拟和实验研究误差传感器的位置优化问题,得出了有源控制系统中误差传感器摆放位置的两条结论:(1)所介绍的三种摆放中,误差传感器的位置在次级声源的正上方时,有源控制系统在屏障后方声影区引入的新增插入损失最好,特别是对于距离屏障较远的区域;(2)当误差传感器的位置在次级声源的正上方时,误差传感器与次级声源间的距离存在一个最优距离使得屏障后方声影区的衍射声得到最好的降低。     

次级源近场和管壁弹性对充液管路有源消声性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

建立了含次级源结构的充液直管有源消声系统数值模型,重点分析了声激励下次级源近场和管壁弹性对有源消声性能的影响。结果表明:次级源近场为非均匀声场,误差点位于该区域时部分频点控制效果较差甚至放大,而处于声场均匀区域时可使降噪量提高10 dB以上,增加误差点数量可使绝大多数频点的降噪量提高5 dB以上;管壁弹性使次级源与管壁间的耦合较强,非对称分布的次级源容易激起管壁振动,导致降噪谷值的出现,采用对称分布的次级源可显著提升控制效果;增加次级源数量能够提高系统的有源无源复合控制效果,但使得管内声场变得复杂,多次级源模型的有源消声效果随频率升高而有所降低。     

军用运输机机舱有源消声实验系统的设计与实现

为验证有源消声技术在军用运输机机舱低频噪声消除方面的有效性,设计和实现了一套机舱有源消声实验系统。采用“激振器+舱壁板”方式实现了飞机螺旋桨对机舱诱导噪声的声源模拟,设计了基于前馈控制结构的自适应有源噪声控制系统,构建了基于FX-LMS算法的自适应消声控制器,采用监测麦克风组对舱内空间的消声效果进行监测。实验结果验证了自适应有源噪声控制技术在军用飞机舱室消声降噪领域的有效性,并表明初、次级声源间距对自适应有源消声系统的消声效果具有重要的影响。     

波浪前缘降低后掠叶片前缘噪声数值模拟研究

采用大涡模拟(LES)结合Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings(FW-H)方程研究了波浪前缘对后掠叶片前缘宽频噪声的降噪效果。通过放置于叶片上游的圆柱产生各向异性的湍流,湍流与后掠叶片相互干涉产生宽频噪声。气流流速设置为40m/s,基于叶片弦长和基于圆柱直径的雷诺数约为400000和26000。在该研究中,研究对象为直前缘后掠叶片和波浪前缘后掠叶片。结果表明:当来流为各向异性的湍流时,波浪前缘可以降低叶片干涉噪声,并且在各个远场方位角下均能降低噪声总声压级而不改变其指向性,添加波浪前缘叶片降噪量约为2.3~3.4 dB。通过分析计算流场发现,波浪前缘可以改变后掠叶片前缘周围气流的流动方式,降低叶片前缘周围的压力脉动和叶片的不稳定载荷。     

一种基于虚拟传感的无需误差传声器的自适应有源降噪方法*

该文基于虚拟传感技术引入了一种用于耳机的无需误差传声器的自适应有源降噪方法。该算法仅使用一个参考传声器实现了一种前馈和反馈自适应算法结合的有源降噪算法,提高了有源降噪稳定性,简化了耳机硬件结构。利用DSP平台实现了该文提出的方案,并通过实验验证了其良好的降噪性能和实用价值。     

参量阵扬声器在管道噪声控制中的研究*

为了解决管道有源噪声控制中声反馈造成的系统复杂度和计算量的增加,文中引入参量阵扬声器作为次级声源,利用其强指向性减小控制系统的声反馈。为了验证该方法可行性,本文分别在直管和L管中,对600 Hz单频噪声和频率范围为500 Hz~1000 Hz的窄带噪声进行了管道有源噪声控制,同时测量了参量阵扬声器的管内声场和降噪范围。结果表明,参量阵扬声器声反馈小,在没有声反馈补偿的条件下对单频噪声的降噪效果基本达到了声反馈补偿条件下普通扬声器的降噪效果,对窄带噪声的降噪效果稍差。此外,通过测量管道声场和降噪量,确定了参量阵扬声器的降噪区域为误差传感器下游整个管道,降噪面积为管道整个截面。这说明参量阵扬声器作为次级声源降低了系统的复杂度和算法的计算量,并取得了较好的降噪效果。     

一种能量比调控的有源噪声控制算法*

在前馈有源噪声控制系统中,建模信号与控制信号相互影响,建模信号的引入会导致系统降噪性能变差。为了减小建模信号的影响,提出一种基于能量比调控的次级通道在线建模有源噪声控制算法。利用控制过程与建模过程的误差能量比构造步长调控函数,分别调节控制过程与建模过程的步长值,从而减弱两者的相互影响。在次级通道建模过程中,对建模步长值采取分段调控的方法,并通过建模步长值的变化来调节建模信号,从而提升系统降噪性能。仿真结果表明,对于低频噪声信号的有源噪声控制,相比已有算法,提出的算法能获得较快的建模收敛速度和较高的降噪量。     

Ventilation duct with concurrent acoustic feed-forward and decentralised structural feedback active control

This paper presents theoretical and experimental work on concurrent active noise and vibration control for a ventilation duct. The active noise control system is used to reduce the air-borne noise radiated via the duct outlet whereas the active vibration control system is used to both reduce the structure-borne noise radiated by the duct wall and to minimise the structural feed-through effect that reduces the effectiveness of the active noise control system. An elemental model based on structural mobility functions and acoustic impedance functions has been developed to investigate the principal effects and limitations of feed-forward active noise control and decentralised velocity feedback vibration control. The principal simulation results have been contrasted and validated with measurements taken on a laboratory duct set-up, equipped with an active noise control system and a decentralised vibration control system. Both simulations and experimental results show that the air-borne noise radiated from the duct outlet can be significantly attenuated using the feed-forward active noise control. In the presence of structure-borne noise the performance of the active noise control system is impaired by a structure-borne feed-through effect. Also the sound radiation from the duct wall is increased. In this case, if the active noise control is combined with a concurrent active vibration control system, the sound radiation by the duct outlet is further reduced and the sound radiation from the duct wall at low frequencies reduces noticeably.     

Effect of Mean Flow on Acoustic Wave Propagation in a Duct with a Periodic Array of Helmholtz Resonators

Sound propagation properties of a duct system with Helmholtz resonators(HRs) are affected by mean flow.Previous studies have tended to focus on the effects of mean flows on acoustic response of a duct system with a finite number of HRs. Employing an empirical impedance model, we present a modified transfer matrix method for studying the effect of mean flow on the complex band structure of an air duct system with an infinite periodic array of HRs. The efficiency of the modified transfer matrix is demonstrated by comparison between an example of transmission response calculation for a finite single HR loaded duct and the finite element simulation result calculated using the COMSOL software. Numerical results are presented to analyze the effect of mean flow on the band structure and transmission loss of the sound wave in the duct system. It is hoped that this study will provide theoretical guidance for acoustic wave propagation of HR silencer in the presence of mean flow.     

Flow-excited resonances in covered cavities

The results are presented of an investigation of flow-excited acoustic resonance in covered cavities. It is shown that energy is drawn from the mean flow entering a cavity and fed into the acoustic wavefield as a result of impingement of the inflowing jet against a solid boundary. Whether the oscillating wavefield consists of waves running transverse or longitudinal to the inflowing jet strongly depends upon whether the inflow is wall bounded on one side or free. It is also shown that if the exit duct has the characteristics of a diffuser it, too, can have an active influence on the resonance cycle. The conclusions reached are based upon fluctuating pressure measurements and visualization of the flow in a series of two-dimensional and axisymmetric cavity configurations.     

Hybrid passive/active absorbers for flow ducts

A new type of acoustic liner developed for broadband noise reduction in flow ducts is considered in this paper. It combines passive absorbent properties of a porous layer and active control at its rear face. The complete design procedure of this hybrid passive/active liner is developed here. The passive part is first considered with the determination of a suitable porous material and the cut-off frequency separating the active low frequency regime from the passive high frequency one. The control system is then presented: a digital adaptive feedback control is performed independently cell by cell, allowing an easy subsequent increase of the liner surface. The entire optimization process has been successfully applied to a laboratory flow duct: both predictions and measurements show the interest of the hybrid liner to reduce the noise radiation.     

流管实验装置中声传播计算的模态方法

流管实验装置是测量有流动情况下航空发动机消声短舱内声衬声阻抗的主要装置。本文发展了一种解析的模态匹配方法进行在平均流有声衬条件下矩形流管中声传播的计算。用同伦方法求解特征值问题,并与用环绕积分求解的结果进行比较。声场通过轴向阻抗间断面的声压和声质点速度积分相等计算。第一个算例是无流动、硬壁、有限长、考虑端口反射的情况,并与北航流管实验台测量数据进行了对比;第二个算例为有流动情况下有限长声衬管道不考虑端口反射的声场计算,它与文献中NASA流管实验结果和CAA计算结果符合得很好。     

Effects of wall admittance changes on duct transmission and radiation of sound

This paper is concerned with the effect of changes in duct wall acoustic properties on the transmission of sound through ducts. Two special problems are considered. The first problem is that of a rectangular infinite-length duct with airflow and a single change in duct wall acoustic admittance. The second problem is that of an axisymmetric field in a finite circular duct without airflow and with an arbitrary number of duct wall acoustic admittance changes. Results for the first problem show the effect of wall admittance change and flow on the acoustic power transmission within the duct. Results for the second problem show the interactive effects of multiple duct liner sections on power radiated from a finite duct.     

Acoustics of a blocked duct with flow

An analysis is given for flow and acoustical motion of fluid in a duct, aimed at describing some features of the blowing mechanism of a woodwind instrument. The latter is simulated by a rigid rectangular duct, open at one end and nearly closed off at the other, where a local section of the side wall can undergo transverse displacement. It is supposed that such a piston-like oscillation superposes an acoustical perturbation on a steady flow through the duct. The principal results of the calculations, in which it is presupposed that the displacement amplitude is small compared to the piston width, which is in turn small compared with the duct width and wavelength, are contained in estimates for the natural frequencies and optimum flow speeds to excite these modes.     

Prediction model of flow duct constriction noise

The scaling law for aerodynamic dipole type of sound from constrictions in low speed flow ducts by Nelson and Morfey is revisited. A summary of earlier published results using this scaling law is presented together with some new data. Based on this, an effort to find a general scaling law for the sound power for components with both distinct and non-distinct flow separation points are made. Special care is taken to apply the same scaling to all data based on the pressure drop. Results from both rectangular and circular ducts, duct flow velocities from 2 to 120 m/s and sound power measurements made both in ducts and in reverberation chambers are presented. The computed sound power represents the downstream source output in a reflection free duct. In particular for the low frequency plane wave range strong reflections from e.g. openings can affect the sound power output. This is handled by reformulating the Nelson and Morfey model in the form of an active acoustic 2-port. The pressure loss information needed for the semi-empirical scaling law can be gained from CFD simulations. A method using Reynold Average Navier Stokes (RANS) simulations is presented, where the required mesh quality is evaluated and estimation of the dipole source strength via the use of the pressure drop is compared to using the turbulent kinetic energy.     

Duct effects on the heave stability of plenum air cushions

Linear heave stability boundaries for a fun-duct-plenum air cushion suspension system are presented. These were obtained by using a quasi-static pressure-flow relationship for the fan, a finite element discretization for one dimensional unsteady duct flow, and a lumped capacitance model for the plenum. They indicate that even relatively short ducts can have a major effect at practical flow rates on the stability of cushion systems typically used for amphibious and overland operations. Some results obtained from a non-linear analysis, in which the method of characteristics was used for the duct flow, suggest that the linear approach should be adequate for practical stability calculations. Comparisons with lumped parameter models indicate that here the duct effect is associated primarily with the inertance of the air in the duct. It is also shown that for some operating conditions the duct-plenum system behaves as an Helmholtz resonator. Good agreement is obtained with an earlier transmission line analysis based on the wave equation.     

Numerical modelling of magnetogasdynamic processes in the pulsed setup duct

A computational model for processes in the duct of an experimental setup consisting of a shock tube and an MHD duct is presented. The one-dimensional model is used for determining the flow characteristics in the entire setup duct, and the three-dimensional model is used for studying the current layer dynamics in the MHD channel. Computations have enabled the elucidation of flow structure and of the peculiarities of current layer formation.