基于激光多普勒频移的钢轨缺陷监测

针对现阶段我国铁路上应用的探伤设备只能在天窗时间进行人工巡检,无法在线监测的问题,提出一种基于超声导波的激光多普勒频移法钢轨内部缺陷监测方法。首先,引入环境温度作为变量改进了半解析有限元方法,并应用该方法获得了我国无缝线路CHN60钢轨在特定温度下的频散曲线。通过分析振型并结合激励响应算法确定了适于检测缺陷的模态及其激励方式,从而激励该超声导波模态使其在钢轨中传播。然后,应用半反半透玻璃镜将激光分为参考光和测量光,测量光通过Bragg Cell进行频偏照射钢轨表面,通过反射光产生的多普勒频移与参考光干涉得到光强度变化曲线,经过信号处理及标定测得钢轨内部缺陷的回波速度信号,再经过数字化处理和计算得到缺陷的位置。最后,在北京环形铁路试验基地进行了现场实验,以钢轨接地孔模拟钢轨内部核伤,得到缺陷定位误差均小于0. 5 m,验证了该方法的可行性。使用激光多普勒频移方法检测导波信号从而定位缺陷的方法可以有效避免由于换能器接触性测量而产生的误差。该方法在不影响列车的正常运营的同时,实现了全天候无间断的在线监测,提高了检测效率。     

超声波流速测量的多普勒频移提取方法研究

为了提高超声波多普勒法测量复杂流体流量的精度,针对流体的超声回波频率的复杂性,本文研究多普勒流速测量中的频偏提取方法。以傅里叶分析为理论基础,设计了硬件电路并获得代表回波平均频率的信号,然后以该信号作为输入,以数字鉴频法获得回波多普勒频移。基于该方法设计了一种超声多普勒流量测量系统,实验结果显示:油水混合流体流量的测量误差在3%以内,从而证实了此频偏提取方法的有效性。     

基于数字存储示波器的超声多普勒效应实验系统的研究与应用

介绍了一种基于数字存储示波器的超声多普勒效应实验系统.该系统利用现有的超声声速测量设备,以频移信号处理电路和数字存储示波器作为数据测量单元的核心,通过与系统底座和运动控制单元相配合,开展与多普勒效应相关的多项综合性、设计性实验.实验中信号的转换、传输和处理过程清晰透明,有利于培养学生的自主动手能力和观察分析问题的能力.该实验系统结构简单,无需复杂的软件编程,各实验室均可自行完成制作,同时又可实现实验资源共享,提高仪器设备的利用率,具有较高的实用和推广价值.     

An improved arctangent algorithm based on phase-locked loop for heterodyne detection system

We present an ameliorated arctangent algorithm based on phase-locked loop for digital Doppler signal processing,utilized within the heterodyne detection system. We define the error gain factor given by the approximation of Taylor expansion by means of a comparison of the measured values and true values. Exact expressions are derived for the amplitude error of two in-phase quadrature signals and the frequency error of the acousto-optic modulator. Numerical simulation results and experimental results make it clear that the dynamic instability of the intermediate frequency signals leads to cumulative errors, which will spiral upward. An improved arctangent algorithm for the heterodyne detection is proposed to eliminate the cumulative errors and harmonic components. Depending on the narrow-band filter, our experiments were performed to realize the detectable displacement of 20 nm at a detection distance of 20 m. The aim of this paper is the demonstration of the optimized arctangent algorithm as a powerful approach to the demodulation algorithm, which will advance the signal-to-noise ratio and measurement accuracy of the heterodyne detection system.     

A new algorithm for detecting fetal heart rate using ultrasound Doppler signals

Although the fetal heart rate monitoring using ultrasound is widely used it is still not optimized for automatic measurements due to the complexity of the Doppler signal. This paper presents a new fetal heart rate (FHR) detecting algorithm, using sampling auto-correlation approach. The results obtained using the custom-built ultrasonic Doppler fetal heart rate monitoring system are presented and confirm the validity of the method.     

New method of spatial superposition of attenuated waves for ultrasound field modelling

The objective of this work is the contrary issues of ultrasonic diagnostics in medicine when modern requirements for resolution are in conflict with strict safety issues. There is only one way to make progress by starting to take into account the attenuation in biological tissues and the wave diffraction phenomena. The aim of this work is to develop the flexible ultrasound field model implemented in routine algorithms of digital signal processing. The method consists of the calculation of plane wave propagation and the calculation of an ultrasound signal field. On the basis of the spatial impulse response of an aperture for calculation of space-spread ultrasound signals and the spectrum decomposition method for modelling plane wave propagation in lossy media, the modified method of spatial superposition of attenuated waves was developed. Using the method of equidistant line calculation the time and frequency features of the ultrasound signal field caused by the geometry and dynamics of the aperture, the attenuation and velocity dispersion in the medium are determined. The method was successfully applied to the investigation of the system for intracranial media monitoring, where a new measurement channel based on the changes of attenuation and dispersion in intracranial medium has been implemented.     

Detection of moving objects and flows in liquids by ultrasonic phase conjugation

The possibility for the application of the method of parametric phase conjugation of ultrasonic waves in measuring the velocity of moving objects and flows is investigated. Results of experimental measurements of the Doppler frequency shift are presented for a low-frequency wave (1 MHz) generated by phase-conjugate waves (10 MHz and 11 MHz) propagating in opposite directions in the presence of a moving scatterer. The super high sensitivity of the phase of the low-frequency wave to variations in the spatial position of the scatterer is used to measure the velocity of the object. The presence of flows in the region of propagation of phase-conjugate waves returned leads to an uncompensated Doppler shift of the phase of the phase-conjugate wave at the primary radiation source. The implementation of this feature of ultrasonic phase conjugation for the detection and measurement of the flow velocities in a liquid is demonstrated experimentally.     

空时多普勒频移域运动小目标的抗干扰探测方法

有源声呐使用多普勒敏感信号可在多普勒频移域分离杂波、混响等干扰和运动目标,但低信干比时强干扰的时间旁瓣泄露和多普勒旁瓣泄露会淹没弱目标.针对该问题,提出了一种基于自适应最小均方(LMS)算法和宽带模糊函数(WAF)的运动小目标抗干扰探测方法.首先在空间多普勒频移域上利用基于LMS的自适应陷波器抑制干扰,然后在快时间多普...     

次谐波聚束系统固态放大器相位特性

 为研究BEPCⅡ直线加速器次谐波聚束系统使用的两台固态放大器（20 kW/142.8 MHz,10 kW/571.2 MHz）的相位特性,利用基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的数字测量方法对两台固态放大器的脉内相移和相位稳定度进行了测量。测量系统硬件包括频率综合器、FPGA数字信号处理板和PC;软件部分包括FPGA内部算法、通信及PC端界面程序。该测量系统能真实地反映两台固态放大器的相位特性,为次谐波聚束器的相位补偿提供了参考。     

Measurement of the Doppler Frequency Shift on Individual Rays Using a Chirp Ionosonde

We develop theoretically a method for determining the Doppler frequency shift on individual rays in ionospheric sounding. The method is based on using periodic chirp signals. The potential resolution and range of the measured Doppler-shifted frequencies are determined. Application of this method yields the relationship between the Doppler shift of the propagation-mode frequency and the velocity of a horizontal displacement of the hop tops along the Khabarovsk-Yoshkar-Ola radio path. Significant correlations between the mode order in the ionosphere and the Doppler shift, Doppler-spectrum width, and stationarity time of the propagation channel are found.     

Hybrid laser/broadband EMAT ultrasonic system for characterizing cracks in metals

Detection and characterization of defects in metal parts in industrial and commercial settings has typically been carried out by nondestructive ultrasonic inspection systems. Correct measurement of crack size is critical for lifetime prediction inspections. Normally, measurements are made based on far-field ultrasonic diffraction models and time-of-flight reflection signals making accurate measurements for parts less than approximately 25 mm in thickness impossible. In this work a hybrid noncontacting laser generation/broadband electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) detection system is used to characterize ideal cracks in aluminum in which the far-field condition for ultrasonic diffraction cannot be met. Time domain signals show that diffracted energy is measured in the geometrical shadow zone of the crack. Fourier transform methods are used to show that the frequency content of the diffracted signals is different than those from the waves that do not interact with the crack. Crack size measurements are made by using the frequency content of the ultrasonic signal rather than time-of-flight information.     

Digital ultrasonic speckle phase-shifting method

The digital ultrasonic speckle phase-shifting method (USPM), which is introduced in this paper, can be applied to the measurement of small displacement that is smaller than speckle size at the test point compared to traditional ultrasonic speckle correlation method (USCM). Using USPM, a digital ultrasonic reference signal is introduced to interfere with the ultrasonic speckle signal, which is picked up at the test point on an object surface and is referred to as the object signal. As the phase of the reference signal is shifted several times using the software and then they superimpose with the object signal respectively, the phase of the object signal can be calculated according to the intensities of the superimposed signals. If the object surface moves a small distance, the phase variation of the object speckle can be detected by the same process. As a result, the displacement of the object surface can be measured. Based on the feature of ultrasonic speckles, inner surface displacement of an object can be measured using this proposed method. In this case, the effect of outer surface roughness to the measurement accuracy of USPM is examined experimentally. The experimental results show that the measurement is successful when the displacement is smaller than half of the speckle size at the test point and the roughness parameter R_a of the outer surface of the specimen is less than about 5.47 μm.     

A new synthetic detection technique for trackside acoustic identification of railroad roller bearing defects

The detection of railroad roller bearing defects is of great importance for railway traffic. The acoustic defective bearing detector (ADBD) via a trackside acoustic detection system (TADS) is a popular and reliable tool for trackside identification of railroad bearing incipient defects. However, the defective trackside acoustic signal of bearing is confronted with three challenges: demodulation of acoustic signal, removal of Doppler effect and enhancement of defect frequency. This paper proposes a synthetic detection technique to overcome these difficulties successively. In the technique, the signal envelope is first extracted by a new variable-resolution ridge demodulation (VRRD) method. Then the Doppler effect is removed in the envelope via a dynamic signal resampling method. Finally, the rectified defect frequency is enhanced through the means of logarithmic transformation and piecewise linear detrending. The VRRD technique extracts the envelope from the signal time–frequency distribution (TFD) along the Doppler shift curve of resonance frequency traced by an improved ridge extraction algorithm. The resampling method is carried out on the envelope according to the Doppler shift curve of defect frequency obtained by the same ridge extraction algorithm. The sidebands around defect frequency can be suppressed by the logarithmic transformation and the low-frequency non-linear trend can be removed by the detrending method. The signal amplitude is unified at the same time. Two practical bearing signals with inner-race and outer-race defects separately verify the effectiveness of proposed technique.     

Acoustic monitoring of background internal waves with the use of the correlation method for measuring the frequency shifts of interference maxima

A numerical experiment is carried out to demonstrate the reconstruction of the frequency spectrum of background internal waves with the use of the correlation method for measuring the frequency shifts of interference maxima. The method is based on monitoring the behavior of the frequency shift for the maximum of the cross-correlation function of signal spectra received at different instants of time. The noise immunity of the correlation method is analyzed in comparison with the direct method based on monitoring the frequency shift of a chosen maximum of the interference pattern.     

基于超声回波重组相位分析的颗粒粒径测量方法

将超声波作用于沉降的颗粒时,由于颗粒的移动,超声回波会出现相位差异。该文通过对测量杯中某一确定深度处的回波信号进行相位分析和重组,发现重组后信号的频率可以计算出粒径;并分别对两种不同粒径分布的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)微球悬浮液进行了超声波信号采样重组和去噪的实验,实验结果经小波时频方法分析后,证实了颗粒粒径分布与重组信号频率构成的确存在很高的相关性。     

压缩感知在宽带声学多普勒测速技术中的应用*

为降低宽带声学多普勒测速技术中宽带回波信号处理系统的采样和数据存储压力,研究了压缩感知的回波信号重构算法,并将其应用于宽带声学多普勒测速的回波信号分析中。在点回波模型下进行宽带回波信号的仿真实验,利用复协方差法计算频移。仿真实验结果表明,在无噪声的理想条件下,利用压缩感知理论处理宽带多普勒测速的回波信号,能够达到理想的测频效果;在相同的噪声条件下,应用压缩感知方法处理后的回波信号能够获得与带通采样方法相当的测频效果。     

基于高速移动通信的虚拟天线阵列理论研究

在高速移动通信中, 多普勒频移对通信性能产生严重的影响, 通常需要对接收信号的多普勒频移进行估计并进行补偿. 本文研究在对单个天线接收的高速移动通信信号进行频移估计和补偿的基础上产生多路无频偏的信号, 并虚拟为天线阵列的输出以提高系统的接收增益. 首先讨论了“均匀时间采样”和“均匀相位采样”的关系, 并根据两者之间的关系提出了补偿多普勒频移和虚拟天线阵列的算法, 即对采样信号进行插值、均匀相位抽取以后, 再进行均匀时间采样. 然后分析了算法对高速移动通信系统性能的改善作用, 并提出了算法的硬件实现结构. 通过数值仿真验证了算法的干扰抑制能力和误码性能, 结果表明本文提出的虚拟天线阵列算法能够改善飞机、高铁上的高速移动通信系统的性能.     

Nonlinear ultrasonic wave modulation for online fatigue crack detection

This study presents a fatigue crack detection technique using nonlinear ultrasonic wave modulation. Ultrasonic waves at two distinctive driving frequencies are generated and corresponding ultrasonic responses are measured using permanently installed lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers with a potential for continuous monitoring. Here, the input signal at the lower driving frequency is often referred to as a ‘pumping’ signal, and the higher frequency input is referred to as a ‘probing’ signal. The presence of a system nonlinearity, such as a crack formation, can provide a mechanism for nonlinear wave modulation, and create spectral sidebands around the frequency of the probing signal. A signal processing technique combining linear response subtraction (LRS) and synchronous demodulation (SD) is developed specifically to extract the crack-induced spectral sidebands. The proposed crack detection method is successfully applied to identify actual fatigue cracks grown in metallic plate and complex fitting-lug specimens. Finally, the effect of pumping and probing frequencies on the amplitude of the first spectral sideband is investigated using the first sideband spectrogram (FSS) obtained by sweeping both pumping and probing signals over specified frequency ranges.     

非对称空间外差光谱仪自适应频率跟踪处理方法

非对称空间外差光谱技术是一种新型的超高分辨率遥感探测技术,要求后期的数据处理技术也具有相应的超高准确度.从数字信号处理的角度,提出了一种自适应的频率跟踪处理方法,根据信号的空间频率来插值补偿信号的相位偏移,并且递归迭代出最接近真实值的相位信息.经仿真实验对比验证表明,在噪声干扰强度不大的条件下,相较于传统傅里叶变换方法,本文算法对信号频率和相位提取的准确度提高了约100倍以上,能够有效降低非对称空间外差光谱技术的系统误差.     

一种简单高精度超声液位计系统的设计与实现

介绍了超声时延法测距的基本原理,设计并实现了一种基于DSP的超声液位计系统,改进国内同类产品精度和稳定度偏低的问题。利用选用的AD、DSP芯片特点,给出了一种简单高效率的超声换能器驱动电路和回波采集放大电路的实现方案;使用通用16位定点DSP芯片TMS320VC5502,实现测距算法,增强了后端数字信号处理能力;使用收发一体窄带超声换能器发射和接收超声信号,其中心频率20kHz,3dB带宽1kHz。实验结果表明,本系统测量范围为0.5～18m,测量精度可达到测量距离的0.5%。