超声波波型转换与表面波的检测

分析了超声波纵波、横波、表面波3种波型的产生条件和声速关系,检测了超声波在固体表面的波型转换,并测量了声表面波的速度,讨论了声表面波在超声延迟线方面的应用.     

钨合金的超声测量及力学参量估算

 利用两面顶压机和六面顶压机作为压力装置，分别对93钨合金材料进行了高压超声测量。测得了93钨合金材料在常态下的横、纵波声速及在0~3 GPa压力范围内的纵波声速随压力的变化关系。测量结果为：在常温常压下，93钨合金的纵波声速为c_L＝5.135 km/s，横波声速为c_t＝2.987 km/s。纵波声速随压力变化的关系式为：c_L＝5.053+0.602p（GPa）。估算的93钨合金相关力学参量为：G＝157.4 GPa，E＝393.0 GPa，K＝260.2 GPa，λ＝155.3 GPa，μ＝157.4 GPa，ν＝0.248。经过对两种超声测量方法测量结果的比较及冲击波测量数据的验证，这些参数是可靠的。     

钠玻璃与钛玻璃在静水压下的弹性性能

用超声脉冲重叠法测量了钠玻璃(float glass)和钛玻璃(SiO₂+8.4wt%TiO₂)从大气压到2GPa静水压条件下的纵波声速和横波声速.发现两种玻璃有不同的变化规律.钛玻璃的纵波声速和横波声速,与钠玻璃的横波声速都随压力的增加而减小;而钠玻璃的纵波声速随压力的增加先增大,后减小.这一现象不同于别的氧化硅玻璃.对实验结果进行了讨论,并计算了弹性模量在压力下的变化和Murnaghan状态方程参数. 关键词： 高压 超声 玻璃     

对2-2型压电复合材料横波换能器产生的纵波特性的研究

在固体测量中，横波换能器所产生的波列中常伴随有纵波，认识纵波产生的原因可以解释横波测试中出现的现象，以及抑制纵波提供有效的方法，本文利用实验研究的方法，用一对纵波偶极子换能器的对比实验，分析了２－２型压电复合材料厚度切变换能器产生纵波的机理，发现这是一种伴随着晶片厚度切变振动而产生的“偶极子”纵波，并由此解释了这种纵波的伴随性，频率特性及其首波与横波首波位相相反等问题。     

利用超声相干技术在室温和高压下研究几种不同性能的玻璃

 综合使用超声相干技术几种不同的测量方法，分别研究两类三种不同性能的玻璃材料，测量它们的声速和衰减在室温及高压条件下的变化规律。结果表明：两类玻璃的声速和衰减以及由此而得到的弹性常数存在较大差异。两种硅玻璃在高压下，声速随压力变化的规律相似，压力升高时，纵波速度随之单调增加，横波速度线性减少，纵波衰减也随压力升高呈增加趋势。不同的是：两种玻璃横波衰减随压力的变化规律完全相反，水白玻璃的衰减增加，窗口玻璃的减小。上述几种方法的测量结果基本一致，且在相应的压力范围内与布里渊散射的实验结果基本吻合。     

钽铌合金材料的冲击压缩特性研究

 对一种新型的钽铌合金材料进行了冲击压缩特性实验研究，通过超声测量得到了其常态下的横波和纵波声速，进而计算得到了其相关的一些静态力学参量。通过二级轻气炮加载技术，得到其在60~196 GPa压力范围内的冲击Hugoniot线。这一测量结果与混合物叠加法估算的结果符合较好，并将这种新型合金材料的力学特性与两种钨合金材料进行了简单对比。比较结果显示，Ta-Nb合金材料是一种具有较好工程应用前景的材料。     

用1-3及2-2连通复合换能器测量冻土

根据冻土弹性波测试要求，研制了一种测试冻土用的500kHz纵波，横波1-3及2-2连通复合超声换能器，其灵敏度高，频带宽，声阻抗低，波形简单及脉冲波形前沿徒削，亦适用于其它介质力学特性测试。文章介绍了换能结构原理及测量系统特性，实测了不同含水量（7%-25%）及负温（-2℃--20℃）条件下兰州黄土试块的纵，横波声速，获得很高测量精度（10ps级）。     

重玻璃高压声速测量与反向加载光分析技术

高压声速测量在冲击波物理研究中有重要的意义。高压卸载声速测量是研究材料动态力学性质和高压物理性质十分有效的手段。当同时测得纵波和体波声速后，就可以得到材料在动高压下的剪切模量。通过纵波声速向体积声速的跃变，可以判定冲击熔化的发生。由此不难明白，声速测量精度对冲击波物理研究的重要性。图1为典型的实验波形、Hugoniot、冲击温度和高压卸载声速测量结果。图1（a）中波形上数字为测量中心波长，t0和t1为冲击波到达时刻，t2为稀疏波赶上冲击波的时刻。     

碳化硅-金刚石超硬复合材料的弹性性质

在六面顶压机装置上,采用完全静水压声速测量技术,同时测量了碳化硅-金刚石复合材料在0~4.3GPa压力范围内的纵波声速(vp)和横波声速(vs),获得了其弹性模量与压力的关系。研究发现:当压力小于1.4GPa时,由于材料内部微孔隙闭合,材料声速随压力的升高而增大;随着压力的继续增加,微孔隙闭合完毕,声速趋于稳定值。常压下,碳化硅-金刚石复合材料的剪切模量高于体积模量;而高压下微孔隙对纵波声速的影响明显大于横波声速,导致体积模量在约1.4GPa时超过剪切模量。在1.4~4.3GPa压力下,碳化硅-金刚石复合材料的体积模量和剪切模量分别约为360和350GPa。     

固体声速温变特性实验室探究

基于良导体导热系数的测温原理和声速测量实验原理,利用高灵敏度温差热电偶测温,采用时差法测量固体中声速,设计并搭建了一套可以测量不同温度下金属材料中纵波声速的实验装置。在注意了各种实验操作细节的基础上,研究了A3钢合金材料中超声纵波声速在30～100℃范围内的变化规律,并对本实验的误差来源进行了探究,提出一些减小误差的措施方法。结果表明,使用此套装置研究固体超声纵波声速温变特性,操作过程简单易行,立足于实验室的需求,适合于在实验室推广使用。     

钼酸钆晶体铁弹相变的超声衰减和内耗

用四个频率(f=31,50,72,93MHz)超声纵波测量了钼酸钆晶体铁弹铁电相变(T_c=160.90℃)引起的超声衰减(α_s)峰。得到较准确的α_s正比f²的关系,求得T_c以上α_s的临界指数从1.52±0.12变到0.89±0.12。有渡越现象。用低频(f=1Hz和150kHz)测出了相变内耗峰,肯定其为相界面运动所引起。并求得界面运动的临界应力,从而确定了本文中测得的超声衰 关键词：     

Ultrasonic studies on polystyrene/styrene butadiene rubber polymer blends filled with glass fiber and talc

The compatibility of solid blends: PS/SBR, PS/SBR filled with glass fiber and PS/SBR filled with talc were studied using ultrasonic pulse echo technique. Measurements were carried out at room temperature (298 K) and a frequency of 3 MHz. The ultrasonic velocity for the compressional wave and that for shear wave have been measured to obtain the elastic moduli data by knowing of density. The variation of ultrasonic wave velocities and elastic moduli with weight percent of the blend was found to be linear in PS/SBR blend, indicating some degree of compatibility but the drawback of elastic moduli indicate incompatibility of the system blend, while it deviates from linearity in blends of PS/SBR filled with glass fiber and talc but the increase in elastic moduli indicates that there is an increase in degree of compatibility between PS and SBR due to adding of glass fiber or talc. The ultrasonic absorptions for longitudinal wave in the temperature range from 298 to 423 K in the studied system were measured using ultrasonic pulse echo technique. Typical results showing the temperature dependence of the ultrasonic absorption at frequencies of 1, 2, 3 and 5 MHz are illustrated for all samples of the different compositions. The study of compositional and temperature dependence of the ultrasonic absorption in the present studied blends reveals the same behavior of the compatibility degree of the blends. Density data of the blends confirmed the ultrasonic results. Also the correlation between hardness and elastic moduli for the present blend systems has been studied.     

Determination of object resonances by vibro-acoustography and their associated modes

Vibro-acoustography technique known by its noncontact excitation was used to detect resonance frequencies of objects in water. Two intersecting ultrasound beams generated by a 40 mm-diameter annular array transducer, focused at 35 mm and driven at f1=2.2 MHz and f2=2.22 MHz respectively, were targeted inside the object under test to produce a radiation force beating at the difference frequency f2-f1. This low frequency radiation force was used to excite the resonance vibration modes of the object by sweeping the frequency f2 between 2.22 and 2.275 MHz. The amplitude of the acoustic emission produced by the vibrations of the object was detected by a low frequency hydrophone (BW=60 kHz). By this approach, it was possible to detect resonance frequencies through amplitude variations of the measured acoustic emission. Experiments were conducted in a water tank for objects of different shapes and sizes. With a chalk sphere (15 mm-diameter) two resonance frequencies were detected at 45.75 and 68.75 kHz, and with a cylinder (10.38 mm-diameter and 32.20 mm-length) four principal resonance frequencies were identified in the 60 kHz-bandwidth of the hydrophone. It was shown with finite element calculations performed with Ansys, in which both solid and fluid parts were modelled, that the measured resonance frequencies corresponded to compressional or dilatation vibration modes of the object. It was verified that shear waves generated by torsional vibration modes were not propagated in water, as it is well known. The use of this technique to characterize heterogeneities in different media seems to be relatively more advantageous to other ultrasonic methods.     

Ultrasonic techniques for nondestructive testing of standing trees

The aim of this study is to assess wood quality of standing trees with ultrasonic velocity methods. The ultrasonic techniques currently used are: scattering based techniques that use travel time and other wave parameters for measuring the elastic constants of wood, and ultrasonic tomographic imaging techniques which seek to provide a high resolution picture of the defect. Scattering based techniques were firstly used as nondestructive techniques with increment cores of 5 mm diameter. On these specimens measurements with bulk waves--longitudinal and shear were used to detect the influence of sylvicultural treatment (pruning) on wood quality and also to detect defects (slope of grain, wavy figures). High resolution imaging techniques were developed for imaging abnormalities induced by biological attacks of fungi or insects in standing trees. In this case, ultrasonic tomography refers to cross-sectional imaging of trees from data collected by illuminating the tree from different directions. Ultrasonic images were reconstructed from the time of flight. The images were reconstructed from 120 measurements in situ and through the bark with direct transmission technique, using 1 MHz transducers. The resolution is 5 cm.     

窄带脉冲信号测量横波衰减系数-频率曲线的方法

提出一种测量材料超声横波衰减-频率曲线(αs-f)的方法:应用窄带脉冲驱动接触式横波探头的脉冲反射方式,采用石英晶体作为耦合块,通过测量耦合块和被测试块耦合界面的声压反射和透射系数,并在衍射修正下测量得到单频率下的超声横波衰减系数;在探头有效带宽内改变发射频率并重复测量,得到不同频率下超声横波衰减系数数值;利用非线性最...     

Increase in the efficiency of the shear wave generation in gelatin due to the nonlinear absorption of a focused ultrasonic beam

Experimental results and theoretical estimates are presented to demonstrate the prospects of using the acoustic nonlinearity of a gel-like medium for increasing the efficiency of the shear wave generation in it by a pulsed ultrasonic beam. The experiment is based on the propagation of a focused beam of longitudinal acoustic waves at a frequency of 1.1 MHz in a gelatin sample and on the detection of shear waves by the optical method [1]. It is demonstrated that the amplitude of the shear wave excited by a nonlinear acoustic pulse can be increased by an order of magnitude owing to the formation of shock fronts in the profile of this pulse.     

Ultrasonic,FTIR and thermal investigations of SiO2–Na2O–CaO–P2O5 glasses doped with CeO2

The longitudinal and shear ultrasonic wave velocities for different compositions of SiO₂–Na₂O–CaO–P₂O₅ glasses were measured at room temperature (305 K) using a pulse-echo method at a frequency of 4 MHz. The elastic moduli, Poisson's ratio, microhardness, Debye temperature and other ultrasonic parameters were obtained from experimental data and analyzed using bond compression theory. By calculating the number of network bonds per unit volume, the average stretching constant, and the average ring size, information about the structure of the glass can be deduced. Structural changes after doping with CeO₂ were investigated by FTIR spectroscopy, and by measurements of the thermal expansion coefficient, glass transition and softening temperature to throw more light on the characterization of these glasses.     

Measurement of elastic nonlinearity using remote laser ultrasonics and CHeap Optical Transducers and dual frequency surface acoustic waves

A nonlinear ultrasonic technique for evaluating material elastic nonlinearity has been developed. It measures the phase modulation of a high frequency (82MHz) surface acoustic wave interacting with a low frequency (1MHz) high amplitude stress inducing surface acoustic wave. A new breed of optical transducers has been developed and used for the generation and detection of the high frequency wave. The CHeap Optical Transducer (CHOT) is an ultrasonic transducer system, optically activated and read by a laser. We show that CHOTs offer advantages over alternative transducers. CHOTs and nonlinear ultrasonics have great potential for aerospace applications. Results measuring changes in ultrasonic velocity corresponding to different stress states of the sample are presented on fused silica and aluminium.     

Nonlinear shear wave interaction in soft solids

This paper describes nonlinear shear wave experiments conducted in soft solids with transient elastography technique. The nonlinear solutions that theoretically account for plane and nonplane shear wave propagation are compared with experimental results. It is observed that the cubic nonlinearity implied in high amplitude transverse waves at f(0)=100 Hz results in the generation of odd harmonics 3f(0), 5f(0). In the case of the nonlinear interaction between two transverse waves at frequencies f(1) and f(2), the resulting harmonics are f(i)+/-2f(j)(i,j=1,2). Experimental data are compared to numerical solutions of the modified Burgers equation, allowing an estimation of the nonlinear parameter relative to shear waves. The definition of this combination of elastic moduli (up to fourth order) can be obtained using an energy development adapted to soft solid. In the more complex situation of nonplane shear waves, the quadratic nonlinearity gives rise to more usual harmonics, at sum and difference frequencies, f(i)+/-f(j). All components of the field have to be taken into account.     

High accuracy non-contact ultrasonic thickness gauging of aluminium sheet using electromagnetic acoustic transducers.

Aluminium sheet thickness has been calculated from ultrasonic data obtained using a send-receive, radially polarised electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT). Sheets in the thickness range between 0.1 and 0.5 mm have been measured using this non-contact approach at a stand-off of up to 1.5 mm. Normal incidence shear waves generated and detected in the sheet and the resultant waveforms have been processed using transit time measurements and Fourier analysis. Two broad band EMAT systems have been used to perform the measurements with centre frequencies of approximately 5 MHz and frequency content up to 10 and 20 MHz respectively. The most accurate measurements of thickness on thin sheets have been made using Fourier analysis and have yielded measurements accurate to within 0.2% (or 0.4 microm) for 280 microm thick aluminium sheets. Discrete shear wave echoes can be observed for sheets down to a thickness of 250 microm using the higher frequency EMAT system. However temporal measurements of these signals yield lower accuracy results when compared to the Fourier analysis method which is capable of sub-micron accuracy.